Tissue-specific MR contrast agents

European Journal of Radiology

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 33-44

  Weinmann, Hanns Joachim ^a   Ebert, Wolfgang ^a   Misselwitz, Bernd ^a   Schmitt Willich, Heribert ^a  

^a BAYER PHARMA AG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Contrast media; Gadolinium; MRI; Review

Indexed keywords

BLOOD; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOLOGY; SUPERPARAMAGNETISM;

LYMPHOGRAPHY;

TISSUE;

AMI 7227; B 22956 1; C 184; CONTRAST MEDIUM; DENDRIMER; DEXTRAN DERIVATIVE; ECHOVIST; GADOBENATE DIMEGLUMINE; GADOFLUORINE; GADOFOSVESET; GADOLETIC ACID; GADOLINIUM CHELATE; GADOLINIUM PENTETATE ALBUMIN; GADOMELITOL; GADOMER 17; GADOPHRIN 2; GADOPHRIN 3; MANGAFODIPIR; MANGANESE; NANOPARTICLE; POLYLYSINE; SHU 555C; SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE; ULTRASMALL SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTERY WALL; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SOLUBILITY; DRUG STABILITY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; FLUSHING; HUMAN; LYMPHOGRAPHY; MACROPHAGE; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THROMBUS;

ANIMALS; CONTRAST MEDIA; FERRIC COMPOUNDS; GADOLINIUM; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 0037376166     PISSN: 0720048X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0720-048X(02)00332-7     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Kim R.J., Fieno D.S., Parrish T.B., et al. Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function. Circulation. 100:(19):1999;1992-2002.
2. Barkhausen J., Ebert W., Debatin J.F., Weinmann H.J. Imaging of myocardial infarction: comparison of magnevist and gadophrin-3 in rabbits. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 39:(8):2002;1392-1398.
3. Hofmann B., Bogdanov A. Jr, Marecos E., Ebert W., Semmler W., Weissleder R. Mechanism of gadophrin-2 accumulation in tumor necrosis. J. Magn. Res. Imaging. 9:(2):1999;336-341.
4. Marchal G., Ni Y., Herijgers P., et al. Paramagnetic metalloporphyrins: infarct avid contrast agents for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction by MRI. Eur. Radiol. 6:(1):1996;2-8.
5. Heywang S.H., Wolf A., Pruss E., Hilbertz T., Eiermann W., Permanetter W. MR imaging of the breast with Gd-DTPA: use and limitations. Radiology. 171:(1):1989;95-103.
6. Kaiser W.A., Zeitler E. MR imaging of the breast: fast imaging sequences with and without Gd-DTPA. Preliminary observations. Radiology. 170:(3 Pt. 1):1989;681-686.
7. Hawighorst H., Knapstein P.G., Knopp M.V., Vaupel P., van Kaick G. Cervical carcinoma: standard and pharmacokinetic analysis of time-intensity curves for assessment of tumor angiogenesis and patient survival. Magma. 8:(1):1999;55-62.
8. Villringer A., Rosen B.R., Belliveau J.W., et al. Dynamic imaging with lanthanide chelates in normal brain: contrast due to magnetic susceptibility effects. Magn. Res. Med. 6:(2):1988;164-174.
9. Lauffer R.B., Greif W.L., Stark D.D., et al. Iron-EHPG as an hepatobiliary MR contrast agent: initial imaging and biodistribution studies. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 9:(3):1985;431-438.
10. Weissleder R., Lee A.S., Khaw B.A., Shen T., Brady T.J. Antimyosin-labeled monocrystalline iron oxide allows detection of myocardial infarct: MR antibody imaging. Radiology. 182:(2):1992;381-385.
11. Hamm B., Thoeni R.F., Gould R.G., et al. Focal liver lesions: characterization with nonenhanced and dynamic contrast material-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 190:(2):1994;417-423.
12. Saini S., Nelson R.C. Technique for MR imaging of the liver. Radiology. 197:(3):1995;575-577.
13. Rubin D.L., Desser T.S., Semelka R., et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of OptiMARK (gadoversetamide injection) compared with Magnevist (gadopentetate dimeglumine) in patients with liver pathology: results of a Phase III clinical trial. J. Magn. Res. Imaging. 9:(2):1999;240-250.
14. Weissleder R., Reimer P., Lee A.S., Wittenberg J., Brady T.J. MR receptor imaging: ultrasmall iron oxide particles targeted to asialoglycoprotein receptors. Am. J. Roentgenol. 155:(6):1990;1161-1167.
15. Leveille-Webster C.R., Rogers J., Arias I.M. Use of an asialoglycoprotein receptor-targeted magnetic resonance contrast agent to study changes in receptor biology during liver regeneration and endotoxemia in rats. Hepatology. 23:(6):1996;1631-1641.
16. Schaffer B.K., Linker C., Papisov M., et al. MION-ASF: biokinetics of an MR receptor agent. Magn. Res. Imaging. 11:(3):1993;411-417.
17. Lim K.O., Stark D.D., Leese P.T., Pfefferbaum A., Rocklage S.M., Quay S.C. Hepatobiliary MR imaging: first human experience with MnDPDP. Radiology. 178:(1):1991;79-82.
18. Toft K.G., Hustvedt S.O., Grant D., Friisk G.A., Skotland T. Metabolism of mangafodipir trisodium (MnDPDP), a new contrast medium for magnetic resonance imaging, in beagle dogs. Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 22:(1):1997;65-72.
19. Gallez B., Bacic G., Swartz H.M. Evidence for the dissociation of the hepatobiliary MRI contrast agent Mn-DPDP. Magn. Res. Med. 35:(1):1996;14-19.
20. Brurok H., Schojtt J., Berg K., Karlsson J.O., Jynge P. Effects of manganese dipyridoxyl diphosphate, dipyridoxyl diphosphate and manganese chloride on cardiac function. An experimental study in the Langendorff perfused rat heart. Invest. Radiol. 30:(3):1995;159-167.
21. Gehl H.B., Urhahn R., Bohndorf K., et al. Mn-DPDP in MR imaging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: initial clinical experience. Radiology. 186:(3):1993;795-798.
22. Ahlstrom H., Gehl H.B. Overview of MnDPDP as a pancreas-specific contrast agent for MR imaging. Acta Radiol. 38:(4 Pt. 2):1997;660-664.
23. Wang C. Mangafodipir trisodium (MnDPDP)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the liver and pancreas. Acta Radiol. Suppl. 415:1998;1-31.
24. Helmberger T., Semelka R.C. New contrast agents for imaging the liver. Magn. Res. Imaging Clin. North Am. 9:(4):2001;745-766.
25. Oudkerk M., Torres C.G., Song B., et al. Characterization of liver lesions with mangafodipir trisodium-enhanced MR imaging: multicenter study comparing MR and dual-phase spiral CT. Radiology. 223:(2):2002;517-524.
26. Vittadini G., Felder E., Tirone P., Lorusso V. B-19036, a potential new hepatobiliary contrast agent for MR proton imaging. Invest. Radiol. 23:(1):1988;S246-S248.
27. Weinmann H.-J., Schuhmann-Giampieri G., Schmitt-Willich H., Vogler H., Frenzel T., Gries H. A new lipophilic gadolinium chelate as a tissue-specific contrast medium for MRI. Magn. Res. Med. 22:(2):1991;233-237. Discussion on p. 242.
28. Schuhmann-Giampieri G., Schmitt-Willich H., Press W.R., Negishi C., Weinmann H.J., Speck U. Preclinical evaluation of Gd-EOB-DTPA as a contrast agent in MR imaging of the hepatobiliary system. Radiology. 183:(1):1992;59-64.
29. Petré C., Ni Y., Marchal G., Yu J., Wevers M., Lauffer R.B., Baert A.L. Detection and characterization of primary liver cancer in rats by MS-264-enhanced MRI. Magn. Res. Med. 35:(4):1996;532-539.
30. Runge V.M., Wells J.W. A comparison of MR hepatobiliary gadolinium chelates. Am. J. Roentgenol. 164:(3):1995;122.
31. Weinmann H.-J., Berndorff D., Mühler A., Ebert W. Mechanism of hepatic uptake of Gd-EOB-DTPA. Acad. Radiol. 3:(Suppl. 2):1996;S232-S234.
32. Pascolo L., Cupelli F., Anelli P.L., et al. Molecular mechanisms for the hepatic uptake of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 257:(3):1999;746-752.
33. van Montfoort J.E., Stieger B., Meijer D.K., Weinmann H.J., Meier P.J., Fattinger K.E. Hepatic uptake of the magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent gadoxetate by the organic anion transporting polypeptide Oatp1. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 290:(1):1999;153-157.
34. Lorusso V., Arbughi T., Tirone P., de Haen C. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in animals of gadobenate ion, the magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancing component of gadobenate dimeglumine 0.5 M solution for injection (MultiHance). J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 1:(23):1999;S181-S194.
35. Spinazzi A., Lorusso V., Pirovano G., Kirchin M. Safety, tolerance, biodistribution, and MR imaging enhancement of the liver with gadobenate dimeglumine: results of clinical pharmacologic and pilot imaging studies in nonpatient and patient volunteers. Acad. Radiol. 6:(5):1999;282-291.
36. Pirovano G., Vanzulli A., Marti-Bonmati L., et al. Evaluation of the accuracy of gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging in the detection and characterization of focal liver lesions. Am. J. Roentgenol. 175:(4):2000;1111-1120.
37. Petersein J., Spinazzi A., Giovagnoni A., et al. Focal liver lesions: evaluation of the efficacy of gadobenate dimeglumine in MR imaging - a multicenter phase III clinical study. Radiology. 215:(3):2000;727-736.
38. Schuhmann-Giampieri G., Mahler M., Roll G., Maibauer R., Schmitz S. Pharmacokinetics of the liver-specific contrast agent Gd-EOB-DTPA in relation to contrast-enhanced liver imaging in humans. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 37:(7):1997;587-596.
39. Hamm B., Staks T., Mühler A., et al. Phase I clinical evaluation of Gd-EOB-DTPA as a hepatobiliary MR contrast agent: safety, pharmacokinetics, and MR imaging. Radiology. 195:(3):1995;785-792.
40. Schmitz S.A., Haberle J.H., Balzer T., Shamsi K., Boese-Landgraf J., Wolf K.J. Detection of focal liver lesions: CT of the hepatobiliary system with gadoxetic acid disodium, or Gd-EOB-DTPA. Radiology. 202:(2):1997;399-405.
41. Vogl T.J., Kummel S., Hammerstingl R., et al. Liver tumors: comparison of MR imaging with Gd-EOB-DTPA and Gd-DTPA. Radiology. 200:(1):1996;59-67.
42. Reimer P., Rummeny E.J., Shamsi K., et al. Phase II clinical evaluation of Gd-EOB-DTPA: dose, safety aspects, and pulse sequence. Radiology. 199:(1):1996;177-183.
43. Hammerstingl R., Zangos S., Schwarz W., et al. Contrast-enhanced MRI of focal liver tumors using a hepatobiliary MR contrast agent: detection and differential diagnosis using Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced versus Gd-DTPA-enhanced MRI in the same patient. Acad. Radiol. 1:(9):2002;S119-S120.
44. Runge V.M., Wells J.W., Williams N.M. Evaluation of gadolinium 2,5-BPA-DO3A, a new macrocyclic hepatobiliary chelate, in normal liver and metastatic disease on high field magnetic resonance imaging. Invest. Radiol. 31:(1):1996;11-16.
45. Corot C., Schaefer M., Beaute S., et al. Physical, chemical and biological evaluations of CMD-A2-Gd-DOTA. A new paramagnetic dextran polymer. Acta Radiol. Suppl. 412:1997;91-99.
46. Miller D.L., Rayner A.A., Girton M., Doppman J.L. CT evaluation of hepatic and splenic trauma with EOE-13. An experimental study in monkeys. Invest. Radiol. 20:(1):1985;68-72.
47. Fischer H.W. Contrast media research 1990. Particles. Invest. Radiol. 1:(25):1990;S2-S6.
48. Leander P., Hoglund P., Borseth A., Kloster Y., Berg A. A new liposomal liver-specific contrast agent for CT: first human phase-I clinical trial assessing efficacy and safety. Eur. Radiol. 11:(4):2001;698-704.
49. Spinazzi A., Ceriati S., Pianezzola P., et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of a new liposomal liver-specific contrast agent for CT: results of clinical testing in nonpatient volunteers. Invest. Radiol. 35:(1):2000;1-7.
50. Chachuat A., Bonnemain B. European clinical experience with Endorem. A new contrast agent for liver MRI in 1000 patients. Radiologe. 35:(11 Suppl. 2):1995;S274-S276.
51. Shamsi K., Balzer T., Saini S., et al. Superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SH U 555 A): evaluation of efficacy in three doses for hepatic MR imaging. Radiology. 206:(2):1998;365-371.
52. Muller R.D., Vogel K., Neumann K., et al. SPIO-MR imaging versus double-phase spiral CT in detecting malignant lesions of the liver. Acta Radiol. 40:(6):1999;628-635.
53. Reimer P., Jahnke N., Fiebich M., et al. Hepatic lesion detection and characterization: value of nonenhanced MR imaging, superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced MR imaging, and spiral CT-ROC analysis. Radiology. 217:(1):2000;152-158.
54. Wang Y.X., Hussain S.M., Krestin G.P. Superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents: physicochemical characteristics and applications in MR imaging. Eur. Radiol. 11:(11):2001;2319-2331.
55. Unger E., Cardenas D., Zerella A., Fajardo L.L., Tilcock C. Biodistribution and clearance of liposomal gadolinium-DTPA. Invest. Radiol. 25:(6):1990;638-644.
56. Tilcock C., Ahkong Q.F., Koenig S.H., Brown R.D., Davis M., Kabalka G. The design of liposomal paramagnetic MR agents: effect of vesicle size upon the relaxivity of surface-incorporated lipophilic chelates. Magn. Res. Med. 27:(1):1992;44-51.
57. Kim S.K., Pohost G.M., Elgavish G.A. Gadolinium complexes of [(myristoyloxy)propyl]diethylenetriaminetetraacetate: new lipophilic, fatty acyl conjugated NMR contrast agents. Bioconjug. Chem. 3:(1):1992;20-26.
58. Unger E., Shen D.K., Wu G.L., Fritz T. Liposomes as MR contrast agents: pros and cons. Magn. Res. Med. 22:(2):1991;304-308. Discussion, p. 313.
59. Lauffer R.B., Parmelee D.J., Quellet H.S., et al. MS-325: a small-molecule vascular imaging agent for magnetic resonance imaging. Acad. Radiol. 3:1996;S356-S358.
60. Caravan P., Cloutier N.J., Greenfield M.T., et al. The interaction of MS-325 with human serum albumin and its effect on proton relaxation rates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124:(12):2002;3152-3162.
61. Grist T.M., Korosec F.R., Peters D.C., et al. Mistretta CA. Steady-state and dynamic MR angiography with MS-325: initial experience in humans. Radiology. 207:(2):1998;539-544.
62. Straub V., Donahue K.M., Allamand V., Davisson R.L., Kim Y.R., Campbell K.P. Contrast agent-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of skeletal muscle damage in animal models of muscular dystrophy. Magn. Res. Med. 44:(4):2000;655-659.
63. Cavagna F.M., Lorusso V., Anelli P.L., Maggioni F., de Haen C. Preclinical profile and clinical potential of gadocoletic acid trisodium salt (B22956/1), a new intravascular contrast medium for MRI. Acad. Radiol. 2:(9):2002;S491-S494.
64. La Noce A., Stoelben S., Scheffler K., et al. B22956/1, a new intravascular contrast agent for MRI: first administration to humans - preliminary results. Acad. Radiol. 2:(9):2002;S404-S406.
65. Corot C., Port M., Raynal I., et al. Physical, chemical, and biological evaluations of P760: a new gadolinium complex characterized by a low rate of interstitial diffusion. J. Magn. Res. Imaging. 11:(2):2000;182-191.
66. Port M., Corot C., Rousseaux O., et al. P792: a rapid clearance blood pool agent for magnetic resonance imaging: preliminary results. Magma. 12:(2-3):2001;121-127.
67. Gaillard S., Kubiak C., Stolz C., Bonnemain B., Chassard D. Safety and pharmacokinetics of p792, a new blood-pool agent: results of clinical testing in nonpatient volunteers. Invest. Radiol. 37:(4):2002;161-166.
68. Schmiedl U., Ogan M.D., Moseley M.E., Brasch R.C. Comparison of the contrast-enhancing properties of albumin-(Gd-DTPA) and Gd-DTPA at 2.0 T: and experimental study in rats. Am. J. Roentgenol. 147:(6):1986;1263-1270.
69. Gibby W.A., Billings J., Hall J., Ovitt T.W. Biodistribution and magnetic resonance imaging of cross-linked DTPA polysaccharides. Invest. Radiol. 25:(2):1990;164-172.
70. Schuhmann-Giampieri G., Schmitt-Willich H., Frenzel T., Press W.R., Weinmann H.J. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of Gd-DTPA-polylysine as a macromolecular contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. Invest. Radiol. 26:(11):1991;969-974.
71. Cavagna F., Luchinat C., Scozzafava A., Xia Z. Polymetallic macromolecules are potential contrast agents of improved efficiency. Magn. Res. Med. 31:(1):1994;58-60.
72. Brasch R., Pham C., Shames D., et al. Assessing tumor angiogenesis using macromolecular MR imaging contrast media. J. Magn. Res. Imaging. 7:(1):1997;68-74.
73. Brasch RC, Shames DM, Cohen FM, et al. Quantification of capillary permeability to macromolecular magnetic resonance imaging contrast media in experimental mammary adenocarcinomas, Invest Radiol 1994;29(Suppl 2):58-511.
74. Tomalia D.A., Naylor A.M., Goddard I.W.A. Starburst-Dendrimer: Kontrolle von Gröβe, Gestalt, Oberflächenchemie, Topologie und Flexibilität beim Übergang von Atomen zu makroskopischer Materie. Angew Chem. 102:1990;119-157.
75. Wiener E.C., Brechbiel M.W., Brothers H., et al. Dendrimer-based metal chelates: a new class of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Magn. Res. Med. 31:(1):1994;1-8.
76. Misselwitz B., Schmitt-Willich H., Ebert W., Frenzel T., Weinmann H. Pharmacokinetics of Gadomer-17, a new dendritic magnetic resonance contrast agent. Magma. 12:(2-3):2001;128-134.
77. Dong Q., Hurst D.R., Weinmann H.J., Chenevert T.L., Londy F.J., Prince M.R. Magnetic resonance angiography with gadomer-17. An animal study original investigation. Invest. Radiol. 33:(9):1998;699-708.
78. Clarke S.E., Weinmann H.J., Dai E., Lucas A.R., Rutt B.K. Comparison of two blood pool contrast agents for 0.5-T MR angiography: experimental study in rabbits. Radiology. 214:(3):2000;787-794.
79. Gerber B.L., Bluemke D.A., Chin B.B., et al. Single-vessel coronary artery stenosis: myocardial perfusion imaging with Gadomer-17 first-pass MR imaging in a swine model of comparison with gadopentetate dimeglumine. Radiology. 225:(1):2002;104-112.
80. Jerosch-Herold M., Wilke N., Wang Y., et al. Direct comparison of an intravascular and an extracellular contrast agent for quantification of myocardial perfusion, Cardiac MRI Group. Int. J. Card. Imaging. 15:(6):1999;453-464.
81. Su M.Y., Mühler A., Lao X., Nalcioglu O. Tumor characterization with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI using MR contrast agents of various molecular weights. Magn. Res. Med. 39:(2):1998;259-269.
82. Verhoye M., Van der Sanden B.P.J., Rijken P., et al. Quantification of tumor microvascular permeability in human glioma xenografts using dynamic T1 MRI with Gadomer-17. In: Physiology and function from multidimensional images/Chen Chin-Tu [edit.], 1999, p. 418-428.
83. Su M.Y., Wang Z., Carpenter P.M., Lao X., Muhler A., Nalcioglu O. Characterization of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced malignant and benign breast tumors in rats by using three MR contrast agents. J. Magn. Res. Imaging. 9:(2):1999;177-186.
84. Su M.Y., Wang Z., Nalcioglu O. Investigation of longitudinal vascular changes in control and chemotherapy-treated tumors to serve as therapeutic efficacy predictors. J. Magn. Res. Imaging. 9:(1):1999;128-137.
85. Moon WK, Chang KH, Weinmann H-J. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging of abscess and VX2 carcinoma in rabbits: comparison of 24 gadolinium-DOTA-dendrimer and gadopentetate dimeglumine. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Scientific Meeting, International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, 1999.
86. Moon W.K., Chang K.H., Weinmann H.J., et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging of bacterial abscess and VX2 carcinoma in rabbits: comparison of gadopentetate dimeglumine and a macromolecular contrast agent. Am. J. Roentgenol. 174:(5):2000;1385-1390.
87. Henderson E., Sykes J., Drost D., Weinmann H.J., Rutt B.K., Lee T.Y. Simultaneous MRI measurement of blood flow, blood volume, and capillary permeability in mammary tumors using two different contrast agents. J. Magn. Res. Imaging. 12:(6):2000;991-1003.
88. Frank H., Weissleder R., Brady T.J. Enhancement of MR angiography with iron oxide: preliminary studies in whole-blood phantom and in animals. Am. J. Roentgenol. 162:(1):1994;209-213.
89. McLachlan S.J., Morris M.R., Lucas M.A., et al. Phase I clinical evaluation of a new iron oxide MR contrast agent. J. Magn. Res. Imaging. 4:(3):1994;301-307.
90. Ahlstrom K.H., Johansson L.O., Rodenburg J.B., Ragnarsson A.S., Akeson P., Borseth A. Pulmonary MR angiography with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles as a blood pool agent and a navigator echo for respiratory gating: pilot study. Radiology. 211:(3):1999;865-869.
91. Taylor A.M., Panting J.R., Keegan J., et al. Safety and preliminary findings with the intravascular contrast agent NC100150 injection for MR coronary angiography (in process citation). J. Magn. Res. Imaging. 9:(2):1999;220-227.
92. Taupitz M., Schnorr J., Abramjuk C., et al. New generation of monomer-stabilized very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (VSOP) as contrast medium for MR angiography: preclinical results in rats and rabbits. J. Magn. Res. Imaging. 12:(6):2000;905-911.
93. Tombach B., Reimer P., Mahler M., Ebert W., Pering C., Heindel W. First-pass and equilibrium phase MRA following intravenous bolus injection of SH U 555 C: Phase I clinical trial in elderly volunteers with risk factors for arterial vascular disease. Acad. Radiol. 2:(9):2002;S425-S427.
94. Taupitz M., Schnorr J., Wagner S., et al. Coronary MR angiography: experimental results with a monomer-stabilized blood pool contrast medium. Radiology. 222:(1):2002;120-126.
95. Misselwitz B., Sachse A. Interstitial MR lymphography using Gd-carrying liposomes. Acta Radiol. Suppl. 412:1997;51-55.
96. Misselwitz B., Platzek J., Raduchel B., Oellinger J.J., Weinmann H.J. Gadofluorine 8: initial experience with a new contrast medium for interstitial MR lymphography. Magma. 8:(3):1999;190-195.
97. Ruehm S.G., Schroeder T., Debatin J.F. Interstitial MR lymphography with gadoterate meglumine: initial experience in humans. Radiology. 220:(3):2001;816-821.
98. Staatz G., Nolte-Ernsting C.C., Adam G.B., et al. Interstitial T1-weighted MR lymphography: lipophilic perfluorinated gadolinium chelates in pigs. Radiology. 220:(1):2001;129-134.
99. Misselwitz B., Schmitt-Willich H., Michaelis M., Oellinger J.J. Interstitial magnetic resonance lymphography using a polymeric t1 contrast agent: initial experience with Gadomer-17. Invest. Radiol. 37:(3):2002;146-151.
100. Misselwitz B, Platzek J, Weinmann H-J. Intravenous MR lymphography. Initial experiences with a new gadolinium agent. Proceedings of the Tenth Scientific Meeting and Exhibition, Honolulu, Hawaii, May 18-24, 2002.
101. Hamm B., Taupitz M., Hussmann P., Wagner S., Wolf K.J. MR lymphography with iron oxide particles: dose-response studies and pulse sequence optimization in rabbits. Am. J. Roentgenol. 158:(1):1992;183-190.
102. Taupitz M., Wagner S., Hamm B., Dienemann D., Lawaczeck R., Wolf K.J. MR lymphography using iron oxide particles. Detection of lymph node metastases in the VX2 rabbit tumor model. Acta Radiol. 34:(1):1993;10-15.
103. Weissleder R., Elizondo G., Wittenberg J., Lee A.S., Josephson L., Brady T.J. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide: an intravenous contrast agent for assessing lymph nodes with MR imaging. Radiology. 175:(2):1990;494-498.
104. Vassallo P., Matei C., Heston W.D., McLachlan S.J., Koutcher J.A., Castellino R.A. AMI-227-enhanced MR lymphography: usefulness for differentiating reactive from tumor-bearing lymph nodes. Radiology. 193:(2):1994;501-506.
105. Guimaraes R., Clement O., Bittoun J., Carnot F., Frija G. MR lymphography with superparamagnetic iron nanoparticles in rats: pathologic basis for contrast enhancement. Am. J. Roentgenol. 162:(1):1994;201-207.
106. McLachlan S.J., Morris M., Lucas M.A., Baum L.M. Preliminary clinical experience with AMI 227. Acad. Radiol. 3:(2):1996;S295-S296.
107. Nguyen B.C., Stanford W., Thompson B.H., et al. Multicenter clinical trial of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide in the evaluation of mediastinal lymph nodes in patients with primary lung carcinoma. J. Magn. Res. Imaging. 10:(3):1999;468-473.
108. Hudgins P.A., Anzai Y., Morris M.R., Lucas M.A. Ferumoxtran-10, a superparamagnetic iron oxide as a magnetic resonance enhancement agent for imaging lymph nodes: a phase 2 dose study. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 23:(4):2002;649-656.
109. Sigal R., Vogl T., Casselman J., et al. Lymph node metastases from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: MR imaging with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (Sinerem MR) - results of a phase-III multicenter clinical trial. Eur. Radiol. 12:(5):2002;1104-1113.
110. Fayad Z.A., Fuster V., Fallon J.T., et al. Noninvasive in vivo human coronary artery lumen and wall imaging using black-blood magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 102:(5):2000;506-510.
111. Fayad Z.A., Fuster V. Characterization of atherosclerotic plaques by magnetic resonance imaging. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 902:2000;173-186.
112. Zhao X.Q., Yuan C., Hatsukami T.S., et al. Effects of prolonged intensive lipid-lowering therapy on the characteristics of carotid atherosclerotic plaques in vivo by MRI: a case-control study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21:(10):2001;1623-1629.
113. Corti R., Fayad Z.A., Fuster V., et al. Effects of lipid-lowering by simvastatin on human atherosclerotic lesions: a longitudinal study by high-resolution, noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 104:(3):2001;249-252.
114. Yuan C., Kerwin W.S., Ferguson M.S., et al. Contrast-enhanced high resolution MRI for atherosclerotic carotid artery tissue characterization. J. Magn. Res. Imaging. 15:(1):2002;62-67.
115. Cai J.M., Hatsukami T.S., Ferguson M.S., Small R., Polissar N.L., Yuan C. Classification of human carotid atherosclerotic lesions with in vivo multicontrast magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 106:(11):2002;1368-1373.
116. Helft G., Worthley S.G., Fuster V., et al. Progression and regression of atherosclerotic lesions: monitoring with serial noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 105:(8):2002;993-998.
117. Schmitz S.A., Coupland S.E., Gust R., et al. Superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced MRI of atherosclerotic plaques in Watanabe hereditable hyperlipidemic rabbits. Invest. Radiol. 35:(8):2000;460-471.
118. Ruehm S.G., Corot C., Vogt P., Kolb S., Debatin J.F. Magnetic resonance imaging of atherosclerotic plaque with ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in hyperlipidemic rabbits. Circulation. 103:(3):2001;415-422.
119. Weinmann H-J, Barkhausen J, Heyer C, et al. Contrast enhanced MRI of atheriosclerotic plaques by a novel gadolinium based agent. ISMRM, Proceedings of the Tenth Scientific Meeting and Exhibition, Honolulu, 2002.
120. Woodburn K.W., Fan Q., Kessel D., et al. Phototherapy of cancer and atheromatous plaque with texaphyrins. J. Clin. Laser Med. Surg. 14:(5):1996;343-348.
121. Spokojny A.M., Serur J.R., Skillman J., Spears J.R. Uptake of hematoporphyrin derivative by atheromatous plaques: studies in human in vitro and rabbit in vivo. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 8:(6):1986;1387-1392.
122. Vever-Bizet C., L'Epine Y., Delettre E., et al. Photofrin II uptake by atheroma in atherosclerotic rabbits. Fluorescence and high performance liquid chromatographic analysis on post-mortem aorta. Photochem. Photobiol. 49:(6):1989;731-737.
123. Kettritz U., Warshauer D.M., Brown E.D., Schlund J.F., Eisenberg L.B., Semelka R.C. Enhancement of the normal pancreas: comparison of manganese-DPDP and gadolinium chelate. Eur. Radiol. 6:(1):1996;14-18.
124. Rieber A., Tomczak R., Nussle K., Klaus H., Brambs H.J. MRI with mangafodipir trisodium in the detection of pancreatic tumours: comparison with helical CT. Br. J. Radiol. 73:(875):2000;1165-1169.
125. Sahani D., Prasad S.R., Maher M., Warshaw A.L., Hahn P.F., Saini S. Functioning acinar cell pancreatic carcinoma: diagnosis on mangafodipir trisodium (Mn-DPDP)-enhanced MRI. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 26:(1):2002;126-128.
126. Schima W., Fugger R., Schober E., et al. Diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer: comparison of mangafodipir trisodium-enhanced MR imaging and contrast-enhanced helical hydro-CT. Am. J. Roentgenol. 179:(3):2002;717-724.
127. Meschan I., Quinn J.L., Witcofshi R.L., Hosick T. The utilization of radioactive zinc and manganese in an effort to visualize the pancreas. Radiologe. 73:1959;62.
128. Lyden A., Larsson B.S., Lindquist N.G. Autoradiography of manganese: accumulation and retention in the pancreas. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. (Copenh.). 52:(3):1983;205-210.
129. Okamoto Y., Oshima R., Inagaki K., et al. The presence of a manganese-rich particle in lysosome of rat pancreas due to excess manganese treatment. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 41:(2):1997;389-394.
130. Ebert E., Hofmann S., Swiderski U., et al. Metallopophyrins: tumor-specific contrast agents? Rinck P.A., Muller R.N. New developments in contrast agent research. 1992;127-140 European Magnetic Resonance Forum Foundation, Hamburg, Germany.
131. Shreve P., Aisen A.M. Monoclonal antibodies labeled with polymeric paramagnetic ion chelates. Magn. Res. Med. 3:1986;336-340.
132. Kornguth S.E., Turski P.A., Perman W.H., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of gadolinium-labeled monoclonal antibody polymers directed at human T lymphocytes implanted in canine brain. J. Neurosurg. 66:(6):1987;898-906.
133. Saccavini J.C., Curtet C., Bohy J., Tellier C., Bourgoin C., Lhoste J.M. Magnetic resonance imaging studies on nude mice grafted with colorectal adenocarcinoma using gadolinium-labeled monoclonal antibody. Invest. Radiol. 23:(Suppl 1):1988;S292-S293.
134. Weissleder R., Lee A.S., Fischman A.J., et al. Polyclonal human immunoglobulin G labeled with polymeric iron oxide: antibody MR imaging. Radiology. 181:(1):1991;245-249.
135. Göhr-Rosenthal S., Schmitt-Willich H., Ebert W., Conrad J. The demonstration of human tumors on nude mice using gadolinium-labelled monoclonal antibodies for magnetic resonance imaging. Invest. Radiol. 28:(9):1993;789-795.
136. Hindré F, Curtet C, deMarco G, et al. Contrast agent: magnetite-dextran labeled with anti-CEA monoclonal antibody. Proceedings of the Third Annual Scientific Meeting, Society of Magnetic Resonance, Nice, France, 1994. p. 1134.
137. Remsen L.G., McCormick C.I., Roman-Goldstein S., et al. MR of carcinoma-specific monoclonal antibody conjugated to monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles: the potential for noninvasive diagnosis. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 17:(3):1996;411-418.
138. Suwa T., Ozawa S., Ueda M., Ando N., Kitajima M. Magnetic resonance imaging of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using magnetite particles coated with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody. Int. J. Cancer. 75:(4):1998;626-634.
139. Sipkins D.A., Cheresh D.A., Kazemi M.R., Nevin L.M., Bednarski M.D., Li K.C. Detection of tumor angiogenesis in vivo by alphaVbeta3-targeted magnetic resonance imaging. Nat. Med. 4:(5):1998;623-626.
140. Anderson S.A., Rader R.K., Westlin W.F., et al. Magnetic resonance contrast enhancement of neovasculature with alpha(v)beta[3]-targeted nanoparticles. Magn. Res. Med. 44:(3):2000;433-439.
141. Shahbazi-Gahrouei D., Williams M., Rizvi S., Allen B.J. In vivo studies of Gd-DTPA-monoclonal antibody and Gd-porphyrins: potential magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents for melanoma. J. Mag. Res. Imaging. 14:(2):2001;169-174.
142. Ruoslahti E., Pierschbacher M.D. New perspectives in cell adhesion: RGD and integrins. Science. 238:(4826):1987;491-497.
143. Ruoslahti E. RGD and other recognition sequences for integrins. Ann. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 12:(3):1996;697-715.
144. Pearson D.A., Lister J., McBride W.J., et al. Thrombus imaging using technetium-99m-labeled high-potency GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonists. Chemistry and initial biological studies. J. Med. Chem. 39:(7):1996;1372-1382.
145. Lanza G.M., Lorenz C.H., Fischer S.E., et al. Enhanced detection of thrombin with a novel fibrin-targeted magnetic resonance imaging agent. Acad. Radiol. 5:(16):1998;S173-S176. Discussion on pp. S183-4.
146. Lanza G.M., Trousil R.L., Wallace K.D., et al. In vitro characterization of a novel, tissue-targeted ultrasonic contrast system with acoustic microscopy. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104:(6):1998;3665-3672.
147. Yu X., Song S.K., Chen J., et al. High-resolution MRI characterization of human thrombus using a novel fibrin-targeted paramagnetic nanoparticle contrast agent. Magn. Res. Med. 44:(6):2000;867-872.
148. Unger E., Metzger P., Krupinski E., et al. The use of a thrombus-specific ultrasound contrast agent to detect thrombus in arteriovenous fistulae. Invest. Radiol. 35:(1):2000;86-89.
149. Johansson L.O., Bjornerud A., Ahlstrom H.K., Ladd D.L., Fujii D.K. A targeted contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging of thrombus: implications of spatial resolution. J. Magn. Res. Imaging. 13:(4):2001;615-618.
150. Flacke S., Fischer S., Scott M.J., et al. Novel MRI contrast agent for molecular imaging of fibrin: implications for detecting vulnerable plaques. Circulation. 104:(11):2001;1280-1285.
151. Schneider G, Hayd C, Müller A, et al. Contrast enhanced MRI of exp. induced brain infarctions in rabbits using Bis-Gd-MP as MR contrast agent. Proceedings of the Third Annual Scientific Meeting, Society of Magnetic Resonance, Nice, France, 1995. p. 1144.
152. Ni Y., Marchal G., Herijgers P., Flameng W., Petre C., Ebert W., Hilger C.S., Pfefferer D., Semmler W., Baert A.L. Paramagnetic metalloporphyrins: from enhancers of malignant tumors to markers of myocardial infarcts. Acad. Radiol. 3:(2):1996;S395-S397.
153. Saeed M., Bremerich J., Wendland M.F., Wyttenbach R., Weinmann H.J., Higgins C.B. Reperfused myocardial infarction as seen with use of necrosis-specific versus standard extracellular MR contrast media in rats. Radiology. 213:(1):1999;247-257.
154. Choi S.I., Choi S.H., Kim S.T., et al. Irreversibly damaged myocardium at MR imaging with a necrotic tissue-specific contrast agent in a cat model. Radiology. 215:(3):2000;863-868.
155. Saeed M., Lund G., Wendland M.F., Bremerich J., Weinmann H.J., Higgins C.B. Magnetic resonance characterization of the peri-infarction zone of reperfused myocardial infarction with necrosis-specific and extracellular nonspecific contrast media. Circulation. 103:(6):2001;871-876.
156. Choi S.H., Lee S.S., Choi S.I., et al. Occlusive myocardial infarction: investigation of bis-gadolinium mesoporphyrins-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging in a cat model. Radiology. 220:(2):2001;436-440.
157. Judd R.M., Lugo-Olivieri C.H., Arai M., et al. Physiological basis of myocardial contrast enhancement in fast magnetic resonance images of 2-day-old reperfused canine infarcts. Circulation. 92:(7):1995;1902-1910.
158. Ramani K., Judd R.M., Holly T.A., et al. Contrast magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of myocardial viability in patients with stable coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 98:(24):1998;2687-2694.