Organization of efferent projections from the parabrachial area to the hypothalamus: A Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study in the rat

Journal of Comparative Neurology

Volumn 383, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 245-281

  Bester, Hervé ^a   Besson, Jean Marie ^a   Bernard, Jean François ^a,b  

^a PSL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY   (France)

^b INSERM   (France)

Author keywords

Lateral hypothalamus; Median preoptic; Nociception; Retrochiasmatic; Ventromedial nucleus

Indexed keywords

LEUKOAGGLUTININ;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BRAIN REGION; EFFERENT NERVE; HYPOTHALAMUS; MALE; MESENCEPHALON; NOCICEPTION; NONHUMAN; PARABRACHIAL NUCLEUS; PREOPTIC NUCLEUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT;

AMYGDALA; ANIMALS; EFFERENT PATHWAYS; HYPOTHALAMIC AREA, LATERAL; MALE; NOCICEPTORS; PARAVENTRICULAR HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS; PONS; PREOPTIC AREA; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; SUBFORNICAL ORGAN; VENTROMEDIAL HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEUS;

EID: 0031011340     PISSN: 00219967     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970707)383:3<245::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-3     Document Type: Article

References (202)

1. Adachi, A., M. Kobachi, N. Miyoshi, and G. Tsukamoto (1991) Chemosensitive neurons in the area postrema of the rat and their possible functions. Brain Res. Bull. 26:137-140.
2. Agüiero, A., M. Arnedo, M. Gallo, and A. Puerto (1993) Lesions of the lateral parabrachial nuclei disrupt aversion learning induced by electrical stimulation of the area postrema. Brain Res. Bull. 30:585-592.
3. Aimone, L.D., C.A. Bauer, and G.F. Gebhart (1988) Brain-stem relays mediating stimulation-produced antinociception from the lateral hypothalamus in the rat. J. Neurosci. 8:2652-2663.
4. Aldén, M., J.M. Besson, and J.F. Bernard (1994) Organization of the efferent projections from the pontine parabrachial area to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and neighboring regions: A PHA-L study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 341:289-314.
5. Allen, G.V., and D.F. Cechetto (1992) Functional and anatomical organization of cardiovascular pressor and depressor sites in the lateral hypothalamic area. I. Descending projections J. Comp. Neurol. 315:313-332.
6. Allen, G.V., and D.F. Cechetto (1993) Functional and anatomical organization of cardiovascular pressor and depressor sites in the lateral hypothalamic area. II. Ascending projections J. Comp. Neurol. 330:421-438.
7. Allen, G.V, and D.F. Cechetto (1995) Neurotensin in the lateral hypothalamic area: Origin and function. Neuroscience 69:533-544.
8. Altschuler, S.M., X. Bao, D. Bieger, D.A. Hopkins, and R.R. Miselis (1989) Viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the rat: Sensory ganglia and nuclei of the solitary and spinal trigeminal tracts. J. Comp. Neurol. 283:248-268.
9. Amir, S., M. Lagiorgia, and R. Pollock (1989) Intra-ventromedial hypothalamic injection of insulin suppresses brown fat thermogenesis in the anaesthetized rat. Brain Res. 480:340-343.
10. Armstrong, W.E. (1995) Hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. In G. Paxinos (ed): The Rat Nervous System, 2nd Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 377-390.
11. Bandler, R., and M.T. Shipley (1994) Columnar organization in the midbrain periaqueductal gray: Modules for emotional expression? Trends Neurosci. 17:379-389.
12. 3H]GABA. Neuroscience 34:163-176.
13. Bechara, A., G.M. Martin, A. Pridgar, and D. Vanderkooy (1993) The parabrachial nucleus - A brainstem substrate critical for mediating the aversive motivational effects of morphine. Behav. Neurosci. 107:147-160.
14. Berk, M.L., and J.A. Finkelstein (1981) Afferent projections to the preoptic area and hypothalamic regions in the rat brain. Neuroscience 6:1601-1624.
15. Berk, M.L., and J.A. Finkelstein (1982) Efferent connections of the lateral hypothalamic area of the rat: An autoradiographic investigation. Brain Res. Bull. 8:511-526.
16. Bernard, J.F., and J.M. Besson (1988) Convergence d'informations nociceptives sur des neurones parabachio-amygdaliens chez le rat. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. III-Vie 307:841-847.
17. Bernard, J.F., and J.M. Besson (1990) The spino(trigemino)pontoamygdaloid pathway: Electrophysiological evidence for an involvement in pain processes. J. Neurophysiol. 63:473-490.
18. Bernard, J.F., M. Peschanski, and J.M. Besson (1989) A possible spino (trigemino)-ponto-amygdaloid pathway for pain. Neurosci. Lett. 100: 83-88.
19. Bernard, J.F, G.F. Huang, and J.M. Besson (1992) The nucleus centralis of the amygdala and the globus pallidus ventralis: Electrophysiological evidence for an involvement in pain processes. J. Neurophysiol. 68:551-569.
20. Bernard, J.F., M. Aldén, and J.M. Besson (1993) The organization of the efferent projections from the pontine parabrachial area to the amygdaloid complex: A Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 329:201-229.
21. Bernard, J.F., G.F. Huang, and J.M. Besson (1994) The parabrachial area: Electrophysiological evidence for an involvement in visceral nociceptive processes. J. Neurophysiol. 71:1646-1660.
22. Bernard, J.F., R. Dallel, P. Raboisson, L. Villanueva, and D. Le Bars (1995a) Organization of the efferent projections from the spinal cervical enlargement to the parabrachial area and periaqueductal gray: A PHA-L study in the rat. J. Comp. Neural. 353:480-505.
23. Bernard, J.F., H. Bester, and J.M. Besson (1995b) Differential projections of the parabrachial area to the thalamus: A PHA-L study in the rat. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 21:644.
24. Bernard, J.F., H. Bester, and J.M. Besson (1996) Involvement of the spino-parabrachio -amygdaloid and -hypothalamic pathways in the autonomic and affective emotional aspects of pain. In G. Holstege, R. Bandler, and C.B. Saper (eds): The Emotional Motor System. Progr. Brain Res. 107:243-255.
25. Berntson, G.G. (1973) Attack, grooming, and threat elicited by stimulation of the pontine tegmentum in cats. Physiol. Behav. 11:81-87.
26. Berntson, G.G., J.F. Jang, and A.E. Ronca (1988) Brainstem systems and grooming behaviors. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 525:350-362.
27. Bertrand, F., and A. Hugelin (1971) Respiratory synchronizing function of nucleus parabrachialis medialis: Pneumotaxic mechanisms. J. Neurophysiol. 134:189-207.
28. Besson, J.M., V. Fardin, and J.L. Olivéras (1991) Analgesia produced by stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter: True antinociceptive effects vs. stress effects. In A. Depaulis and R. Bandler (eds): The Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Matter. Functional, Anatomical, and Neurochemical Organization. NASO ASI Series A: Life Sciences, Vol. 213. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 121-138.
29. eme Colloque, Société des Neurosciences, Livre des Résumés, p. 85.
30. Bester, H., V. Chapman, J.F. Bernard, B. Onteniente, and J.M. Besson (1995b) Electrophysiological characterisation of superficial laminae nociceptive neurons projecting to the parabrachial area in the rat. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 21:643.
31. Bester, H., L. Menendez, J.M. Besson, and J.F. Bernard (1995c) The spino(trigemino)parabrachiohypothalamic pathway: Electrophysiological evidence for an involvement in pain processes. J. Neurophysiol. 73:568-585.
32. Blatteis, C.M., J.R. Hales, M.J. McKinley, and A.A. Fawcett (1987) Role of the anteroventral third ventricle region in fever in sheep. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 65:1255-1260.
33. Blomqvist, A., W. Ma, and K.J. Berkley (1989) Spinal input to the parabrachial nucleus in the cat. Brain Res. 480:29-36.
34. Boulant, J.A., and K.E. Bignall (1973) Hypothalamic neuronal responses to peripheral and deep-body temperatures. Am. J. Physiol. 225:1371-1374.
35. Bucherelli, C., and G. Tassoni (1992) Duration of retrograde amnesia induced by tetrodotoxin inactivation of the parabrachial nuclei is inversely related to the intensity of footshock in rat's passive avoidance response. Behav. Brain Res. 49:175-180.
36. Burton, H., A.D. Craig, D.A. Poulos, and J.T. Molt (1979) Efferent projections from temperature sensitive recording loci within the marginal zone of the nucleus caudalis of the spinal trigeminal complex in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 183:753-778.
37. Canteras, N.S., R.B. Simerly, and L.W. Swanson (1994) Organization of projections from the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: A Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 348:41-79.
38. Card, J.P., and R.Y. Moore (1989) Organization of lateral geniculate-hypothalamic connections in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 284:135-147.
39. Carrive, P (1993) The periaqueductal gray and defensive behavior: Functional representation and neuronal organization. Behav. Brain Res. 58:27-47.
40. Carrive, P., P. Schmitt, and P. Karli (1986) Flight induced by microinjection of D-tubocurarine or alpha-bungarotoxin into medial hypothalamus or periaqueductal gray matter: Cholinergic or GABAergic mediation? Behav. Brain Res. 22:233-248.
41. Cechetto, D.F., and F.R. Calaresu (1983) Parabrachial units responding to stimulation of buffer nerves and forebrain in cat. Am. J. Physiol., Regul. Integ. Comp. Physiol. 245:R811-R819.
42. Cechetto, D.F., and S.J. Chen (1990) Subcortical sites mediating sympathetic responses from insular cortex in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 258:R245-R255.
43. Cechetto, D.F., and S.J. Chen (1992) Hypothalamic and cortical sympathetic responses relay in the medulla of the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 263:R544-R552.
44. Cecheito, D.F., and C.B. Saper (1987) Evidence for a viscerotopic sensory representation in the cortex and thalamus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 262:27-45.
45. Cechetto, D.F., D.G. Standaert, and C.B. Saper (1985) Spinal and trigeminal dorsal horn projections to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 240:153-160.
46. Chamberlin, N.L., and C.B. Saper (1992) Topographic organization of cardiovascular responses to electrical and glutamate microstimulation of the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 326:245-262.
47. Chiba, T., and Y. Murata (1985) Afferent and efferent connections of the medial preoptic area in the rat: A WGA-HRP study. Brain Res. Bull. 14:261-272.
48. Clark, J.M., A.J.M. Clark, D. Warne, E.L. Rugg, S.L. Lightman, and P. Winn (1991) Neuroendocrine and behavioural responses to hyperosmolality in rats with lesions of the lateral hypothalamus made by N-methyl-d-aspartate. Neuroscience 45:625-629.
49. Contreras, R.J., R.M. Beckstead, and R. Norgren (1982) The central projections of the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves: An autoradiographic study in the rat. J. Autonom. Nerv. Syst. 6:303-322.
50. Craig, A.D. (1995) Distribution of brainstem projections from spinal lamina I neurons in the cat and the monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 361:225-248.
51. Culhane, E.S., and E. Carstens (1988) Medial hypothalamic stimulation suppresses nociceptive spinal dorsal horn neurons but not the tail-flick reflex in the rat. Brain Res. 438:137-144.
52. Dafny, N., W.Q. Dong, C. Prieto-Gomez, C. Reyes-Vazquez, J. Stanford, and J.T. Qiao (1996) Lateral hypothalamus: Site involved in pain modulation. Neuroscience 70:449-460.
53. Darlington, D.N., and D.G. Ward (1985a) Rostral pontine and caudal mesencephalic control of arterial pressure and iliac, celiac and renal vascular resistance. I. Anatomic regions. Brain Res. 361:284-300.
54. Darlington, D.N., and D.G. Ward (1985b) Rostral pontine and caudal mesencephalic control of arterial pressure and iliac, celiac and renal vascular resistance. II. Separate control and topographic organization. Brain Res. 361:301-308.
55. Depoortere, R., G. Di-Scala, and G. Sandner (1990a) Treadmill locomotion and aversive effects induced by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 25:723-727.
56. Depoortere, R., G. Sandner, and G. Di-Scala (1990b) Aversion induced by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region in the intact and freely moving rat. Physiol. Behav. 47:561-567.
57. Desalles, A.A., Y. Katayama, D.P. Becker, and R.L. Hayes (1985) Pain suppression induced by electrical stimulation of the pontine parabrachial region. Experimental study in cats. J. Neurosurg. 62:397-407.
58. Dornan, W.A., T.R. Akesson, and P.E. Micevych (1990) A substance P projection from the VMH to the dorsal midbrain central gray: Implication for lordosis. Brain Res. Bull. 25:791-796.
59. Duysens, J., R. Dom, and J. Gybels (1989) Suppression of the hindlimb flexor reflex by stimulation of the medial hypothalamus and thalamus in the rat. Brain Res. 499:131-140.
60. Edwards, G.L., and A.K. Johnson (1991) Enhanced drinking after excitotoxic lesions of the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 261:R1039-R1044.
61. Elmquist, J.K., R.S. Ahima, E. Maratos-Flier, J.S. Flier, and C.B. Saper (1997) Leptin activates neurons in ventrobasal hypothalamus and brainstem. Endocrinology 138:839-842.
62. Fanselow, M.S. (1991) The midbrain periaqueductal gray as a coordinator of action in response to fear and anxiety. In A. Depaulis and R. Bandler (eds): The Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Matter. Functional, Anatomical, and Neurochemical Organization. NASO ASI Series A: Life Sciences, Vol. 213. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 151-174.
63. Feil, K., and H. Herbert (1995) Topographic organisation of spinal and trigeminal somatosensory pathways to the rat parabrachial and KöllikerFuse nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 353:506-528.
64. Filaretov, A.A., and L.P. Filaretova (1985) Role of the paraventricular and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclear areas in the regulation of the pituitary-adrenocortical system. Brain Res. 342:135-140.
65. Fuchs, P.N., and R. Melzack (1995) analgesia induced by morphine microinjection into the lateral hypothalamus of the rat. Exp. Neurol. 134:277-280.
66. Fuchs S.A., H.M. Edinger, and A. Siegel (1985) The organization of the hypothalamic pathways mediating affective defense behavior in the cat. Brain Res. 330:77-92.
67. Fujiwara, T., K. Nagai, S. Takagi, and H. Nakagawa (1988) Hyperglycemia induced by electrical stimulation of lateral part of dorsal parabrachial nucleus. Am. J. Physiol., Endocrinol. Metabol. 254:E468-E475.
68. Fulwiler, C.E., and C.B. Saper (1984) Subnuclear organization of the efferent connections of the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. Brain Res. Rev. 7:229-259.
69. Fulwiler, C.E., and C.B. Saper (1985) Cholecystokinin-immunoreactive innervation of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the rat: Possible substrate for autonomic regulation of feeding. Neurosci. Lett. 53:289-296.
70. Gallo, M., M. Arnedo, A. Agüero, and A. Puerto (1990) The functional relevance of the area postrema in drug-induced aversion learning. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 35:543-551.
71. Gerfen, C.R., and P.E. Sawchenko (1984) An anterograde neuroanatomical tracing method that shows the detailed morphology of neurons, their axons and terminals: Immunohistochemical localization of an axonally transported plant lectin, Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Brain Res. 290:219-238.
72. Giesler, G.J., Jr. (1995) Evidence of direct nociceptive projections from the spinal cord to the hypothalamus and telencephalon. Semin. Neurosci. 7:253-261.
73. Gold, R.M. (1973) Hypothalamic obesity: The myth of the ventromedial nucleus. Science 182:488-490.
74. Gurdjian, E.S. (1927) The diencephalon of the albino rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 43:1-114.
75. Hayashi, H., and T. Tabata (1989) Physiological properties of sensory trigeminal neurons projecting to mesencephalic parabrachial area in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 61:1153-1160.
76. Hayashi, H., and T. Tabata (1990) Pulpal and cutaneous inputs to somato-sensory neurons in the parabrachial area of the cat. Brain Res. 511:177-179.
77. Herbert, H., M. Moga, and C. Saper (1990) Connections of the parabrachial nucleus with the nucleus of the solitary tract and medullary reticular formation in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 293:540-580.
78. Hermann, G.E., and R.C. Rogers (1985) Convergence of vagal and gustatory afferent input within the parabrachial nucleus of the rat. J. Autonom. Nerv. Syst. 13:1-17.
79. Hetherington, A.W., and S.W. Ranson (1940) Hypothalamic lesions and adiposity in rats. Anat. Rec. 78:149-172.
80. Hilton, S.M., and W.S. Redfern (1986) A search for brainstem cell groups integrating the defence reaction in the rat. J. Physiol. 378:213-228.
81. Hoysoya, Y, Y. Sugiura, N. Okado, A.D. Loewy, and K. Kohno (1991) Descending input from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the rat. Exp. Brain Res. 85:10-20.
82. Huang, G.F., J.M. Besson, and J.F. Bernard (1993a) Morphine depresses the transmission of noxious messages in the spino(trigemino)-pontoamygdaloid pathway. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 230:279-284.
83. Huang, G.F., J.M. Besson, and J.F. Bernard (1993b) Intravenous morphine depresses the transmission of noxious messages to the nucleus centralis of the amygdala. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 236:449-456.
84. Hylden, J.L.K., H. Hayashi, G.J. Bennett, and R. Dubner (1985) Spinal lamina I neurons projecting to the parabrachial area of the cat midbrain. Brain Res. 336:195-198.
85. Hylden, J.L.K., H. Hayashi, and G.J. Bennett (1986a) Lamina I spinomesencephalic neurons in the cat ascend via the dorsolateral funiculi. Somatosens. Res. 4:31-41.
86. Hylden, J.L.K., H. Hayashi, R. Dubner, and G.J. Bennett (1986b) Physiology and morphology of the lamina I spinomesencephalic projection. J. Comp. Neurol. 247:505-515.
87. Inagaki, S., Y. Shiotani, M. Yamano, S. Shiosaka, H. Takagi, K. Tateishi, E. Hashimura, T. Hamaoka, and M. Tohyama (1984) Distribution, origin, and fine structures of cholecystokinin-8-like immunoreactive terminals on the nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami of the rat. J. Neurosci. 4:1289-1299.
88. Jenck, F., J.L. Moreau, and J.R. Martin (1995) Dorsal periaqueductal gray-induced aversion as a simulation of panic anxiety: Elements of face and predictive validity. Psychiatr. Res. 57:181-191.
89. Jhamandas, J.H., S.E. Aippersbach, and K.H. Harris (1991) Cardiovascular influences on rat parabrachial nucleus: An electrophysiological study. Am. J. Physiol. 260:225-231.
90. Jhamandas, J.H., K.H. Harris, T. Petrov, and T.L. Krukoff (1992) Characterization of the parabrachial nucleus input to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the rat. J. Neuroendocrinol. 4:461-471.
91. Johnson, R.F., R.Y. Moore, and L.P. Morin (1988) Retinohypothalamic projections in the rat and hamster demonstrated using cholera toxin. Brain Res. 462:301-312.
92. Kalia, M., and J.M. Sullivan (1982) Brainstem projections of sensory and motor components of the vagus nerve in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 211:248-264.
93. Kanosue, K., M. Yanase-Fujiwara, and T. Hosono (1994a) Hypothalamic network for thermoregulatory vasomotor control. Am. J. Physiol., Reg. Int. Comp. Physiol. 267:R283-R288.
94. Kanosue, K., YH. Zhang, M. Yanase-Fujiwara, and T. Hosono (1994b) Hypothalamic network for thermoregulatory shivering. Am. J. Physiol., Reg. Int. Comp. Physiol. 267:R275-R282.
95. Kita, H., and Y, Oomura (1982) An HRP study of the afferent connections of rat medial hypothalamic region. Brain Res. Bull. 8:53-62.
96. Knox, G.V., C. Campbell, and P. Lomax (1973) Cutaneous temperature and unit activity in the hypothalamic thermoregulatory centers. Exp. Neurol. 40:717-730.
97. Krieger, M.S., L.C. Conrad, and D.W. Pfaff (1979) An autoradiographic study of the efferent connections of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 183:785-816.
98. Krilowicz, B.L., R. Szymusiak, and D. McGinty (1994) Regulation of posterior lateral hypothalamic arousal related neuronal discharge by preoptic anterior hypothalamic warming. Brain Res. 668:30-38.
99. Kruk, M.R. (1991) Ethology and pharmacology of hypothalamic aggression in the rat. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 15:527-538.
100. Kruk, M.R., A.M. Van Der Poel, W. Meelis, J. Hermans, P.G. Mostert, J. Mos, and A.H.M. Lohman (1983) Discriminant analysis of the localization of aggression-inducing electrode placements in the hypothalamus of male rats. Brain Res. 260:61-79.
101. Kruk, M.R., C.E. Van Der Laan, J. Mos, A.M. Van Der Poel, W. Meelis, and B. Olivier (1984) Comparison of aggressive behaviour induced by electrical stimulation in the hypothalamus of male and female rats. Progr. Brain Res. 61:303-314.
102. Krukoff, T.L., K.H. Harris, and J.H. Jhamandas (1993) Efferent projections from the parabrachial nucleus demonstrated with the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. Brain Res. Bull. 30:163-172.
103. Lammers, J.H., M.R. Kruk, W. Meelis, and A.M. Van Der Poel (1988) Hypothalamic substrates for brain stimulation-induced patterns of locomotion and escape jumps in the rat. Brain Res. 449:294-310.
104. Larsen, P.J., A. Hay-Schmidt, and J.D. Mikkelsen (1994) Efferent connections from the lateral hypothalamic region and the lateral preoptic area to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 342:299-319.
105. Light, A.R., E. Casale, and M. Sedivec (1987) The physiology and anatomy of spinal laminae I and II neurons antidromically activated by stimulation in the parabrachial region of the midbrain and pons. In R.F. Schmidt, H.G. Schaible, and C. Vahle-Hinz (eds): Fine Afferent Nerve Fibers and Pain. Weinheim, Germany: VCH, pp. 347-356.
106. Lin, J., K. Sakai, G. Vanni-Mercier, and M. Jouvet (1989) A critical role of the posterior hypothalamus in the mechanisms of wakefulness determined by microinjection of muscimol in freely moving cat. Brain Res. 479:225-240.
107. Lind, R.W., and L.W. Swanson (1984) Evidence for corticotropin releasing factor and leu-enkephalin in the neural projections from the lateral parabrachiai nucleus to the median preoptic nucleus: A retrograde transport, immunohistochemical double labelling study in the rat. Brain Res. 321:217-224.
108. Lovick, T.A. (1991) Central nervous system integration of pain control and autonomic function. News Physiol. Sci. 6:82-86
109. Luiten, P.G.M., G.J. ter Horst, H. Karst, and A.B. Steffans (1985) The course of paraventricular hypothalamic efferents to autonomic structures in medulla and spinal cord. Brain Res. 329:374-378.
110. Lumb, B.M., and J.F.B. Morrison (1987) An excitatory influence of dorsolateral pontine structures on urinary bladder motility in the rat. Brain Res. 435:363-366.
111. Mayer, J., and D.W. Thomas (1967) Regulation of food intake and obesity. Science 156:328-337.
112. McAllen, R.M., G.L. Pennington, and M.J. McKinley (1990) Osmoresponsive units in sheep median preoptic nucleus. Am. J. Physiol. 259:R593-R600.
113. McBride, R.L., and J. Sutin (1977) Amygdaloid and pontine projections to the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 174:377-396.
114. McGowan, M.K., K.M. Andrews, and S.P. Grossman (1992) Chronic intrahypothalamic infusions of insulin or insulin antibodies alter body weight and food intake in the rat. Physiol. Behav. 51:753-766.
115. McKellar, S.. and A.D. Loewy (1981) Organization of some brainstem afferents to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the rat. Brain Res. 217:351-357.
116. McMahon, S.B., and P.D. Wall (1985) Electrophysiological mapping of brainstem projections of spinal cord lamina I cells in the rat. Brain Res. 333:19-26.
117. Menendez, L., H. Bester, J.M. Besson, and J.F. Bernard (1996) Parabrachial area: Electrophysiological evidence for an involvement in cold nociception. J. Neurophysiol. 75:2099-2116.
118. Miller, F.J.J., M.L. Marcus. M.J. Brody, and D.D. Gutterman (1991) Activation in the region of parabrachial nucleus elicits neurogenically mediated coronary vasoconstriction. Am. J. Phvsiol., Heart Circul. Physiol. 261:H1585-H1596.
119. Millhouse, O.E. (1973) The organization of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. Brain Res. 55:71-87.
120. Moga, M.M., C.B. Saper, and T.S. Gray (1989) Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: Cytoarchitecture, immunohistochemistry and projection to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 283:315-332.
121. Moga, M.M., H. Herbert, K.M. Hurley, Y. Yasui, T.S. Gray, and C.B. Saper (1990a) Organization of cortical, basal forebrain and hypothalamic afferents to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 295:624-661.
122. Moga, M.M., C.B. Saper, and T.S. Gray (1990b) Neuropeptide organization in the hypothalamic projection to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 295:662-682.
123. Moore, R.Y. and J.P. Card (1994) Intergeniculate leaflet: An anatomically and functionally distinct subdivision of the lateral geniculate complex. J. Comp. Neurol. 344:403-430.
124. Morin, L.P., J. Blanchard, and R.Y. Moore (1992) Intergeniculate leaflet and suprachiasmatic nucleus organization and connections in the golden hamster. Vis. Neurosci. 8:219-230.
125. Mraovitch, S., M. Kumada, and D.J. Reis (1982) Role of the nucleus parabrachialis in cardiovascular regulation in cat. Brain Res. 232:57-75.
126. Mraovitch, S., C. Iadecola, D. Ruggiero, and D.J. Reis (1985) Widespread reductions in cerebral blood flow and metabolism elicited by electrical stimulation of the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. Brain Res. 341:283-296.
127. Nagai, K., H. Ino, H. Nakagawa, M. Yamano, M. Tohyama, S. Shiosaka, Y. Shiotani, S. Inagaki, and S. Kitoh (1987) Lesions of the lateral part of dorsal parabrachial nucleus caused hyperphagia and obesity. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. 3:103-112.
128. Nashold, B.S., W.P, Wilson, and D.G. Slaughter (1969) Sensations evoked by stimulation of the midbrain of man. J. Neurosurg. 30:14-24.
129. Newman, H.M., R.T. Stevens, and A.V. Apkarian (1996) Direct spinal projections to limbic and striatal area: Anterograde transport studies from the upper cervical spinal cord and the cervical enlargement in squirrel monkey and rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 365:640-658.
130. Norgren, R. (1970) Gustatory responses in the hypothalamus. Brain Res. 21:63-77.
131. Norgren, R. (1976) Taste pathways to hypothalamus and amygdala. J. Comp. Neurol. 166:17-30.
132. Norgren, R. (1978) Projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract in the rat. Neuroscience 3:207-218.
133. Norgren, R., and C.M. Leonard (1971) Taste pathways in rat brainstem. Science 173:1136-1139.
134. Norgren, R., and C.M. Leonard (1973) Ascending central gustatory pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 150:217-238.
135. Norgren, R., and C. Pfaffmann (1975) The pontine taste area in the rat. Brain Res. 91:99-117.
136. Norgren, R., and G.P. Smith (1988) Central distribution of subdiaphragmatic vagal branches in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 273:207-223.
137. O'Neill, T.P., and M-J. Brody (1987) Role for the median preoptic nucleus in centrally evoked pressor responses. Am. J. Physiol. 252:R1165-R1172.
138. Ogawa, H., T. Hayama, and S. Ito (1987) Response properties of the parabrachio-thalamic taste and mechanoreceptive neurons in rats. Exp. Brain Res. 68:449-457.
139. Ohman, L.E., and A.K. Johnson (1986) Lesions in lateral parabrachial nucleus enhance drinking to angiotensin II and isoproterenol. Am. J. Physiol., Regul. Integ. Comp. Physiol. 251:R504-R509.
140. Ohman, L.E., and A.K. Johnson (1989) Brainstem mechanisms and the inhibition of angiotensin-induced drinking. Am. J. Physiol. 256:264-269.
141. Ohman, L.E., R.E. Shade, and J.R. Haywood (1990) Parabrachial nucleus modulation of vasopressin release. Am. J. Physiol. 258:R358-R364.
142. Oka, T., K. Oka, M. Hosoi, S. Aou, and T. Hori (1995) The opposing effects of interleukin-1β microinjected into the preoptic hypothalamus and the ventromedial hypothalamus on nociceptive behavior in rats. Brain Res. 700:271-278.
143. Oppenheimer, S.M., T. Saleh.,and D.F. Cechetto (1992) Lateral hypothalamic area neurotransmission and neuromodulation of the specific-cardiac effects of insular cortex stimulation. Brain Res. 581: 133-142.
144. Ottersen, O.P. (1980) Afferent connections to the amygdaloid complex of the rat and cat: II. Afferents from the hypothalamus and the hasal telencephalon. J. Comp. Neurol. 194:267-289.
145. Panneton, W.M., and H. Burton (1985) Projections from the paratrigeminal nucleus and the medullary and spinal dorsal horns to the peribrachial area in the cat. Neuroscience 15:779-797.
146. Panneton, W.M., S.N. Johnson, and N.D. Christensen (1994) Trigeminal projections to the peribrachial region in the muskrat. Neuroscience 58:605-625.
147. Pasquier, D.A., and J.H. Tramezzani (1979) Afferent connections of the hypothalamic retrochiasmatic area in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 4:765-771.
148. Paxinos, G., and C. Watson (1986) The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. Sydney: Academic Press.
149. Pott, C.B., S.Z. Kramer, and A. Siegel (1987) Central gray modulation of affective defense is differentially sensitive to naloxone. Physiol. Behav. 40:207-213.
150. Preston, E., J. Triandafillou, and N. Haas (1989) Colchicine lesions of ventromedial hypothalamus: Effects on regulatory thermogenesis in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 32:301-307.
151. Roeling, T.A.P., M.R. Kruk, R. Schuurmans, and J.G. Veening (1993) Behavioural responses of bicucculline methiodide injections into the ventral hypothalamus of freely moving, socially interacting rats. Brain Res. 615:121-127.
152. Roeling, T.A.P., J.G. Veening, M.R. Kruk, J.P.W. Peters, M.E.J. Vermelis, and R. Nieuwenhuys (1994) Efferent connections of the hypothalamic aggression area in the rat. Neuroscience 59:1001-1024.
153. Rogers, R.C., D. Novin, and L.L. Butcher (1979) Electrophysiological and neuroanatomical studies of hepatic portal osmo-and sodium-receptive afferent projections within the brain. J. Autonom. Nerv. Syst. 1:182-202.
154. Saper, C.B. (1982) Convergence of autonomic and limbic connections in the insular cortex of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 210:163-173.
155. Saper, C.B. (1985) Organization of cerebral cortical afferent systems in the rat. II. Hypothalamocortical projections. J. Comp. Neurol. 237:21-46.
156. Saper, C.B., and D. Levisohn (1983) Afferent connections of the median preoptic nucleus in the rat: Anatomical evidence for a cardiovascular integrative mechanism in the anteroventral third ventricular (AV3V) region. Brain Res. 288:21-31.
157. Saper, C.B., and A.D. Loewy (1980) Efferent connections of the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. Brain Res. 197:291-317.
158. Saper, C.B., A.D. Loewy, L.W. Swanson, and W.M. Cowan (1976a) Direct hypothalamo-autonomic connections. Brain Res. 117:305-312.
159. Saper, C.B., L.W. Swanson, and W.M. Cowan (1976b) The efferent connections of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 169:409-442.
160. Satinoff, E. (1978) Neural organization and evolution of thermal regulation in mammals. Science 201:16-22.
161. Sawchenko, P.E., and L.W. Swanson (1983) The organization of forebrain afferents to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 218:121-144.
162. Scammell, T.E., K.J. Price, and S.M. Sagar (1993) Hyperthermia induces c-fos expression in the preoptic area. Brain Res. 618:303-307.
163. Schmitt, P., and V.R. Paunovic (1975) Topographie des points de stimulation à effets "aversifs" dans l'hypothalamus médian du Rat. J. Physiol. (Paris) 70:201-206.
164. Schmitt, P., P. Carrive, G. Di-Scala, F. Jenck, M. Brandao, A. Bagri, J.L. Moreau, and G. Sandner (1986) A neuropharmacological study of the periventricular neural substrate involved in flight. Behav. Brain Res. 22:181-190.
165. 3H]cholecystokinin in the ventromedial hypothalamus is modulated by an afferent brainstem projection but not by ovarian steroids. Brain Res. 564:102-108.
166. Semenenko, F.M., and B.M. Lumb (1992) Projections of anterior hypothalamic neurons to the dorsal and ventral periaqueductal grey in the rat. Brain Res. 582:237-245.
167. Shapiro, R.E., and R.R. Miselis (1985) The central neural connections of the area postrema of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 234:344-364.
168. Sherin, J.E., P.J. Shiromani, R.W. McCarley, and C.B. Saper (1996) Activation of ventrolateral preoptic neurons during sleep. Science 271:216-219.
169. Shimazu, T., A. Fukuda, and T. Ban (1966) Reciprocal influences of the ventromedial and lateral hypothalamic nuclei on blood glucose level and liver glycogen content. Nature 210:1178-1179.
170. Simerly, R.B., and L.W. Swanson (1986) The organization of neural inputs to the medial preoptic nucleus of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 246:312-342.
171. Simerly, R.B., and L.W. Swanson 1988 Projections of the medial preoptic nucleus: A Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin anterograde tract-tracing study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 270:209-242.
172. Slugg, R.M., and A.R. Light (1990) Physiology and morphology of nociceptive and thermoreceptive parabrachial neurons. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 16:1144.
173. Slugg, R.M., and A.R. Light (1994) Spinal cord and trigeminal projections to the pontine parabrachial region in the rat as demonstrated with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. J. Comp. Neurol. 339:49-61.
174. Spencer, S.E., W.B. Sawyer, and A.D. Loewy (1989) Cardiovascular effects produced by L-glutamate stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area. Am. J. Physiol., Heart Circul. Physiol. 257:H540-H552.
175. Stanley, B.G., V.L. Willett III, H.W. Donias, L.H. Ha, and L.C. Spears (1993) The lateral hypothalamus: A primary site mediating excitatory amino acid-elicited eating. Brain Res. 630:41-49.
176. Swanson, L.W. (1987) The hypothalamus. In T. Hökfelt and L.W. Swanson (eds): Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Vol. 5. Integrated Systems of the CNS, Part I. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 1-124.
177. Swanson, L.W., and H.G.J.M. Kuyper (1980) The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: Cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and the organization of projections to the pituitary, dorsal vagal complex and spinal cord as demonstrated by retrograde fluorescence double-labeling methods. J. Comp. Neurol. 194:555-570.
178. Swanson, L.W., P.E. Sawchenko, J. Rivier, and W.W. Vale (1983) Organization of ovine corticotropine-releasing factor immunoreactive cells and fibers in the rat brain: An immunohistochemical study. Neuroendocrinology 36:165-186.
179. Szymusiak, R., T. Iriye, and D. McGinty (1989) Sleep-waking discharge of neurons in the posterior lateral hypothalamic area of cats. Brain Res. Bull. 23:111-120.
180. Takaki, A., K. Nagai, S. Takaki, N. Yanaihara, and H. Nakagawa (1990) Satiety function of neurons containing a CCK-like substance in the dorsal parabrachial nucleus. Physiol. Behav. 48:865-871.
181. Tanaka, J. (1989) Involvement of the median preoptic nucleus in the regulation of paraventricular vasopressin neurons by the subfornical organ in the rat. Exp. Brain Res. 76:47-54.
182. Ter-Horst, G.J., and P.G. Luiten (1987) Phaseolus vulgaris-leacoagglutinin tracing of intrahypothalamic connections of the lateral, ventromedial, dorsomedial and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 18:191-203.
183. Torvik, A. (1956) Afferent connections to the sensory trigeminal nuclei, the nucleus of the solitary tract and adjacent structures: An experimental study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 106:51-141.
184. Travers, J.B., S.P. Travers, and R. Norgren (1987) Gustatory neural processing in the hindbrain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 10:595-632.
185. van der Kooy, D., and L.Y. Koda (1983) Organization of the projections of a circumventricular organ: The area postrema in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 219:328-338.
186. Veening, J.G., S. Te Lie, P. Posthuma, L.G.M. Geeraedts, and R. Nieuwenhuys (1987) A topographical analysis of the origin of some efferent projections from the lateral hypothalamic area in the rat. Neuroscience 22:537-551.
187. Veening, J., P. Buma, G.J. Ter Horst, T.A.P. Roeling, P.G.M. Luiten, and R. Nieuwenhuys (1991) Hypothalamic projections to the PAG in the rat: Topographical, immuno-electronmicroscopical and functional aspects. In A. Depaulis and R. Bandler (eds) The Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Matter. Functional, Anatomical, and Neurochemical Organization. NASO ASI Series A: Life Sciences, Vol. 213. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 387-448.
188. 2. Brain Res. 646:165-169.
189. Villanueva, L., and D. Le Bars (1993) Computer-assisted reconstruction of axonal arborizations anterogradely labelled with the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin technique. J. Neurosci. Methods 50:217-224.
190. Ward, D.G. (1988) Stimulation of the parabrachial nuclei with monosodium glutamate increases arterial pressure. Brain Res. 462:383-390.
191. Ward, D.G. (1989) Neurons in the parabrachial nuclei respond to hemorrhage. Brain Res. 491:80-92.
192. Watts, A.G., L.W. Swanson, and G. Sanchez-Watts (1987) Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: I. Studies using anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 258:204-229.
193. Werner, J., and A. Bienek (1985) The significance of nucleus raphe dorsalis and centralis for thermoafferent signal transmission to the preoptic area of the rat. Exp. Brain Res. 59:543-547.
194. Wiberg, M., and A. Blomqvist (1984) The spinomesencephalic tract in the cat: Its cells of origin and termination pattern as demonstrated by the intraaxonal transport method. Brain Res. 291:1-18.
195. Winn, P., A. Clark, M. Hastings, J. Clark. M. Latimer, E. Rugg, and B. Brownlee (1990) Excitotoxic lesions of the lateral hypothalamus made by N-methyl-d-aspartate in the rat: Behavioural, histological and biochemical analyses. Exp. Brain Res. 82:628-636.
196. Yamamoto, T., R. Matsuo, Y. Kiyomitsu, and R. Kitamura (1989) Response properties of lateral hypothalamic neurons during ingestive behavior with special reference to licking of various taste solutions. Brain Res. 481:286-297.
197. Yardley, C.P., and S.M. Hilton (1986) The hypothalamic and brainstem areas from which the cardiovascular and behavioural components of the defence reaction are elicited in the rat. J. Autonom. Nerv. Syst. 15:227-244.
198. Yasui, Y., C.D. Breder, C.B. Saper, and D.F. Cechetto (1991) Autonomic responses and efferent pathways from the insular cortex in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 303:355-374.
199. Yokawa, T., D. Mitsushima, C. Itoh, H. Konishi, K. Shiota, and M. Takahashi (1989) The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus outputs long-lasting running in rats. Physiol. Behav. 46:713-717.
200. Yoshimatsu, H., M. Egawa, and G.A. Bray (1993) Sympathetic nerve activity after discrete hypothalamic injections of L-glutamate. Brain Res. 601:121-128.
201. Zaborszky, L., M.C. Beinfeld, M. Palkovits, and L. Heimer (1984) Brainstem projection to the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus in the rat: A CCK-containing long ascending pathway. Brain Res. 303:225-231.
202. Zimmermann, M. (1983) Ethical guidelines for investigations of experimen-tal pain in conscious animals. Pain 16:109-110.