Risk factors for venous thromboembolism

Clinics in Chest Medicine

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 1-12

  Heit, John A ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; DESOGESTREL; ESTROGEN; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; GESTAGEN; GESTODENE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LEVONORGESTREL; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE; MESTRANOL; NORETHISTERONE; NORGESTIMATE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGING; ARTIFICIAL HEART PACEMAKER; BODY MASS; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PATIENT; CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER; CHILD; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY; ESTROGEN THERAPY; FEMALE; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HORMONAL THERAPY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; INFANT; INJURY; LIVER DISEASE; LUNG EMBOLISM; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NURSING HOME; ORAL CONTRACEPTION; PARALYSIS; POPULATION RISK; POSTMENOPAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SURGICAL PATIENT; THROMBOEMBOLISM; VARICOSIS; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

EID: 0037344396     PISSN: 02725231     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0272-5231(02)00077-1     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Mohr DN, Petterson TM, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ. Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based, cohort study. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:585-93.
2. Heit JA, Silverstein MD, Mohr DN, Petterson TM, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ. Predictors of survival after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based, cohort study. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:445-53.
3. Prandoni P, Lensing AWA, Cogo A, et al. The long-term clinical course of acute deep vein thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:1-7.
4. Ridker PM, Miletich JP, Stampfer MJ, Goldhaber SZ, Lindpaintner K, Hennekens CH. Factor V Leiden and risks of recurrent idiopathic venous thromboembolism. Circulation 1995;92:2800-2.
5. Bergqvist D, Jendteg S, Johansen L, Persson U, Ödegaard K. Cost of long-term complications of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities: an analysis of a defined patient population in Sweden. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:454-7.
6. Heit JA, Melton LJI, Lohse CM, et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients versus community residents. Mayo Clin Proc 2001;76:1102-10.
7. Madhok R, Lewallen DG, Wallrichs SL, Isltrup DM, Kurland RL, Melton LJI. Trends in the utilization of primary total hip arthroplasty, 1969 through 1990: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc 1993;68:11-8.
8. Anderson FA, Wheeler HB, Goldberg RJ, Hosmer DW, Forcier A, Patwardhan NA. Physician practices in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:591-5.
9. Bratzler DW, Raskob G, Murray CK, Bumpus LJ, Piatt DS. Underuse of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for general surgery patients in the community. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1909-12.
10. Coon WW, Willis PW, Keller JB. Venous thromboembolism and other venous disease in the Tecumseh community health study. Circulation 1973;48:839-46.
11. Kierkegaard A. Incidence of acute deep vein thrombosis in two districts: a phlebographic study. Acta Chir Scand 1980;146:267-9.
12. Anderson FA, Wheeler HB, Goldberg RJ, et al. A population-based perspective of the hospital incidence and case-fatality rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: the Worcester DVT Study. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:933-8.
13. Nordström M, Lindblad B, Bergqvist D, Kjellström T. A prospective study of the incidence of deep-vein thrombosis within a defined urban population. J Intern Med 1992;232:155-60.
14. Cogo A, Bernardi E, Prandoni P, et al. Acquired risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in symptomatic outpatients. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:164-8.
15. Massicote MP, Dix D, Monagle P, Adams M, Andrew M. Central venous catheter related thrombosis in children: analysis of the Canadian Registry of Venous Thromboembolic Complications. J Pediatr 1998;133:770-6.
16. Coon WW. Risk factors in pulmonary embolism. Surgery Gynecology and Obstetrics 1976;143:385-90.
17. Quinn DA, Thompson BT, Terrin ML, et al. A prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism in women and men. JAMA 1992;268:1689-96.
18. Goldhaber SZ, Savage DD, Garrison RJ, et al. Risk factors for pulmonary embolism: the Framingham study. Am J Med 1983;74:1023-8.
19. Heit JA, Silverstein MD, Mohr DN, Petterson TM, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:809-15.
20. Rosendaal FR. Risk factors for venous thrombotic disease. Thromb Haemost 1999;82:610-9.
21. Grady D, Wenger NK, Herrington D, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy increases the risk for venous thromboembolic disease. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:689-96.
22. Geerts WH, Heit JA, Clagett GP, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: Sixth American College of Chest Physicians Consensus Conference on Antithrombotic Therapy. Chest 2001;119:132S-75S.
23. Samama M-M. An epidemiologic study of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in medical outpatients. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:3415-20.
24. White RH, Gettner S, Newman JM, Romano PS. Predictors of rehospitalization for symptomatic venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1758-64.
25. Sharrock NE, Haas SB, Hargett MJ, Urguhart B, Insall JN, Scuderi G. Effects of epidural anesthesia on the incidence of deep vein thrombosis after total knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1991;73A:502-6.
26. Geerts WH, Code KI, Jay RM, Chen E, Szalai JP. A prospective study of venous thromboembolism after major trauma. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1601-6.
27. Havig Ö. Pulmonary thromboembolism: clinicopathological correlations and multiple regression analysis of possible risk factors. Acta Chir Scand 1977;478:48-80.
28. Sandler DA, Martin JF. Autopsy proven pulmonary embolism in hospital patients: are we detecting enough deep vein thrombosis? J R Soc Med 1989;82:203-5.
29. Lederle FA. Heparin prophylaxis for medical patients? Ann Intern Med 1998;128:768-70.
30. Coon WW, Coller FA. Some epidemiologic considerations of thromboembolism. Surgery Gynecology and Obstretics 1959;109:487-501.
31. Gibbs NM. Venous thrombosis of the lower limbs with particular reference to bed rest. Br J Surg 1957;191:209-36.
32. Gross JS, Neufield RR, Libow LW, Gerber I, Rodstein M. Autopsy study of the elderly institutionalized patient: review of 234 autopsies. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148:173-6.
33. Zurborn KH, Duscha H, Gram J, Bruhn HD. Investigations of the coagulation system and fibrinolysis in patients with disseminated adenocarcinomas and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Oncology. 1990;45:608-12.
34. Bick RL. Coagulation abnormalities in malignancy: a review. Semin Thromb Hemost 1992;18:353-69.
35. Goodnough LT, Saito H, Manni A, Jones PK, Pearson OH. Increased incidence of thromboembolism in stage IV breast cancer patients treated with a five-drug chemotherapy program. Cancer 1984;54:1264-8.
36. Levine MN, Gent M, Hirsch J, et al. The thrombogenic effect of anti-cancer drug therapy in women with stage II breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1988;318:404-7.
37. Weijl NI, Rutten MF, Zwinderman AH. Thromboembolic events during chemotherapy for germ cell cancer: a cohort study and review of the literature. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:2169-78.
38. Kucek O, Kwaan HC, Gunnak W, Vasquez RM. Thromboembolic complications associated with L-asparaginase therapy. Cancer 1985;55:702.
39. Liebman HA, Wada JK, Patch MJ, McGehee W. Depression of functional and antigenic plasma antithrombin III due to therapy with L-asparaginase. Cancer 1982;50:451.
40. Zangari M, Anaissie E, Barlogie B, et al. Increased risk of deep vein thrombosis in patients with multiple myeloma receiving thalidomide and chemotherapy. Blood 2001;98:1614-5.
41. Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Büller HR. Deep vein thrombosis and the incidence of subsequent symptomatic cancer. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1128-33.
42. Nordström M, Lindblad B, Anderson H, Bergqvist D, Kjellström T. Deep venous thrombosis and occult malignancy: an epidemiological study. BMJ 1994;308:891-4.
43. Sorensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Steffensen FH, Olsen JH, Nielsen GL. The risk of a diagnosis of cancer after primary deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1169-73.
44. Hettiarachchi RJ, Lok J, Prins MH, Bueller HR, Prandoni P. Undiagnosed malignancy in patients with deep vein thrombosis: incidence, risk indicators, and diagnosis. Cancer 1998;83:180-5.
45. Schulman S, Lindmarker P. Incidence of cancer after prophylaxis with warfarin against recurrent venous thromboembolism: Duration of Anticoagulation Trial. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1953-8.
46. Warlow C, Ogston D, Douglas AS. Deep venous thrombosis of the legs after stroke. BMJ 1976;1:1178-81.
47. Myllynen P, Kammonen M, Rokkananen P, Bostman O, Lalla M, Laasonen E. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with acute spinal cord injury: a comparison with nonparalyzed patients immobilized due to spinal fractures. J Trauma 1985;25:541-3.
48. Bromfield EB, Reding MJ. Relative risk of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism post-stroke based on ambulatory status. Journal of Neurological Rehabilitation 1988;2:51-7.
49. Merrer J, De Jonghe B, Lefrant J-Y, et al. Complications of femoral and subclavian venous catheterization in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;286:700-7.
50. Danilenko-Dixon DR, Heit JA, Watkins T, et al. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism during pregnancy or the postpartum period: a population-based case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:104-10.
51. Chasan-Taber L, Stampfer MJ. Epidemiology of oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:467-77.
52. Jick H, Kaye JA, Vasilakis-Scaramozza C, Jick SS. Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of third generation oral contraceptives compared with users of oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel before and after 1995: cohort and case-control analysis. BMJ 2000;321:1190-5.
53. Kierkegaard A. Incidence and diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis associated with pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1983;62:239-43.
54. Devor M, Barrett-Connor E, Renvall M, Feigal Jr D, Ramsdell J. Estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of venous thrombosis. Am J Med 1992;92:275-82.
55. Daly E, Vessey MP. Hawkins MM, Carson JL, Gough P, Marsh S. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy. Lancet 1996;348:977-80.
56. Jick H, Derby L, Wald M, Myers MW, Vasilakis C, Newton KM. Risk of hospital admission for idiopathic venous thromboembolism among users of postmenopausal estrogens. Lancet 1996;348:981-3.
57. Grady D, Hulley SB, Furgerg C. Venous thromboembolism events associated with hormone replacement therapy. JAMA 1997;278:477.
58. Varas-Lorenzo C, Garcia-Rodriguez LA, Cattaruzzi C, Troncon MG, Agostinis L, Perez-Gutthann S. Hormone replacement and the risk of hospitalization for venous thromboembolism: a population-based study in Southern Europe. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:387-90.
59. Meier CR, Jick H. Tamoxifen and the risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism. Br J Pharmacol 1998;45:608-12.
60. Vessey M, Mant D, Smith A, Yeates D. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: findings in a large prospective study. BMJ 1986;292:526.
61. World Health Organization. Venous thromboembolic disease and combined oral contraceptives: results of international multicentre case-control study. Lancet 1995;346:1575-82.
62. Gerstman BB, Piper JM, Tomita DK, Ferguson WJ, Stadel BV, Lundin FE. Oral contraceptive estrogen dose and the risk of deep venous thromboembolitic disease. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:32-7.
63. Carr B, Ory H. Estrogen and progestin components of oral contraceptives: relationship to vascular disease. Contraception 1997;55:272.
64. Böttiger LE, Boman G, Eklund G, Westerholm B. Oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease: effects of lowering oestrogen content. Lancet 1989;8178:1097-101.
65. Bloemenkamp KW, Rosendaal FR, Büller HR, Helmerhorst FM, Colly LP, Vandenbroucke JP. Risk of venous thrombosis with the use of current low-dose oral contraceptives is not explained by diagnostic suspicion and referral bias. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:65-70.
66. Bloemenkamp KW, Rosendaal FR, Helmerhorst FM, Büller HR, Vandenbrookecke JP. Enhancement by factor V Leiden mutation of risk of deep vein thrombosis associated with oral contraceptives containing a third-generation progestogen. Lancet 1995;346:1593-6.
67. World Health Organization. Effect of different progestogens in low oestrogen oral contraceptives on venous thromboembolic disease. Lancet 1995;346:1582-8.
68. Spitzer WO, Lewis MA, Heinemann LAJ, Thorogood M, MacRae KD. Third generation oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolic disorders: an international case-control study. BMJ 1996;312:83-8.
69. Kemmeren JM, Algra A, Grobbee DE. Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thrombosis: meta-analysis. BMJ 2001;323:131-4.
70. McColl MD, Ramsay JE, Tait RC. Risk factors for pregnancy associated venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 1997;78:1183-8.
71. Middeldorp S, Meinardi JR, Koopman MMW, et al. A prospective study of asymptomatic carriers of the factor V Leiden mutation to determine the incidence of venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135:322-7.
72. HERS Research Group H. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998;280:605-13.
73. Grodstein F, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ. Postmenopausal hormone use and secondary prevention of coronary events in the Nurses' Health Study: a prospective, observational study. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135:1-8.
74. Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V, et al. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002;288:49-57.
75. Ray JG, Mamdani M, Tsuyuki RT, Anderson DA, Yeo EL, Laupacis A. Use of statins and the subsequent development of deep vein thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1405-10.
76. Dangas G, Badimon JJ, Smith DA, et al. Pravastatin therapy in hyperlipidemia: effects of thrombus formation and the systemic hemostatic profile. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1294-304.
77. Albert MA, Danielson E, Rifai N, Ridker PM. Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels. JAMA 2001;286:64-70.
78. Hiroshi D, Fernandez JA, Pabinger I, Heit JA, Griffin JH. Plasma glucosylceramide as a potential risk factor for venous thromboembolism and modulator of anticoagulant protein C pathway. Blood 2001;97:1907-14.
79. Goldhaber SZ, Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of risk factors for pulmonary embolism in women. JAMA 1997;277:642-5.
80. Khaw FM, Moran CG, Pinder IM, Smith SR. The incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism after knee replacement with no prophylactic anticoagulation. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1993;75:940-1.
81. Warwick D, Williams MH, Bannister GC. Death and thromboembolic disease after total hip replacement: a series of 1162 cases with no routine chemical prophylaxis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1995;77:6-10.
82. Heijboer H, Brandjes DPM, Büller HR, ten Cate JW. Deficiencies of coagulation-inhibiting and fibrinolytic proteins in outpatients with deep vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1512-6.
83. Dahlbäck B, Carlsson M, Svensson PJ. Familial thrombophilia due to a previously unrecognized mechanism characterized by poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C: prediction of a cofactor to activated protein C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:1004-8.
84. Bertina R, Koeleman B, Koster T, et al. Mutation in blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C. Nature 1994;369:64-7.
85. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Lindpaintner K, Stampfer MJ, Eisenberg PR, Miletich JP. Mutation in the gene coding for coagulation factor V and the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and venous thrombosis in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1995;332:912-7.
86. Koster T, Rosendaal FR, de Ronde H, Briet E, Vandenbroucke JP, Bertina RM. Venous thrombosis due to poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C. Leiden Thrombophilla Study. Lancet 1993;342:1503-6.
87. Rosendaal FR, Koster T, Vandenbroucke JP, Reitsma PH. High risk of thrombosis in patients homozygous for factor V Leiden (activated protein C resistance). Blood 1995;85:1504-8.
88. van Boven HA, Vandenbroucke JP, Briet E, Rosendaal FR. Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions determine risk of thrombosis in families with inherited antithrombin deficiency. Blood 1999;94:2590-4.
89. Koeleman B, Reitsma PH, Allaart C, Bertina R. Activated protein C as an additional risk factor for thrombosis in protein C-deficient families. Blood 1994;84:1031-5.
90. Zöller B, Berntsdotter A, Carcia de Frutos P, Dahlbäck B. Resistance to activated protein C as an additional genetic risk factor in hereditary deficiency of protein S. Blood 1995;85:3518-23.
91. Vandenbroucke JP, Koster T, Briet E, Reitsma PH, Bertina RM, Rosendaal FR. Increased risk of venous thrombosis in oral-contraceptive users who are carriers of factor V Leiden mutation. Lancet 1994;344:1453-7.
92. Lindahl TL, Lundahl TH, Nilsson L, Andersson CA. APC-resistance is a risk factor for postoperative thromboembolism in elective replacement of the hip or knee-a prospective study. Thromb Haemost 1999;81:18-21.
93. Heit JA, Melton III LJ, Lohse CM, Petterson TM, Silverstein MD, Mohr DN, et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients versus community residents. Mayo Clin Proc 2001;76:1102-10.
94. Heit JA, O'Fallon WM, Petterson TM, et al. Relative impact of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1245-8.