Archaeal protein kinases and protein phosphatases: Insights from genomics and biochemistry

Biochemical Journal

Volumn 370, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 373-389

  Kennelly, Peter J ^a  

^a VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Archaea; Archaebacteria; Phosphorylation dephosphorylation

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA; ENZYMES; GENES; PROTEINS;

PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION;

BIOCHEMISTRY;

BACTERIAL ENZYME; CATALASE; ISOENZYME; PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASE; PROTEIN KINASE; PROTEIN SERINE THREONINE KINASE; PROTEIN SERINE THREONINE PHOSPHATASE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARCHAEBACTERIUM; BACTERIAL GENOME; COVALENT BOND; DEPHOSPHORYLATION; EUKARYOTE EVOLUTION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOME ANALYSIS; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN MODIFICATION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ARCHAEA; ARCHAEAL PROTEINS; ENZYME ACTIVATION; PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASE; PHOSPHORUS RADIOISOTOPES; PHYLOGENY; PROTEIN KINASES;

ARCHAEA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); EUKARYOTA;

EID: 0037335790     PISSN: 02646021     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1042/BJ20021547     Document Type: Review

References (156)

1. Kennelly, P. J. and Potts, M. (1996) Fancy meeting you here! A fresh look at 'prokaryotic' protein phosphorylation. J. Bacteriol. 178, 4759-4764
2. Aizawa, S.-I., Harwood, C. S. and Kadner, R. J. (2000) Signaling components in bacterial locomotion and sensory perception. J. Bacteriol. 182, 1459-1471
3. Hoch, J. A. (2000) Two-component and phosphorelay signal transduction. Curr. Dpin. Microbiol. 3, 165-170
4. Kennelly, P. J. (2001) Protein phosphatases - a phylogenetic perspective. Chem. Rev. 101, 2291-2312
5. Bourret, R. B. and Stock, A. M. (2002) Molecular information processing: lessons from bacterial chemotaxis. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 9625-9628
6. Mushegian, A. R. and Koonin, E. V. (1996) A minimal gene set for cellular life derived by comparison of complete bacterial genomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 10268-10273
7. Bada, J. L. and Lazcano, A. (2002) Some like it hot, but not the first biomolecules. Science 296, 1982-1983
8. Perutz, M. F. (1989) Mechanisms of cooperativity and allosteric regulation in proteins. Q. Rev. Biophys. 22, 139-236
9. Westheimer, F. H. (1987) Why nature chose phosphates. Science 235, 1173-1177
10. Johnson, L. N. and Lewis, R. J. (2001) Structural basis for control by phosphorylation. Chem. Rev. 101, 2209-2242
11. Kennelly, P. J. and Krebs, E. G. (1991) Consensus sequences as substrate specificity determinants for protein kinases and protein phosphatases. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 15555-15558
12. Sala-Newby, G. B. and Campbell, A. K. (1991) Engineering a bioluminescent indicator fot cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Biochem. J. 279, 727-732
13. Mattevi, A., Rizzi, M. and Bolognesi, M. (1996) New structures of allosteric proteins revealing remarkable conformational changes. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 6, 824-829
14. Helmstaedt, K., Krappmann, S. and Braus, G. H. (2001) Allosteric regulation of catalytic activity: Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase versus yeast chorismate mutase. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 65, 404-421
15. Roach, P. J. (1991) Multisite and hierarchal protein phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 14139-14142
16. Bray, D. (1995) Protein molecules as computational elements in living cells. Nature (London) 376, 307-312
17. Weng, G., Bhalla, U. S. and Iyengar, R. (1999) Complexity in biological signaling systems. Science 284, 92-96
18. Cozzone, A. J. (1988) Protein phosphorylation in prokaryotes. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 42, 97-125
19. Monod, J. (1966) From enzymatic adaptation to allosteric transitions. Science 154, 475-483
20. Stadtman, E. R. (1966) Allosteric regulation of enzyme activity. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 28, 41-154
21. Sanwal, S. D. (1970) Allosteric controls of amphibolic pathways in bacteria. Bacteriol. Rev. 34 20-39
22. Reichard, R. (2002) Ribonucleotide reductases: the evolution of allosteric regulation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 397, 149-155
23. LaPorte, D. C. (1993) The isocitrate dehydrogenase phosphorylation cycle: regulation and enzymology. J. Cell. Biochem. 51, 14-18
24. Bourret, R. B., Hess, J. F., Borkovich, K. A., Pakula, A. A. and Simon, M. I. (1989) Protein phosphorylation in chemotaxis and two-component regulatory systems of bacteria. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 7085-7088
25. Stock, J. B., Ninfa, A. J. and Stock A. M. (1989) Protein phosphorylation and regulation of adaptive responses in bacteria. Microbiol. Rev. 53, 450-490
26. Lim, W. A. (2002) The modular logic of signaling proteins: building allosteric switches from simple binding domains. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 12, 61-68
27. Chatton, E. (1973) Titres et Travoux Scientifics. Sete, Sottano, Italy
28. de Duve, C. (1996) The birth of complex cells. Sci. Am. 274, 50-57
29. Olsen, G. J. and Woese, C. W. (1993) Ribosomal RNA: a key to phylogeny. FASEB J. 7, 113-123
30. Woese, C. R. and Wolfe, R. S. (1985) Archaebacteria: the urikingdom. The Bacteria VIII, 561-564
31. Doolittle, R. F. (1995) The origins and evolution of eukaryotic proteins. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 349, 235-240
32. Kandler, O. (1994) Cell wall biochemistry and the three-domain concept of life. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 16, 501-509
33. Doolittle, W. F. (1999) Lateral genomics. Trends Cell Biol. 9, M5-M8
34. Ludwig, W. and Schliefer, K.-H. (1999) Phylogeny of Bacteria beyond the 16S rRNA standard. ASM News 65, 752-757
35. Spudich, J. L. and Stoeckenius, W. (1980) Light-regulated retinal-dependent reversible phosphorylation of Halobacterium proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 255, 5501-5503
36. Wang, J. Y. J. and Koshland, Jr, D. E. (1978) Evidence for protein kinase activity in the prokaryote Salmonella typhimurium. J. Biol. Chem. 253, 7605-7608
37. Spudich, E. A. and Spudich, J. L. (1981) Photosensitive phosphoproteins in halobacteria: regulatory coupling of transmembrane proton flux and protein dephosphorylation. J. Cell Biol. 91 895-900
38. Skorko, R. (1984) Protein phosphorylation in the archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Eur. J. Biochem. 145, 617-622
39. Skorko, R. (1989) Polyphosphate as a source of phosphoryl group in protein modification in the archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Biochimie 71, 1089-1093
40. Osorio, G. and Jerez, C. A. (1996) Adaptive response of the archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius BC65 to phosphate starvation. Microbiology 142, 1531-1536
41. Smith, S. C., McCartney, B., Kennelly, P. J. and Potts, M. (1997) Protein-tyrosine phosphorylation in the Archaea. J. Bacteriol. 179, 2418-2420
42. Jeon, S.-J., Fujiwara, S., Takagi, M., Tanaka, T. and Imanaka, T. (2002) Tk-PTP, protein tyrosine/serine phosphatase from hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1: enzymatic characteristics and identification of its substrate proteins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 295, 508-514
43. Levitzki, A. and Gazit, A. (1995) Tyrosine kinase inhibition: an approach to drug development. Science 267, 1782-1788
44. Solow, B., Bischoff, K. M., Zylka, M. J. and Kennelly, P. J. (1998) Archaeal phosphoproteins. Identification of a hexosephosphate mutase and the α-subunit of succinyl-CoA synthetase in the extreme acidothermophile Sulfolobus solfataricus. Protein Sci. 7, 105-111
45. Daas, P. J. H., Wassenaar, R. W., Willemsen, P., Theunissen, R. J., Keltjen, J. T., van der Drift, C. and Vogels, G. D. (1996) Purification and properties of an enzyme involved in the ATP-dependent activation of the methanol:2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid methyltransferase reaction from Methanosarcina barkeri. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 22339-22345
46. Condo, I., Ruggero, D., Reinhardt, R. and Londel, P. (1998) A novel aminopeptidase associated with the 60 kDa chaperonin in the thermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfatricus. Mol. Microbiol. 29, 775-785
47. Grabowski, B. and Kelman, Z. (2001) Autophosphorylation of archaeal Cdc6 homologues is regulated by DNA. J. Bacteriol. 183, 5459-5464
48. Lower, B. H., Bischoff, K. M. and Kennelly, P. J. (2000) The archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus contains a membrane-associated protein kinase activity that preferentially phosphorylates threonine residues. J. Bacteriol. 182, 3452-3459
49. Kawarabayasi, Y., Hino, Y., Horikawa, H., Yamazaki, S., Haikawa, Y., Jin-no, K., Takahashi, M., Sekine, M., Baba, S., Ankai, A. et al. (1999) Complete genome sequence of an aerobic hyper-thermophilic crenarchaeon, Aeropyrum pernix K1. DNA Res. 6, 83-101
50. Klenk, H. P., Clayton, R. A., Tomb, J. F., White, O., Nelson, K. E., Ketchum, K. A., Dodson, R. J., Gwinn, M., Hickey, E. K., Peterson, J. D. et al. (1997) The complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic, sulphate-reducing archaeon Archaeoglobus fugidus. Nature (London) 390, 364-379
51. Ng, W. V., Kennedy, S. P., Mahairas, G. G., Berquist, B., Pan, M., Shukla, H. D., Lasky, S. R., Baliga, N. S., Thorsson, V., Sbrogna, J. et al. (2000) Genome sequence of Halobacterium species NRC-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 12176-12181
52. Smith, D. R., Doucette-Stamm, L. A., Deloughery, C., Lee, H., Dubois, J., Aldredge, T., Bashirzadeh, R., Blakely, D., Cook, R., Gilbert, K. et al. (1997) Complete genome sequence of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ΔH: functional analysis and comparative genomics. J. Bacteriol. 179, 7135-7155
53. Bult, C. J., White, O., Olsen, G. J., Zhou, L., Fleischmann, R. D., Sutton, G. G., Blake, J. A., Fitzgerald, L. M., Clayton, R. A., Gocayne, J. D. et al. (1996) Complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii. Science 273, 1058-1073
54. Kawarabayasi, Y., Sawada, M., Horikawa, H., Haikawa, Y., Hino, Y., Yamamoto, S., Sekine, S., Baba, S.-I., Kosugi, H., Hosomaya, A. et al. (1998) Complete sequence and gene organization of the genome of a hyper-thermophilic archaebacterium, Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3. DNA Res. 5, 55-76
55. She, Q., Singh, R. K., Confalonieri, F., Zivanovic, Y., Allard, G., Awayez, M. J., Chan-Weiher, C. C., Clausen, I. G., Curtis, B. A., De Moors, A. et al. (2001) The complete genome of the crenarchaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus P2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 7835-7840
56. Ruepp, A., Graml, W., Santos-Martinez, M.-L., Koretke, K., Volker, K., Mewes, H. W., Frishman, D., Stocker, S., Lupas, A. N. and Baumeister, W. (2000) The complete genome sequence of the thermoacidophilic scavenger Thermoplasma acidophilum. Nature (London) 407, 508-513
57. Kawashima, T., Amano, N., Koike, H., Makino, S.-I., Higuchi, S., Kawashima-Ohya, Y., Watanabe, K., Yamazaki, M., Kanehori, K., Kawamoto, T. et al. (2000) Archaeal adaptation to higher temperatures revealed by genomic sequence of Thermoplasma volcanium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 14257-14262
58. Koretke, K. K., Lupas, A. N., Warren, P. V., Rosenberg, M. and Brown, J. P. (2000) Evolution of two-component signal transduction. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17, 1956-1970
59. Kim, D.-J. and Forst, S. (2001) Genomic analysis of the histidine kinase family in bacteria and archaea. Microbiology 147, 1197-1212
60. Saito, H. (2001) Histidine phosphorylation and two-component signaling in eukaryotic cells. Chem. Rev. 101, 2497-2509
61. Harris, R. A., Popov, K. M., Zhao, Y., Kedishvili, N. Y., Shimomura, Y. and Crabb, D. W. (1995) A new family of protein kinases - the mitochondrial protein kinases. Adv. Enzyme Regul. 35, 147-162
62. Yeh, K.-C. and Lagarias, J. C. (1998) Eukaryotic phytochromes: light-regulated serine/threonine kinases with histidine kinase ancestry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 13976-13981
63. Min, K.-T., Hilditch, C. M., Diederich, B., Errington, J. and Yudkin, M. D. (1993) Sigma F, the first compartment-specific transcription factor of B. subtilis, is regulated by an anti-sigma factor that is also a protein kinase. Cell 74, 735-742
64. Wu, J., Ohta, N., Zhao, J.-L. and Newton, A. (1999) A novel bacterial tyrosine kinase essential for cell division and differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 13068-13073
65. Shi, L., Bischoff, K. M. and Kennelly, P. J. (1999) The icfG gene cluster of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 encodes an Rsb/Spo-like protein kinase, protein phosphatase, and two phosphoproteins. J. Bacteriol. 181, 4761-4767
66. Hess, J. F., Oosawa, K., Kaplan, N. and Simon, M. I. (1988) Phosphorylation of three proteins involved in bacterial chemotaxis. Cell 53, 79-87
67. Keener, J. and Kustu, S. (1988) Protein kinase and phosphoprotein phosphatase activities of nitrogen regulatory proteins NTRB and NTRC of enteric bacteria: roles of conserved amino-terminal domain of NTRC. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 4976-4980
68. I) of Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 8919-8923
69. Igo, M. M., Ninfa, A. J., Stock, J. B. and Silhavy, T. J. (1989) Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of a bacterial transcriptional activator by a transmembrane receptor. Genes Dev. 3, 1725-1734
70. Perego, M. (1998) Kinase-phosphatase competition regulates Bacillus subtilis development. Trends Microbiol. 6, 366-370
71. Reizer, J., Reizer, A., Perego, A. and Saier, Jr, M. H. (1997) Characterization of a family of bacterial response regulator aspartyl-phosphate (RAP) phosphatases. Microb. Comp. Genomics 2, 103-111
72. Taylor, S. S., Knighton, D. R., Zheng, J., Sowadski, J. M., Gibbs, C. S. and Zoller, M. J. (1993) A template for the protein kinase family. Trends Biochem. Sci. 18, 84-89
73. Hanks, S. K. and Hunter, T. (1995) The eukaryotic protein kinase superfamily: kinase (catalytic) domain structure and classification. FASEB J. 9, 576-596
74. Johnson, M. (1996) Genome sequencing: the complete code for a eukaryotic cell. Curr. Biol. 6, 500-503
75. Plowman, G. D., Sudarsanam, S., Bingham, J. and Hunter, T. (1999) The protein kinases of Caenorhabditis elegans: a model for signal transduction in multicellular organisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 13603-13610
76. Rubin, G. M., Yandell, M. D., Wortman, J. R., Miklos, G. L. G., Nelson, C. R., Hariharan, I. K., Fortini, M. E., Li, P. W., Apweiler, R., Fleischmann, W. et al. (2000) Comparative genomics of the eukaryotes. Science 287, 2204-2215
77. Kennelly, P. J. (2002) Protein kinases and protein phosphatases in prokaryotes: a genomic perspective. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 206, 1-8
78. Hanks, S. K. and Lindberg, R. A. (1991) Use of degenerate oligonucleotide probes to identify clones that encode protein kinases. Methods Enzymol. 200, 525-532
79. Facchin, S., Sarno, S., Marin, O., Lopreiato, R., Satori, G. and Pinna, L. A. (2002) Acidophilic character of yeast PID261/BUD32, a putative ancestor of eukaryotic protein kinases. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 296, 1366-1371
80. Angermayr, M., Roidl, A. and Bandlow, W. (2002) Yeast Rio1p is the founding member of a novel subfamily of protein serine kinases involved in the control of cell cycle progression. Mol. Microbiol. 44, 309-324
81. Zhang, W., Inouye, M. and Inouye, S. (1996) Reciprocal regulation of the differentiation of Myxococcus xanthus by Pkn5 and Pkn6, eukaryotic-like Ser/Thr protein kinases. Mol. Microbiol. 20, 435-447
82. Shi, L., Potts, M. and Kennelly, P. J. (1998) Protein kinases and protein phosphatases in prokaryotes: a family portrait. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 22, 229-253
83. Hon, W.-C., McKay, G. A., Thompson, P. R., Sweet, R. M., Yang, D. S., Wright, G. D. and Berghuis, A. M. (1997) Structure of an enzyme required for aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance reveals homology to eukaryotic protein kinases. Cell 89, 887-895
84. Krupa, A. and Srinivasan, N. (2002) Lipopolysaccharide phosphorylating enzymes encoded in the genomes of Gram-positive bacteria are related to the eukaryotic protein kinases. Protein Sci. 11, 1580-1584
85. Shaw, K. J., Rather, P. N., Hare, R. S. and Miller, G. H. (1993) Molecular genetics of aminoglycoside resistance genes and familial relationships of the aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. Microbiol. Rev. 57, 138-163
86. Leonard, C. J., Aravind, L. and Koonin, E. V. (1998) Novel families of putative protein kinases in Bacteria and Archaea: Evolution of the "eukaryotic" protein kinase superfamily. Genome Res. 8, 1038-1047
87. Ponting, C. P., Aravind, L., Schultz, J., Bork, P. and Koonin, E. V. (1999) Eukaryotic signalling domain homologues in Archaea and Bacteria. Ancient ancestry and horizontal gene transfer. J. Mol. Biol. 289, 729-745
88. Barford, D. (1996) Molecular mechanisms of the protein serine/threonine phosphatases. Trends Biochem. Sci. 21, 407-412
89. Barton, G. J., Cohen, P. T. W. and Barford, D. (1994) Conservation analysis and structure prediction of protein serine/threonine phosphatases. Sequence similarity with diadenosine tetraphosphatase from Eschenchia coli suggests homology to protein phosphatases. Eur. J. Biochem. 220, 225-237
90. Cohen, P. T. W. (1999) Novel protein serine/threonine phosphatases: variety is the spice of life. Trends Biochem. Sci. 22, 245-251
91. Missiakis, D. and Raina, S. (1997) Signal transduction pathways in response to protein misfolding in the extracytoplasmic compartments of E. coli: Role of two new phosphoprotein phosphatases. EMBO J. 16, 1670-1685
92. Shi, L., Carmichael, W. W. and Kennelly, P. J. (1999) Cyanobacterial PPP-family protein phosphatases possess multifunctional capabilities and are resistant to microcystin-LR. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 10039-10046
93. Cohen, P. T. W. and Cohen, P. (1989) Discovery of a protein phosphatase activity encoded in the genome of bacteriophage λ. Probable identity with open reading frame 221. Biochem. J. 260, 931-934
94. Bork, P., Brown, N. P., Hegyi, H. and Schultz, J. (1996) The protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) superfamily: detection of bacterial homologues. Protein Sci. 5, 1421-1425
95. Yang, X., Kang, C. M., Brody, M. S. and Price, C. W. (1996) Opposing pairs of serine protein kinases and phosphatases transmit signals of environmental stress to activate a bacterial transcription factor. Genes Dev. 10, 2265-2275
96. Adler, E., Donella-Deana, A., Arigoni, F., Pinna, L. A. and Stragier, P. (1997) Structural relationship between a bacterial developmental protein and eukaryotic PP2C protein phosphatases. Mol. Microbiol. 23, 57-62
97. Treuner-Lange, A., Ward, M. J. and Zusman, D. R. (2001) Pph1 from Myxococcus xanthus is a protein phosphatase involved in vegetative growth and development. Mol. Microbiol. 40, 126-140
98. Irmler, A. and Forchhammer, K. (2001) A PP2C-type phosphatase dephosphorylates the PII signaling protein in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 12978-12983
99. Lohse, D. L., Denu, J. M. and Dixon, J. E. (1995) Insights derived from the structures of the Ser/Thr phosphatases calcineurin and protein phosphatase 1. Structure 3, 987-990
100. Solow, B., Young, J. C., White, R. H. and Kennelly, P. J. (1997) Gene cloning and expression and characterization of a toxin-sensitive protein phosphatase from the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila TM-1. J. Bacteriol. 179, 5072-5075
101. Mai, B., Frey, G., Swanson, R. V., Mathur, E. J. and Stetter, K. O. (1998) Molecular cloning and functional expression of a protein-serine/threonine phosphatase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrodictium abyssi TAG11. J. Bacteriol. 180, 4030-4035
102. Zhang, Z.-Y. (1997) Structure, mechanism and specificity of protein-tyrosine phosphatases. Curr. Top. Cell Regul. 35, 21-68
103. Denu, J. M. and Dixon, J. E. (1998) Protein tyrosine phosphatases: mechanisms of catalysis and regulation. Curr. Biol. 2, 633-641
104. Barford, D., Jia, Z. and Tonks, N. K. (1995) Protein tyrosine phosphatases take off. Nat. Struct. Biol. 2, 1043-1053
105. van Huijsduijnen, R. H. (1998) Protein tyrosine phosphatases: counting trees in the forest. Gene 225, 1-8.
106. Martell, K. J., Angelotti, T. and Ullrich, A. (1998) The "VH1-like" protein tyrosine phosphatases. Mol. Cell 8, 2-11
107. Maehama, T. and Dixon, J. E. (1998) The tumor suppressor, PTEN/MMAC1, dephosphorylates the lipid second messenger, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 13375-13378
108. Taylor, G. S., Maehama, T. and Dixon, J. E. (2000) Myotubularin, a protein tyrosine phosphatase mutated in myotubular myopathy, dephosphorylates the lipid second messenger, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 8910-8915
109. Takagi, T., Moore, C. R., Diehn, F. and Buratowski, S. (1997) An RNA 5′triphosphatase related to the protein tyrosine phosphatases. Cell 89, 867-873
110. I phosphotyrosine protein phosphatases. Evidence for a long evolutionary history. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 29, 270-292
111. Li, Y. and Strohl, W. R. (1996) Cloning, purification and properties of a phosphotyrosine phosphatase from Streptomyces coleicolor A3(2). J. Bacteriol. 178, 136-142
112. Guan, K.-L. and Dixon, J. E. (1990) Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity of an essential virulence determinant in Yersinia. Science 249, 553-556
113. Potts, M., Sun, H., Mockaitis, K., Kennelty, P. J. and Tonks, N. K. (1993) A protein-tyrosine/serine phosphatase encoded by the genome of the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune UTEX 584. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 7632-7635
114. Liu, J. and Rosen, B. P. (1997) Ligand interactions of the ArsC arsenate reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 21084-21089
115. Zegers, I., Martins, J. C., Willem, R., Wyns, L. and Messens, J. (2001) Arsenate reductase from S. aureus plasmid pl258 is a phosphatase drafted for redox duty. Nat. Struct. Biol. 8, 843-847
116. Nilsson, I. and Hoffmann, I. (2000) Cell cycle regulation by the Cdc25 phosphatase family. Prog. Cell Cycle Res. 4, 107-114
117. Fauman, E. B., Cogswell, J. P., Lovejoy, B., Rocque, W. J., Holmes, W., Montana, V. G., Piwnica-Worms, H., Rink, M. J. and Saper, M. A. (1998) Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the human cell cycle control phosphatase Cdc25A. Cell 93, 617-625
118. Galinier, A., Kravajna, M., Engelmann, R., Hengstenberg, W., Kilhoffer, M.-C., Deutscher, M. and Haiech, J. (1998) New protein kinase and protein phosphatase families mediate signal transduction in bacterial catabolite repression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 95, 1823-1828
119. Reizer, J., Hoischen, C., Titgemeyer, F., Rivolta, C., Rabus, R., Stulke, J., Karamata, D., Saier, Jr, M. H. and Hillen, W. (1998) A novel protein kinase that controls carbon catabolite repression in bacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 27, 1157-1169
120. Clancy, C. E., Mendoza, M. G., Naismith, T. V., Kolman, M. F. and Egelhoff, T. T. (1997) Identification of a protein kinase from Dictyostelium with homology to the novel catalytic domain of myosin heavy chain kinase A. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 11812-11815
121. Andersson, S. G. E. and Kurland, C. G. (1998) Reductive evolution of resident genomes. Trends Microbiol. 6, 263-268
122. Rudolph, J. and Oesterhelt, D. (1995) Chemotaxis and phototaxis require a CheA histidine kinase in the archaeon Halobacterium salinarium. EMBO J. 14, 667-673
123. Rudolph, J. and Oseterhelt, D. (1996) Deletion analysis of the che operon in the archaeon Halobium salinarium. J. Mol. Biol. 258, 548-554
124. Rudolph, J., Tolliday, N., Schmitt, C., Schuster, S. C. and Oesterhelt, D. (1999) Phosphorylation in halobacterial signal transduction. EMBO J. 14, 4249-4257
125. Jung, K.-H., Spudich, E. N., Trivedi, V. D. and Spudich, J. L. (2001) An archaeal photosignal-transducing module mediates phototaxis in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 183, 6365-6371
126. Bischoff, K. M. and Kennelly, P. J. (1999) An 'in-gel' assay for alternative nucleotide donors for protein kinases. Anal. Biochem. 271, 199-202
127. Pinna, L. A. (1990) Casein kinase 2: an 'eminence grise' in cellular regulation? Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1054, 267-284
128. Lower, B. H. and Kennelly, P. J. (2002) The membrane-associated protein-serine/threonine kinase from Sulfolobus solfataricus is a glycoprotein. J. Bacteriol. 184, 2614-2619
129. Schaffer, C. and Messner, P. (2001) Glycobiology of surface layer proteins. Biochimie 83, 591-599
130. Burda, P. and Aebi, M. (1999) The dolichol pathway of N-linked glycosylation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1426, 239-257
131. 2+-dependent inducible alkaline phosphatase from the extremely halophilic archaebacterium Haloarcula marismorturi. J. Bacteriol. 172, 7065-7070
132. Eichler, J. (2000) Novel glycoproteins of the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii. Arch. Microbiol. 173, 445-448
133. Elfernick, M. G. L., Albers, S.-V., Konings, W. N. and Driessen, A. J. M. (2001) Sugar transport in Sulfolobus solfataricus is mediated by two families of binding protein-dependent ABC transporters. Mol. Microbiol. 39, 1494-1503
134. Moens, S. and Vanderleyden, J. (1997) Glycoproteins in prokaryotes. Arch. Microbiol. 168, 169-175
135. 0-related N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding proteolipid. J. Bacteriol. 171, 6106-6116
136. Brock, T. D., Brock, K. M., Belly, R. T. and Weiss, R. L. (1972) Sulfolobus: a new genus of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria living at low pH and high temperature. Arch. Microbiol. 84, 54-68
137. Johnson, L. N., Noble, M. E. M. and Owen, D. J. (1996) Active and inactive protein kinases: structural basis for regulation. Cell 85, 149-158
138. Adams, J. A. (2001) Kinetic and catalytic mechanisms of protein kinases. Chem. Rev. 101, 2271-2290
139. Huse, M. and Kuriyan, J. (2002) The conformational plasticity of protein kinases. Cell 109, 275-282
140. Kennelly, P. J., Oxenrider, K. A., Leng, J., Cantwell, J. S. and Zhao, N. (1993) Identification of a serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatase from the archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 6505-6510
141. Leng, J., Cameron, A. J., Buckel, S. and Kennelly, P. J. (1995) Isolation and cloning of a protein-serine/threonine phosphatase from an archaeon. J. Bacteriol. 177, 6510-6517
142. Oxenrider, K. A., Rasche, M. E., Thorsteinsson, M. V. and Kennelly, P. J. (1993) An okadaic acid-sensitive protein phosphatase from the archaeon Methanosarcina thermophiia TM-1. FEBS Lett. 331, 291-295
143. Cohen, P. (1991) Classification of protein-serine/threonine phosphatases: identification and quantitation in cell extracts. Methods Enzymol. 201, 389-398
144. MacKintosh, C. and MacKintosh, R. W. (1994) Inhibitors of protein kinases and phosphatases. Trends Biochem. Sci. 19, 444-448
145. Oxenrider, K. A. and Kennelly, P. J. (1993) A protein-serine phosphatase from the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 194, 1330-1335
146. Boner, M. L., Llorca, F. I. and Cadenas, E. (1991) Purification and some properties of an atypical alkaline p-nitrophenylphosphate phosphatase activity from Halobacterium halobium. Int. J. Biochem. 23, 1445-1551
147. Millward, T. A., Zolnierowicz, S. and Hemmings, B. A. (1999) Regulation of protein kinase cascades by protein phosphatase 2A. Trends Biochem. Sci. 24, 186-191
148. Aggen, J. B., Nairn, A. C. and Chamberlin, R. (2000) Regulation of protein phosphatase-1. Chem. Biol. 7, R13-R23
149. Virshup, D. M. (2000) Protein phosphatase 2A: a panoply of enzymes. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 12, 180-185
150. Miller, S. L. (1953) A production of amino acids under possible primitive earth conditions. Science 117, 528-529
151. Cech, T. R. (1993) The efficiency and versatility of catalytic RNA: implications for an RNA world. Gene 135, 33-36
152. Szathmary, E. (1999) The origin of the genetic code: amino acids as cofactors in an RNA world. Trends Genet. 15, 223-229
153. Peterson, J. D., Umayam, L. A., Dickinson, T. M., Hickey, E. K. and White, O. (2001) The comprehensive microbial resource. Nucleic Acids Res. 29, 123-125
154. Fauman, E. B. and Saper, M. A. (1996) Structure and function of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Trends Biochem. Sci. 21, 413-417
155. Woese, C. R. (2002) On the evolution of cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 8742-8747
156. Das, A. K., Helps, N. R., Cohen, P. T. W. and Barford, D. (1996) Crystal structure of the protein serine/threonine phosphatase 2C at 2.0 Å resolution. EMBO J. 15, 6798-6809