Amphetamine withdrawal does not produce a depressive-like state in rats as measured by three behavioral tests

Behavioural Pharmacology

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 1-18

  Russig, H ^a   Pezze, M A ^a,b   Nanz Bahr, N I ^a   Pryce, C R ^a   Feldon, J ^a   Murphy, Carol A ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b UK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Active avoidance; Anhedonia; Corticosterone; Learned helplessness; Porsolt swim test; Rat; Schizophrenia; Sensitization; Stress

Indexed keywords

AMPHETAMINE; SUCROSE;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOSE CALCULATION; HELPLESSNESS; INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING; LOCOMOTION; MALE; NONHUMAN; PERFORMANCE; RAT; SENSITIZATION; STRESS; SWIMMING; TIME; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

EID: 0037330687     PISSN: 09558810     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200302000-00001     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Barnes TR, McPhillips MA (1995). How to distinguish between the neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome, depression and disease-related negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 10(suppl 3):115-121.
2. Barr AM, Phillips AG (1998). Chronic mild stress has no effect on responding by rats for sucrose under a progressive ratio schedule. Physiol Behav 64:591-597.
3. Barr AM, Phillips AG (1999). Withdrawal following repeated exposure to D-amphetamine decreases responding for a sucrose solution as measured by a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 141:99-106.
4. Barr AM, Brotto LA, Phillips AG (2000). Chronic corticosterone enhances the rewarding effect of hypothalamic self-stimulation in rats. Brain Res 875:196-201.
5. Barr AM, Zis AP, Phillips AG (2002a). Repeated electroconvulsive shock attenuates the depressive-like effects of D-amphetamine withdrawal on brain reward function in rats. Psychopharmacology 159:196-202.
6. Barr AM, Hofmann BA, Weinberg J, Phillips AG (2002b). Exposure to repeated, intermittent D-amphetamine induces sensitization of HPA axis to a subsequent stressor. Neuropsychopharmacology 26:286-294.
7. Barrett RJ, White DK (1980). Reward system depression following chronic amphetamine: antagonism by haloperidol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 13:555-559.
8. Borsini F, Meli A (1988). Is the forced swimming test a suitable model for revealing antidepressant activity? Psychopharmacology 94:147-160.
9. Bourin M (1990). Is it possible to predict the activity of a new antidepressant in animals with simple psychopharmacological tests? Fundam Clin Pharmacol 4:49-64.
10. Brady KT, Lydiard RB, Malcom R, Ballanger JC (1991). Cocaine-induced psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry 52:509-512.
11. Braff DL, Geyer MA (1990). Sensorimotor gating and schizophrenia. Human and animal model studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:181-188.
12. Breier A (1989). A.E. Bennett award paper. Experimental approaches to human stress research: assessment of neurobiological mechanisms of stress in volunteers and psychiatric patients. Biol Psychiatry 26:438-462.
13. Carlsson A (1988). The current status of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1:179-203.
14. Connor TJ, Kelly JP, Leonard BE (1997). Forced swim test-induced neurochemical, endocrine, and immune changes in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58:961-968.
15. Connor TJ, Kelliher P, Shen Y, Harkin A, Kelly JP, Leonard BE (2000). Effect of subchronic antidepressant treatments on behavioral, neurochemical, and endocrine changes in the forced swim test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 65:591-597.
16. Corbett R, Zhou L, Sorensen SM, Mondadori C (1999). Animal models of negative symptoms: M100907 antagonizes PCP-induced immobility in a forced swim test in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 21:211-218.
17. Duncan GE, Knapp DJ, Carson SW, Breese GR (1998). Differential effects of chronic antidepressant treatment on swim stress and fluoxetine-induced secretion of corticosterone and progesterone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 295:579-587.
18. Edwards E, Harkins K, Wright G, Henn F (1990). Effects of bilateral adrenalectomy on the induction of learned helplessness behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 3:109-114.
19. Ellinwood EH (1967). Amphetamine psychosis I Description of the individuals and process. J Nerv Ment Dis 144:273-283.
20. Fung YK, Richard LA (1994). Behavioural consequences of cocaine withdrawal in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 46:150-152.
21. Gawin FH (1991). Cocaine addiction: Psychology and neurophysiology. Science 251:1580-1586.
22. Gawin FH, Kleber HD (1986). Abstinence symptomatology and psychiatric diagnosis in cocaine abusers: clinical observations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43:107-113.
23. Gray NS, Hemsley DR, Gray JA (1992). Abolition of latent inhibition in acute, but not chronic, schizophrenics. Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res 88:27-34.
24. Hansen HH, Sanchez C, Meier E (1997). Neonatal administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor Lu 10-134-C increases forced swimming-induced immobility in adult rats: a putative animal model of depression? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283:1333-1341.
25. Hedou G, Pryce CR, Di Iorio L, Heidbreder CA, Feldon J (2001). An automated analysis of rat behavior in the forced swim test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 70:65-76.
26. Heritch AJ, Henderson K, Westfall TC (1990). Effects of social isolation on brain catecholamines and forced swimming in rats: prevention by antidepressant treatment. J Psychiatr Res 24:251-258.
27. Hodos W (1961). Progressive ratio as a measure of reward strength. Science 134:943-944.
28. Hoffman HS, Ison JR (1980). Reflex modification in the domain of startle: I. Some empirical findings and their implications for how the nervous system processes sensory input. Psychol Rev 87:175-189.
29. Holsboer F (2000). The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 23:477-501.
30. Jansen LM, Gispen-de Wied CC, Gademan PJ, De Jonge RC, van der Linden JA, Kahn RS (1998). Blunted cortisol response to a psychosocial stressor in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 33:87-94.
31. Jansen LM, Gispen-de Wied CC, Kahn RS (2000). Selective impairments in the stress response in schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology 149:319-325.
32. Kalivas PW, Stewart J (1991). Dopamine transmission in the initiation and expression of drug- and stress-induced sensitization of motor activity. Brain Res Rev 16:223-244.
33. Katz JL (1990). Models of relative reinforcing efficacy of drugs and their predictive utility. Behav Pharmacol 1:283-301.
34. Koch M, Schnitzler HU (1997). The acoustic startle response in rats-circuits mediating evocation, inhibition and potentiation. Behav Brain Res 89:35-49.
35. Kokkinidis L, Zacharko RM, Anisman H (1986). Amphetamine withdrawal: a behavioral evaluation. Life Sci 38:1617-1623.
36. Koob GF (1992). Drugs of abuse: anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13:177-183.
37. Koob GF, Le Moal M (2001). Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology 24:97-129.
38. Kuczenski R, Segal DS (1997). Behavioral sensitization and extracellular dopamine responses to amphetamine after various treatments. Psychopharmacology 134:221-229.
39. Kudoh A, Kudo T, Ishihara H, Matsuki A (1997). Depressed pituitary-adrenal response to surgical stress in chronic schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychobiology 36:112-116.
40. Lacerra C, Martijena ID, Bustos SG, Molina VA (1999). Benzodiazepine withdrawal facilitates the subsequent onset of escape failures and anhedonia: influence of different antidepressant drugs. Brain Res 819:40-47.
41. Laruelle M (2000). The role of endogenous sensitization in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: implications from recent brain imaging studies. Brain Res Rev 31:371-384.
42. Lehmann J, Weizman R, Pryce CR, Leschiner S, Allmann I, Feldon J, Gavish M (1999). Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in cerebral cortex, but not in internal organs, are increased following inescapable stress and subsequent avoidance/escape shuttle-box testing. Brain Res 851:141-147.
43. Leith NJ, Barrett RJ (1976). Amphetamine and the reward system: evidence for tolerance and post-drug depression. Psychopharmacology 46:19-25.
44. Liebman JM, Cooper SJ (1989). The Neuropharmacological Basis of Reward. New York: Clarendon Press.
45. Lin D, Koob GF, Markou A (1999). Differential effects of withdrawal from chronic amphetamine or fluoxetine administration on brain stimulation reward in the rat - interactions between the two drugs. Psychopharmacology 145:283-294.
46. Lin D, Koob GF, Markou A (2000). Time-dependent alterations in ICSS thresholds associated with repeated amphetamine administrations. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 65:407-417.
47. Lopez-Garcia JA, Ramis C, Nicolau MC, Alemany G, Planas B, Rial R (1993). Histaminergic drugs in the rat caudate nucleus: effects on learned helplessness. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 45:275-282.
48. Lubow RE (1973). Latent inhibition. Psychol Bull 79:398-407.
49. Lubow RE (1989). Latent Inhibition and Conditioned Attention Theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
50. Lucki I (1997). The forced swimming test as a model for core and component behavioral effects of antidepressant drugs. Behav Pharmacol 8:523-532.
51. Markou A, Koob GF (1991). Postcocaine anhedonia: An animal model of cocaine withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 4:17-25.
52. Moreau JL, Jenck F, Martin JR, Mortas P, Haefely WE (1992). Antidepressant treatment prevents chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced anhedonia as assessed by ventral tegmentum self-stimulation behavior in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2:43-49.
53. Murphy CA, Di Iorio L, Feldon J (2001a). Effects of psychostimulant withdrawal on latent inhibition of conditioned active avoidance and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response. Psychopharmacology 156:155-164.
54. Murphy CA, Fendt M, Russig H, Feldon J (2001b). Latent inhibition but not prepulse inhibition is reduced during withdrawal from an escalating dosage schedule of amphetamine. Behav Neurosci 115:1247-1256.
55. Nemeroff CB, Widerlov E, Bissette G, Walleus H, Karlsson I, Eklund K, et al. (1984). Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients. Science 226:1342-1344.
56. Noda Y, Kamei H, Mamiya T, Furukawa H, Nabeshima T (2000). Repeated phencyclidine treatment induces negative symptom-like behavior in forced swimming test in mice: imbalance of prefrontal serotonergic and dopaminergic functions. Neuropsychopharmacology 23:375-387.
57. Ohmori T, Abekawa T, Ito K, Koyama T (2000). Context determines the type of sensitized behaviour: a brief review and a hypothesis on the role of environment in behavioural sensitization. Behav Pharmacol 11:211-221.
58. Orsini C, Koob GF, Pulvirenti L (2001). Dopamine partial agonist reverses amphetamine withdrawal in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 25:789-792.
59. Overmier JB, Seligman ME (1967). Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance responding. J Comp Physiol Psychol 63:28-33.
60. Overstreet DH, Pucilowski O, Rezvani AH, Janowsky DS (1995). Administration of antidepressants, diazepam and psychomotor stimulants further confirms the utility of Flinders Sensitive Line rats as an animal model of depression. Psychopharmacology 121:27-37.
61. Pare WP (1994). Open field, learned helplessness, conditioned defensive burying, and forced-swim tests in WKY rats. Physiol Behav 55:433-439.
62. Paulson PE, Camp DM, Robinson TE (1991). Time course of transient behavioral depression and persistent behavioral sensitization in relation to regional brain monoamine concentrations during amphetamine withdrawal in rats. Psychopharmacology 103:480-492.
63. Petty F, Kramer G, Moeller M (1994). Does learned helplessness induction by haloperidol involve serotonin mediation? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 48:671-676.
64. Pezze MA, Feldon J, Murphy CA (2002). Increased conditioned fear response and altered balance of dopamine in the shell and core of the nucleus accumbens during amphetamine withdrawal. Neuropharmacology 42:633-643.
65. Porsolt RD, Le Pichon M, Jalfre M (1977). Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Nature 266:730-732.
66. Porsolt RD, Anton G, Blavet N, Jalfre M (1978). Behavioural despair in rats: a new model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Eur J Pharmacol 47:379-391.
67. Porsolt RD, Bertin A, Blavet N, Deniel M, Jalfre M (1979). Immobility induced by forced swimming in rats: effects of agents which modify central catecholamine and serotonin activity. Eur J Pharmacol 57:201-210.
68. Post RM (1975). Cocaine psychosis: a continuum model. J Psychiatry 132:225-231.
69. Pryce CR, Bettschen D, Bahr NI, Feldon J (2001). Comparison of the effects of infant handling, isolation, and nonhandling on acoustic startle, prepulse inhibition, locomotion, and HPA activity in the adult rat. Behav Neurosci 115:71-83.
70. Richmond MA, Murphy CA, Pouzet B, Schmid P, Rawlins JN, Feldon J (1998). A computer controlled analysis of freezing behaviour. J Neurosci Methods 86:91-99.
71. Robinson TE, Becker JB (1986). Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: a review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis. Brain Res Rev 11:157-198.
72. Rubin RT, Poland RE, Lesser IM, Winston RA, Blodgett AL (1987). Neuroendocrine aspects of primary endogenous depression. I. Cortisol secretory dynamics in patients and matched controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:328-336.
73. Russig H, Murphy CA, Feldon J (2002). Clozapine and haloperidol reinstate latent inhibition following its disruption during amphetamine withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 26:765-777.
74. Russig H, Murphy CA, Feldon J (2003). Prepulse inhibition during withdrawal from an escalating dosage schedule of amphetamine. Psychopharmacology (in press).
75. Sarnyai Z, Dhabhar FS, McEwen BS, Kreek MJ (1998). Neuroendocrine-related effects of long-term, 'binge' cocaine administration: diminished individual differences in stress-induced corticosterone response. Neuroendocrinology 68:334-344.
76. Satel SL, Price LH, Palumbo JM, McDougle CJ, Krystal JH, Gawin F, et al. (1991). Clinical phenomenology and neurobiology of cocaine abstinence: a prospective inpatient study. Am J Psychiatry 148:1712-1716.
77. Sato M, Chen CC, Akiyama K, Otsuki S (1983). Acute exacerbation of paranoid psychotic state after long-term abstinence in patients with previous methamphetamine psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 18:429-440.
78. Schindler CW, Persico AM, Uhl GR, Goldberg SR (1994). Behavioral assessment of high-dose amphetamine withdrawal: importance of training and testing conditions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 49:41-46.
79. Segal DS, Kuczenski R (1997a). Repeated binge exposure to amphetamine and metamphetamine: behavioral and neurochemical characterization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282:561-573.
80. Segal DS, Kuczenski R (1997b). An escalating dose 'binge' model of amphetamine psychosis: Behavioral and neurochemical characteristics. J Neurosci 17:2551-2566.
81. Segal DS, Kuczenski R (1999). Escalating dose-binge stimulant exposure: relationship between emergent behavioral profile and differential caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens dopamine responses. Psychopharmacology 142:182-192.
82. Segal DS, Schuckit MA (1983). Animal models of stimulant-induced psychosis. In: Creese I (editor): Stimulants: neurochemical, behavioral, and clinical perspectives. New York: Raven Press; pp. 131-167.
83. Simpson DM, Annau Z (1977). Behavioral withdrawal following several psychoactive drugs. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 7:59-64.
84. Snyder SH (1973). Amphetamine psychosis: a 'model' schizophrenia mediated by catecholamines. Am J Psychiatry 130:61-67.
85. Strakowski SM, Sax KW, Setters MJ, Keck PE (1996). Enhanced response to repeated D-amphetamine challenge: evidence for behavioral sensitization in humans. Biol Psychiatry 40:872-880.
86. Swerdlow NR, Hauger R, Irwin M, Koob GF, Britton KT, Pulvirenti L (1991). Endocrine, immune, and neurochemical changes in rats during withdrawal from chronic amphetamine intoxication. Neuropsychopharmacology 5:23-31.
87. Taepavarapruk P, Blaha CD, Phillips AG (1998). Differential effects of repeated escalating doses of D-amphetamine on in vivo measurement of dopamine in the dorsal and ventral striatum of the rat [Abstract]. Ann NY Acad Sci P20:19.
88. Tandon R, Mazzara C, DeQuardo J, Craig KA, Meador-Woodruff JH, Goldman R, et al. (1991). Dexamethasone suppression test in schizophrenia: relationship to symptomatology, ventricular enlargement, and outcome. Biol Psychiatry 29:953-964.
89. Tizabi Y, Rezvanil AH, Russell LT, Tyler KY, Overstreet DH (2000). Depressive characteristics of FSL rats: involvement of central nicotinic receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 66:73-77.
90. Velazquez-Moctezuma J, Diaz Ruiz O (1992). Neonatal treatment with clomipramine increased immobility in the forced swim test: an attribute of animal models of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 42:737-739.
91. Vollmayr B, Henn FA (2001). Learned helplessness in the rat: improvements in validity and reliability. Brain Res Brain Res Protoc 8:1-7.
92. Weddington WW, Brown BS, Haertzen CA, Cone EJ, Dax EM, Herning RI, et al. (1990). Changes in mood, craving, and sleep during short-term abstinence reported by male cocaine addicts. A controlled, residential study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:861-868.
93. Weiner I (1990). Neural substrates of latent inhibition: the switching model. Psychol Bull 108:442-461.
94. Weiner I, Feldon J (1997). The switching model of latent inhibition: an update of neural substrates. Behav Brain Res 88:11-25.
95. Willner P (1984). The validity of animal models of depression. Psychopharmacology 83:1-16.
96. Willner P (1991). Animal models as simulations of depression. Trends Pharmacol Sci 12:131-136.
97. Willner P, Benton D, Brown E, Cheeta S, Davies G, Morgan J, Morgan M (1998). 'Depression' increases 'craving' for sweet rewards in animal and human models of depression and craving. Psychopharmacology 136:272-283.
98. Wise RA (1982). Neuroleptics and operant behaviour: the anhedonia hypothesis. Behav Brain Sci 5:39-87.
99. Wise RA, Munn E (1995). Withdrawal from chronic amphetamine elevates baseline intracranial self-stimulation thresholds. Psychopharmacology 117:130-136.
100. Wong EH, Sonders MS, Amara SG, Tinholt PM, Piercey MF, Hoffmann WP, et al. (2000). Reboxetine: a pharmacologically potent, selective, and specific norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Biol Psychiatry 47:818-829.
101. Yadid G, Overstreet DH, Zangen A (2001). Limbic dopaminergic adaptation to a stressful stimulus in a rat model of depression. Brain Res 896:43-47.