The switching model of latent inhibition: An update of neural substrates

Behavioural Brain Research

Volumn 88, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 11-25

  Weiner, I ^a   Feldon, J ^b  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Amphetamine; Core; Dopamine; Hippocampal formation; Latent inhihition; Neuroleptics; Nucleus accumbens; Schizophrenia; Shell; Switching model

Indexed keywords

AMPHETAMINE DERIVATIVE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANIMAL MODEL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONFERENCE PAPER; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; LATENT INHIBITION; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SUBICULUM;

ANIMALS; CONDITIONING, OPERANT; HUMANS; NERVOUS SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY; REINFORCEMENT (PSYCHOLOGY); STARTLE REACTION;

EID: 0030853211     PISSN: 01664328     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0166-4328(97)02314-0     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (141)

1. Ackil, J., Mellgren R.L., Halgren C. and Frommer S.P., Effects of CS pre-exposure on avoidance learning in rats with hippocampal lesions, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 69 (1969) 739-747.
2. Anscombe, F., The disorder of consciousness in schizophrenia, Schiz. Bull., 13 (1987) 241-260.
3. Asin, K.E., Wirtshafter D. and Kent E.W., The effects of electrolytic median raphe lesions on two measures of latent inhibition, Behav. Neur. Biol., 28 (1980) 408-417.
4. Aylward, R.L.M. and Totterdell S., Neurons in the ventral subiculum, amygdala and entorhinal cortex which project to the nucleus accumbens: their input from somatostatin immunoreactive boutons, J. Chem. Neuroanat., 6 (1993) 31-42.
5. Baruch, I., Hemsley D. and Gray J.A., Differential performance of acute and chronic schizophrenics in a latent inhibition task, J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 176 (1988) 598-606.
6. Baruch, I., Hemsley D.R. and Gray J.A., Latent inhibition and 'psychotic proneness' in normal subjects, Pers. Indiv. Differ., 9 (1988) 777-783.
7. Bashore, T., Rebec G.V. and Groves P.M., Alterations of spontaneous neuronal activity in the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens and amygdaloid complex of rats produced by d-amphetamine, Pharm. Biochem. Behav., 8 (1978) 467-474.
8. Beckmann, H. and Jakob H., Prenatal disturbances of nerve cell migration in the entorhinal region: a common vulnerability factor in functional psychoses, J. Neural Trans., 84 (1991) 155-164.
9. Berendse, H., Groenewegen H.J. and Lohman A.H.M., Compartmental distribution of ventral striatal neurons projecting to the ventral mesencephalon in the rat, J. Neurosci., 12 (1992) 2070-2103.
10. Bleuler, E., Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias, International Universities Press, New York, 1911.
11. Bogerts, B., Recent advances in the neuropathology of schizophrenia, Schizophr. Bull., 19 (1993) 431-445.
12. Bogerts, B., Meertz E. and Schonfeld-Bausch R., Basal ganglia and limbic system pathology in schizophrenia, Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 42 (1985) 784-791.
13. [12a] Bouton, M.E., Context, time, and memory retrieval in the interference paradigms in Pavlovian learning, Psychol. Bull., 114 (1993) 80-99.
14. Broen, W.E., Schizophrenia: Research and Theory, Academic Press, New York, 1968.
15. Broersen, L.M., Heinsbroek, R.P.W., DeBruin, J.P.C. and Olivier, B., Effects of local application of dopaminergic drugs into the medial prefrontal cortex of rats on latent inhibition, Biol. Psychiat., 40 (1996) 1083-1090
16. Burns, L., Robbins T.W. and Everitt B.J., Differential effects of excitotoxic lesions of the basolateral amygdala, ventral subiculum and medial prefrontal cortex on responding with conditioned reinforcement and locomotor activity potentiated by intra-accumbens infusion of damphetamine, Behav. Brain Res., 55 (1993) 167-183.
17. Burton, H.A. and Toga A.W., Successive discrimination performance improves with increasing number of preexposure in septal rats, Behav. Neural Biol., 34 (1982) 141-157.
18. Cador, M., Robbins T.W., Everitt, B.J., Simon, H., LeMoal, M. and Stinus, L., Limbicstriatal interactions in reward-related processes: modulation by the dopaminergic system. In: P. Willner and J. Scheel-Kruger (Eds.), The Mesolimbic Dopamine System: From Motivation to Action, Wiley, Chichester, 1991, pp. 225-250.
19. [17a] Christiansen, B.A. and Schmajuk N.A., Latent inhibition: the effects of haloperidol and hippocampal lesions, Abstr. Soc. Neurosci., 19 (1993) 798.
20. Christison, G.W., Atwater, G.E., Dunn, L.A. and Kilts, C.D., Haloperidol enhancement of latent inhibition: relation to therapeutic action?, Biol. Psychiat., 23 (1988) 746-749.
21. Clark, A.J.M., Feldon, J. and Rawlins, J.N.P., Aspiration lesions of rat ventral hippocampus disinhibit responding in conditioned suppression or extinction, but spare latent inhibition and the partial reinforcement extinction effect, Neuroscience, 48 (1992) 821-829.
22. Cools, A., Jaspers, R., Schwartz, M., Sontag, K.H., Vrijmoed de Vries, M. and Van den Bereken, J., Basal ganglia and switching motor programs. In: J.S. McKenzie, R.E. Kemm and N. Wilcock (Eds.), The Basal Ganglia, Plenum Press, New York, 1984, pp. 513-544.
23. Creese, I. and Iversen, S.D., The pharmacological and anatomical substrates of the amphetamine response in the rat, Brain Res., 83 (1975) 419-436.
24. Csernansky, J.G., Murphy, G.M. and Faustman, W.O., Limbic/mesolimbic connections and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, Biol. Psychiat., 30 (1991) 383-400.
25. De la Casa, L.G., Ruiz, G. and Lubow, R.E., Amphetamine-produced attenuation of latent inhibition is modulated by stimulus preexposure duration: implications for schizophrenia, Biol. Psychiat., 33 (1993) 707-711.
26. De la Casa, L.G., Ruiz, G. and Lubow, R.E., Latent inhibition and recall/recognition of irrelevant stimuli as a function of preexposure duration in high and low psychotic-prone normals, Br. J. Psychol., 84 (1993) 119-132.
27. Di Chiara, G., On the preferential release of mesolimbic dopamine by amphetamine, Neuropsychopharmacology, 5 (1991) 243-244.
28. Dunn, L.A., Atwater, G.E. and Kilts, C.D., Effects of antipsychotic drugs on latent inhibition-sensitivity and specificity of an animal behavioral model of clinical drug action, Psychopharmacology, 112 (1993) 315-323.
29. [26a] Dunn, L.A. and Scibilia, R.J., Reaction time and pupil response measures show reduced latent inhibition in chronic schizophrenia, Soc. Neurosci., 22 (1996).
30. Feldon, J., Shofel, A. and Weiner, I., Latent inhibition is unaffected by direct dopamine agonists, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 38 (1991) 309-314.
31. Feldon, J. and Weiner, I., The latent inhibition model of schizophrenic attention disorder: haloperidol and sulpiride enhance rats' ability to ignore irrelevant stimuli, Biol. Psychiat., 29 (1991) 635-646.
32. Feldon, J. and Weiner, I., From an animal model of an attentional deficit towards new insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, J. Psychiat. Res., 26 (1992) 345-366.
33. [29a] Freed, W.J., Glutamatergic mechanisms mediating stimulant and antipsychotic drug effects, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 18 (1994) 111-120.
34. Frith, C.D., The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1992.
35. Gelissen, M. and Cools, A., Effect of intracaudate haloperidol and apomorphine on switching motor patterns upon current behavior of cats, Behav. Brain Res., 29 (1988) 17-26.
36. Geyer, M.A., Russo, P.V., Segal, D.S. and Kuczenski, R., Effects of apomorphine and amphetamine on patterns of locomotor and investigatory behavior in rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 28 (1987) 393-399.
37. Grace, A.A., Commentary - Phasic versus tonic dopamine release and the modulation of dopamine system responsivity: a hypothesis for the etiology of schizophrenia, Neuroscience, 41 (1991) 1-24.
38. Gray, J.A., Feldon, J., Rawlins, J.N.P., Hemsley, D.R. and Smith, A.D., The neuropsychology of schizophrenia, Behav. Brain Sci., 14 (1991) 1-84.
39. Gray, J.A., Joseph, M.H., Hemsley, D.R., Young, A.M.J., Warburton, E.C., Boulenguez, P., Grigoryan, G.A., Peters, S.L., Rawlins, J.N.P., Tai, C.T., Yee, B.K., Cassaday, H., Weiner, I., Gal, G., Gusak, O., Joel, D., Shadach, E., Shalev, U., Tarrasch, R. and Feldon, J., The role of mesolimbic dopaminergic and retrohippocampal afferents to the nucleus accumbens in latent inhibition: implications for schizophrenia, Behav. Brain Res, 71 (1995) 19-31.
40. Gray, N.S., Hemsley, D.R. and Gray, J.A., Abolition of latent inhibition in acute, but not chronic, schizophrenics, Neurol. Psychiatr. Brain Res., 1 (1992) 83-89.
41. Gray, N.S., Pickering, A.D., Hemsley, D.R., Dawling, S. and Gray, J.A., Abolition of latent inhibition by a single 5 mg dose of d-amphetamine in Man, Psychopharmacology, 107 (1992) 425-430.
42. Gray, N.S., Pilowsky, L.S., Gray, J.A. and Kerwin, R.W., Latent inhibition in drug naive schizophrenics: relationship to duration of illness and dopamine D2 binding using SPET, Schizophr. Res., 17 (1995) 95-107.
43. Groenewegen, H.J., Berendse, H.W., Meredith, G.E., Haber, S.N., Voorn, P., Wolters, J.G. and Lohman, A.H.M., Functional anatomy of the ventral, limbic system-innervated striatum. In: P. Willner and J. Scheel-Kruger (Eds.), The Mesolimbic Dopamine System: from Motivation to Action, Wiley, Chinchester, 1991, pp. 19-60.
44. Groenewegen, H.J., Berendse, H.W., Wolters, J.G. and Lohman, A.H.M., The anatomical relationship of the prefrontal cortex with the striatopallidal system, the thalamus and the amygdala: evidence for a parallel organization, Prog. Brain Res., 85 (1990) 95-118.
45. Groenewegen, H.J., Berendse, H.W. and Wouterlood, F.G., Organization of the projections from the ventral striato-pallidal system to ventral mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in the rat. In: G. Percheron, J.S. McKenzie and J. Feger (Eds.), The Basal Ganglia. IV. New Ideas and Data on Structure and Function, Plenum Press, New York, 1994, pp. 81-93.
46. Groenewegen, H.J., Vermoulen-Van der Zee, E., te Kortschot, A. and Witter, M.P., Organization of the projections from the subiculum to the ventral striatum in the rat. A study using anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, Neuroscience, 23 (1987) 103-120.
47. Groenewegen, H.J., Wright, C.I. and Beijer, A.V.J., The nucleus accumbens: gateway for limbic structures to reach the motor system?, Prog. Brain Res., 107 (1996) 485-511.
48. Groves, P.M. and Tepper, J.M., Neuronal mechanisms of action of amphetamine. In: I. Creese (Ed.), Stimulants: Neurochemical, Behavioral and Clinical Perspectives, Raven Press, New York, 1983, pp. 81-129.
49. Hall, G., Perceptual and Associative Learning, Oxford University Press, New York, 1991.
50. Han, J.S., Gallagher, M. and Holland, P., Hippocampal lesions disrupt decrements but not increments in conditioned stimulus processing, J. Neurosci., 15 (1995) 7323-7329.
51. Hitchcock, J., Lister, S. and Wettstein, J.G., Serotonin and antipsychotic drug effects in latent inhibition, J. Neurosci., Suppl. 9 (1996) 117.
52. Honey, R.C. and Good, M., Selective hippocampal lesions abolish the contextual specificity of latent inhibition and conditioning, Behav. Neurosci., 107 (1993) 23-33.
53. Jeste, D.V. and Lohr, J.B., Hippocampal pathologic findings in schizophrenia, Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 46 (1989) 1019-1024.
54. [49a] Joel, D. and Weiner, I., The organization of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: open interconnected rather than closed-segregated, Neuroscience, 63 (1994) 363-379.
55. Joel, D., Weiner, I. and Feldon, J., Electrolytic lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex in rats disrupt performance on an analog of Wisconsin card sorting test but do not disrupt latent inhibition: implications for animal models of schizophrenia, Behav. Brain Res. (in press).
56. [50a] Joseph, M.H., Peters, S.L. and Gray, J.A., Nicotine blocks latent inhibition in rats: evidence for a critical role of increased functional activity of dopamine in the mesolimbic system at conditioning rather than pre-exposure, Psychopharmacology, 110 (1993) 187-192.
57. Joyce, E.M. and Iversen, S.D., Dissociable effects of 6-OHDA-induced lesions of neostriatum on anorexia, locomotor activity and stereotypy: the role of behavioural competition, Psychopharmacology, 83 (1984) 363-366.
58. Kaye, H. and Pearce, J.M., Hippocampal lesions attenuate latent inhibition and the decline of the orienting response in rats, Q. J. Exp. Psychol., 39B (1987) 107-125.
59. Kaye, H. and Pearce, J.M., Hippocampal lesions attenuate latent inhibition of a CS and of a neutral stimulus, Psychobiology, 15 (1987) 293-299.
60. Kelley, A.E. and Domesick, V.B., The distribution of the projection from the hippocampal formation to the nucleus accumbens in the rat. An anterograde- and retrogradehorseradish peroxidase study, Neuroscience, 7 (1982) 2321-2335.
61. Killcross, A.S., Latent inhibition in rats: selective drug effects at pre-exposure and conditioning, J. Neurosci., Suppl. 9, 117.
62. Killcross, A.S., Dickinson, A. and Robbins, T.W., Amphetamine-induced disruptions of latent inhibition are reinforcer mediated: implications for animal models of schizophrenic attentional dysfunction, Psychopharmacology, 115 (1994) 185-195.
63. Killcross, A.S., Dickinson, A. and Robbins, T.W., Effects of the neuroleptic alpha flupenthixol on latent inhibition in aversively- and appetitively-motivated paradigms: evidence for dopamine-reinforcer interactions, Psychopharmacology, 115 (1994) 196-205.
64. Killcross, A.S. and Robbins, T.W., Differential effects of intra-accumbens and systemic amphetamine on latent inhibition using an on-baseline, within-subject conditioned suppression paradigm, Psychopharmacology, 110 (1993) 479-489.
65. Kovelman, J.A. and Scheibel, A.B., A neurobiological correlate of schizophrenia, Biol. Psychiat., 19 (1984) 601-621.
66. Liddle, P.F., Friston, K.J., Frith, C.D., Jones, T., Hirsh, S.R. and Frackowiak, R.S.J., Patterns of cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia, Br. J. Psychiat., 160 (1992) 179-186.
67. Lipp, O.V. and Vaitl, D., Latent inhibition in human Pavlovian differential conditioning: effect of additional stimulation after preexposure and relation to schizotypal traits, Pers. Indiv. Differ., 13 (1992) 1003-1012.
68. Lopes da Silva, F.H., Arnolds, D.E.A.T. and Neijt, H.C., A functional link between the limbic cortex and ventral striatum: physiology of the subiculum accumbens pathway, Exp. Brain Res., 55 (1984) 205-214.
69. Lorden, J.F., Rickert, E.J. and Berry, D.W., Forebrain monoamines and associative learning. I. Latent inhibition and conditioned inhibition, Behav. Brain Res., 9 (1983) 181-199.
70. Louilot, A., Simon, H., Taghzouti, K. and Le Moal, M., Modulation of dopaminergic activity in the nucleus accumbens following facilitation or blockade of the dopaminergic transmission in the amygdala: a study by in vivo differential pulse voltammetry, Brain Res, 346 (1985) 141-145.
71. Lubow, R.E., Latent inhibition, Psychol. Bull., 79 (1973) 398-407.
72. Lubow, R.E., Latent Inhibition and Conditioned Attention Theory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1989.
73. Lubow, R.E. and Gewirtz, J.C., Latent inhibition in humans: data, theory, and implications for schizophrenia, Psychol. Bull., 117 (1995) 87-103.
74. Lubow, R.E., Ingberg-Sachs, Y., Zalstein-Orda, N. and Gewirtz, J.C., Latent inhibition in low and high 'psychotic-prone' subjects, Pers. Indiv. Differ., 13 (1992) 563-572.
75. Lubow, R.E., Weiner, I. and Feldon, J., An animal model of attention. In: A. Levy and M.Y. Spiegelstein (Eds.), Behavioral Models and the Analysis of Drug Action, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1982, pp..
76. Lubow, R.E., Weiner, I. and Schnur, P., Conditioned attention theory. In: G.H. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol. 15, Academic Press, New York, 1981, pp. 1-49.
77. Lyon, M., Animal models of mania and schizophrenia. In: P. Willner (Ed.), Behavioral Models in Psychopharmacology: Theoretical, Industrial and Clinical Perspectives., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991, pp. 253-310.
78. Mackintosh, N.J., A theory of attention: variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement, Psychol. Rev., 82 (1975) 276-298.
79. Mackintosh, N.J., Conditioning and Associative Learning, Oxford University Press, New York, 1983.
80. Magaro, P.A., Cognition in Schizophrenia and Paranoia: the Integration of Cognitive Processes, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1980.
81. Mogenson, G.J. and Yim, C.C., Neuromodulatory functions of the mesolimbic dopamine system: electrophysiological and behavioural studies. In: P. Willner and J. Scheel-Kruger (Eds.), The Mesolimbic Dopamine System: from Motivation to Action, Wiley, Chichester, 1991, pp. 105-130.
82. Mogenson, G.L. and Nielsen, M.A., A study of the contribution of hippocampal-accumbens subpallidal projections to locomotor activity, Behav. Neural Biol., 42 (1984) 38-51.
83. Moran, P.M., Fischer, T.R., Hitchcock, J.M. and Moser, P.C., Effects of clozapine on latent inhibition in the rat, Behav. Pharmacol., 7 (1996) 42-48.
84. Nuechterlein, K.H. and Dawson, M.E., Information processing and attentional functioning in the developmental course of the schizophrenic disorder, Schizophr. Bull., 10 (1984) 160-203.
85. Oades, R.D., The role of noradrenaline in tuning and dopamine in switching between signals in the CNS, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 9 (1985) 261-282.
86. Payne, R.W., The measurement and significance of overinclusive thinking and retardation in schizophrenic patients. In: P. Hoch and J. Zubin (Eds.), Psychopathology of Schizophrenia, Grune and Stratton, New York, 1966.
87. [80a] Pearce, J.M. and Hall, G., A model for Pavlovian learning: variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli, Psychol. Rev., 87 (1980) 532-552.
88. Peters, S.L. and Joseph, M.H., Haloperidol potentiation of latent inhibition in rats: evidence for a critical role at conditioning rather than pre-exposure, Behav. Pharmacol., 4 (1993) 183-186.
89. Pijnenburg, A.J.J., Honig, W.M.M. and van Rossum, J.M., Inhibition of d-amphetamine-induced locomotor activity by injection of haloperidol into the nucleus accumbens of the rat, Psychopharmacology, 41 (1975) 87-95.
90. Pontieri, F.E., Tanda, G., Orzi, F. and Di Chiara, G., Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addicitve drugs, Nature, 382 (1996) 255-257.
91. Porrino, L.J., Lucignani, G., Dow-Edwards, D. and Sokoloff, L., Correlation of dose-dependent effects of acute amphetamine administration on behavior and local cerebral metabolism in rats, Brain Res., 307 (1984) 311-320.
92. Rebec, G.V. and Zimmerman, K.S., Opposite effects of d-amphetamine on spontaneous neuronal activity in the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens, Brain Res, 201 (1980) 485-491.
93. [85a] Reilly, S., Harley, C. and Revusky, S., Ibotenate lesions of the hippocampus enhance latent inhibition in conditioned taste aversion and increase resistance to extinction in conditioned taste preference, Behav. Neurosci., 107 (1993) 996-1004.
94. Robbins, T.W., The case for frontostriatal dysfunction in schizophrenia, Schizophr. Bull., 16 (1990) 391-402
95. Robbins, T.W. and Everitt, B.J., Functional studies of the central catecholamines, Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 23 (1982) 303-365.
96. Roberts, G.W. and Horton, K., Neuropathology of psychosis: towards a common biology. In: M.R. Trimble and T.G. Bolwig (Eds.), The Temporal Lobes and the Limbic System, Wrightson Biomedical, Petersfield, 1992, pp. 213-238.
97. Robinson, T.E. and Becker, J.B., Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: a review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis, Brain Res. Rev., 11 (1986) 157-198.
98. [89a] Rochford, J., Sen, A.P. and Quirion, R., Effect of nicotine and nicotinic receptor agonists on latent inhibition in the rat, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 277 (1996) 1267-1275.
99. Ruob, C., Elsner, J., Weiner, I. and Feldon, J., Amphetamine-induced disruption and haloperidol-induced potentiation of latent inhibition depend on the nature of the stimulus, Behav. Brain Res. (in press).
100. [90a] Schmajuk, N., Lam, Y.W. and Christiansen, B.A., Latent inhibition of the rat eyeblink response: effect of hippocampal aspiration lesions, Physiol. Behav., 55 (1994) 597-601.
101. Schmajuk, N.A. and Moore, J.W., Real-time attentional models for classical conditioning and the hippocampus, Physiol. Psychol., 13 (1985) 278-290.
102. Schmajuk, N.A. and Moore, J.W., The hippocampus and the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response: a real-time attentional-associative model, Psychobiology, 16 (1988) 20-35.
103. Shakow, D., Segmental set: a theory of the formal psychological deficit in schizophrenia, Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 6 (1962) 17-33.
104. Solomon, P., Kiney, C.A. and Scott, D.R., Disruption of latent inhibition following systemic administration of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA), Physiol. Behav., 20 (1978) 265-271.
105. Solomon, P., Lohr, C. and Moore, J.W., Latent inhibition of the rabbit's nictitating response: summation tests for active inhibition as a function of number of CS preexposures, Bull. Psychon. Soc., 4 (1974) 557-559.
106. Solomon, P., Nichols, G.L., Kiernan, J.M., Kamer, R.S. and Kaplan, L.J., Differential effects of lesions in medial and dorsal raphe of the rat: latent inhibition and septo-hippocampal serotonin levels, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 94 (1980) 145-154.
107. Solomon, P.R., Crider, A., Winkelman, J.W., Turi, A., Kamer, R.M. and Kaplan, L.J., Disrupted latent inhibition in the rat with chronic amphetamine or haloperidol-induced supersensitivity: relationship to schizophrenic attention disorder, Biol. Psychiat., 16 (1981) 519 537.
108. Solomon, P.R. and Staton, D.M., Differential effects of microinjections of d-amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens or the caudate putamen on the rat's ability to ignore an irrelevant stimulus, Biol. Psychiat., 17 (1982) 743-756.
109. [98a] Sotty, F., Sandner, G. and Gosselin, O., Latent inhibition in conditioned emotional response: c-fos immunolabelling evidence for brain areas involved in the rat, Brain Res. (in press).
110. Springer, J.E. and Isaacson, R.L., Catecholamine alterations in basal ganglia after hippocampal lesions, Brain Res., 252 (1984) 185-188.
111. Staton, D.M. and Solomon, P., Microinjections of d-amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen differentially affect stereotypy and locomotion in the rat, Physiol. Psychol., 12 (1984) 159-162.
112. Swerdlow, N.R., Braff, D.L., Hartston, H., Perry, W. and Geyer, M.A., Latent inhibition in schizophrenia, Schizophr. Res., 20 (1996) 91-103.
113. Swerdlow, N.R. and Koob, G.F., Dopamine, schizophrenia, mania and depression: toward a unified hypothesis of corticostriato-pallido-thalamic function, Behav. Brain Res. 10 (1987) 197-245
114. Tai, C.T., Cassaday, H.J., Feldon, J. and Rawlins, J.N.P., Both electrolytic and excitotoxic lesions of nucleus accumbens disrupt latent inhibition of learning in rats, Neurobiol. Learn Mem., 64 (1995) 36-48.
115. Tarrasch, R., Weiner, I., Rawlins, J.N.P. and Feldon, J., Disruption of latent inhibition by interrupting the subicular input into the nucleus accumbens and its antagonism by haloperidol, Psychopharmacol. Abstr., 6 (1992) 111.
116. Toga, A.W. and Burton, H.A., Effects of the lateral septum and latent inhibition on successive discrimination learning, J. Neurosci. Res., 4 (1979) 215-224.
117. [105a] Vaitl, D. and Lipp O.V., Latent inhibition and autonomic responses: a psychophysiological approach, Behav. Brain Res. (in press).
118. Van den Bos, R. and Cools, A.R., The involvement of the nucleus accumbens in the ability of rats to switch to cue-directed behaviors, Life Sci., 44 (1989) 1697-1704.
119. [106a] Wagner, A.R., Priming in STM: an information-processing mechanism for self-generated or retrieval-generated depression in performance. In: TJ. Tighe and R.N. Leaton (Eds.), Habitnation: Perspectives from Child Development, Animal Behaviour, and Neurophysiology, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1976, 95-128 pp.
120. Warburton, E.C., Joseph, M.H., Feldon, J., Weiner, I. and Gray, J.A., Antagonism of amphetamine-induced disruption of latent inhibition in rats by haloperidol and ondansetron-implications for a possible antipsychotic action of ondansetron, Psychopharmacology, 114 (1994) 657-664.
121. Warburton, E.C., Mitchell, S.N. and Joseph, M.H., Sensitization of dopamine release in the accumbens following amphetamine: calcium dependency accompanies altered effects on behavioural function, Behav. Pharmacol., 4 (1993) 454.
122. Warburton, E.C., Mitchell, S.N. and Joseph, M.H., Calcium-dependent dopamine release following a second amphetamine challenge: relation to the disruption of latent inhibition, Behav. Pharmacol., (in press).
123. Weiner, I., Neural substrates of latent inhibition: the switching model, Psychol. Bull., 108 (1990) 442-461.
124. Weiner, I. and Feldon, J., Facilitation of latent inhibition by haloperidol, Psychopharmacology, 91 (1987) 248-253.
125. Weiner, I., Feldon, J. and Katz, Y., Facilitation of the expression but not the acquisition of latent inhibition by haloperidol in rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 26 (1987) 241-246.
126. Weiner, I., Gal, G., Rawlins, J.N.P. and Feldon, J., Differential involvement of the shell and core subterritories of the nucleus accumbens in latent inhibition and amphetamine-induced activity, Behav. Brain Res. 81 (1996) 123-133.
127. Weiner, I., Izraeli-Telerant, A. and Feldon, J., Latent inhibition is not affected by acute or chronic administration of 6 mg/kg dl-amphetamine, Psychopharmacology, 91 (1987) 345-351.
128. Weiner, I., Kidron, R., Tarrasch, R., Arnt, J. and Feldon, J., The effects of the new antipsychotic, sertindole, on latent inhibition in rats, Behav. Pharmacol., 5 (1994) 119-124.
129. Weiner, I., Lubow, R.E. and Feldon, J., Chronic amphetamine and latent inhibition, Behav. Brain Res., 2 (1981) 285-286.
130. Weiner, I., Lubow, R.E. and Feldon, J., Abolition of the expression but not the acquisition of latent inhibition by chronic amphetamine in rats, Psychopharmacology, 83 (1984) 194-199.
131. Weiner, I., Lubow, R.E. and Feldon, J., Disruption of latent inhibition by acute administration of low doses of amphetamine, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 30 (1988) 871-878.
132. Weiner, I., Shadach, E., Barkai, R. and Feldon, J., Haloperidol- and clozapine-induced enhancement of latent inhibition with extended conditioning: implications for the mechanism of action of neuroleptic drugs, Neuropsychopharmacology 16 (1997) 42-50.
133. Weiner, I., Shadach, E., Tarrasch, R., Kidron, R. and Feldon, J., The latent inhibition model of schizophrenia: further validation using the atypical neuroleptic, clozapine, Biol. Psychiat., 40 (1996) 834-843.
134. Weiner, I., Tarrasch, R., Bernasconi, E., Broersen, L.M., Ruttimann, T.C. and Feldon, J., Amphetamine-induced disruption of latent inhibition is not reinforcer-mediated, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. (in press).
135. Weiner, I., Tarrasch, R. and Feldon, J., Basolateral amygdala lesions do not disrupt latent inhibition (LI), Behav. Brain Res., 72 (1996) 73-81.
136. Weiss, K., Friedman, R. and McGregor, S., Effects of septal lesions on latent inhibition and habituation of the orienting response in rats, Acta Neurobiol. Exp., 34 (1974) 419-504.
137. Wilkinson, L.S., Mittleman, G., Torres, E., Humby, T., Hall, F.S. and Robbins, T.W., Enhancement of amphetamine-induced locomotor activity and dopamine release in nucleus accumbens following excitotoxic lesions of the hippocampus, Behav. Brain Res., 55 (1993) 143-150.
138. Witter, M.P., Groenewegen, H.J., Lopes da Silva, F.H. and Lohman, A.H.M., Functional organization of the extrinsic and intrinsic circuitry of the parahippocampal region, Prog. Neurobiol., 33 (1989) 162-253.
139. Yee, B.K., Feldon, J. and Rawlins, J.N.P., Latent inhibition in rats is abolished by NMDA-induced neuronal loss in the retrohippocampal region but this lesion effect can be prevented by systemic haloperidol treatment, Behav. Neurosci., 109 (1995) 227-240.
140. Young, A.M.J., Joseph, M.H. and Gray, J.A., Latent inhibition of conditioned dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens, Neuroscience, 54 (1993) 5-9.
141. Zahm, D.S. and Brog, J.S., On the significance of subterritories in the 'accumbens' part of the rat ventral striatum, Neuroscience, 50 (1992) 751-767.