To protect and to serve: Alliances and foreign policy portfolios

Journal of Conflict Resolution

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 180-203

  Morgan, T Clifton ^a   Palmer, Glenn ^b  

^a RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Alliances; Conflict; Military spending; Substitutability

Indexed keywords

EID: 0037278828     PISSN: 00220027     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022002702251028     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Altfeld, Michael. 1984. The decision to ally: A theory and test. Western Political Quarterly 37:523-44.
2. Beck, Nathaniel, and Jonathan N. Katz. 1995. What to do (and not to do) with time-series-cross-section data in comparative politics. American Political Science Review 89:634-47.
3. Bennett, D. Scott. 1997. Testing alternative models of alliance duration. American Journal of Political Science 41:846-78.
4. Bremer, Stuart A. 1992. Dangerous dyads: Interstate war, 1816-1965. Journal of Conflict Resolution 36:309-41.
5. _. 1993. Democracy and militarized interstate conflict, 1816-1965. International Interactions 18:231-49.
6. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce. 1981. The war trap. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
7. Conybeare, John. 1992. A portfolio diversification model of alliances. Journal of Conflict Resolution 36:53-85.
8. _. 1994. Arms versus alliances: The capital structure of military enterprise. Journal of Conflict Resolution 38:215-35.
9. Diehl, Paul F. 1994. Substitutes or complements? The effects of alliances on military spending in major power rivalries. International Interactions 19:159-76.
10. Fearon, James D. 1997. Signaling foreign policy interests. Journal of Conflict Resolution 41:68-90.
11. Gates, William R., and Katsuaki L. Terasawa. 1992. Commitment, threat perceptions, and expenditures in a defense alliance. International Studies Quarterly 36:101-18.
12. Gilpin, Robert. 1981. War and change in world politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13. Grieco, Joseph M. 1988. Anarchy and the limits of cooperation: A realist critique of the newest liberal institutionalism. International Organization 42:485-507.
14. Jones, Daniel, Stuart A. Bremer, and J. David Singer. 1996. Militarized interstate disputes, 1816-1992: Rationale, coding rules, and empirical patterns. Conflict Management and Peace Science 15:163-213.
15. Keohane, Robert O. 1984. After hegemony. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
16. _, ed. 1986. Neorealism and its critics. New York: Columbia University Press.
17. Leeds, Brett Ashley. 1999. Domestic political institutions, credible commitments, and international cooperation. American Journal of Political Science 43:979-1002.
18. Leeds, Brett Ashley, Andrew G. Long, and Sara McLaughlin Mitchell. 2000. Reevaluating alliance reliability: Specific threats, specific promises. Journal of Conflict Resolution 44:686-99.
19. Levy, Jack. 1981. Alliance formation and war behavior: An analysis of the great powers, 1495-1975. Journal of Conflict Resolution 25:581-613.
20. _. 1984. The offensive/defensive balance of military technology: A theoretical and historical analysis. International Studies Quarterly 28:219-38.
21. _. 1987. Declining power and the preventive motivation for war. World Politics 40:82-107.
22. Maoz, Zeev, and Bruce Russett. 1993. Normative and structural causes of democratic peace, 1946-1986. American Political Science Review 87:624-38.
23. Modelski, George, and William Thompson. 1988. Sea power and global politics since 1494. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
24. Morgan, T. Clifton, and Glenn Palmer. 1996. For love or money: Alliances and domestic politics. Paper delivered at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association.
25. _. 1997. A two-good theory of foreign policy: An application to dispute initiation and reciprocation. International Interactions 22:225-44.
26. _. 2000. A model of foreign policy substitutability: Selecting the right tools for the job(s). Journal of Conflict Resolution 44:11-32.
27. Morrow, James D. 1987. On the theoretical basis of a Measure of National Risk Attitudes. International Studies Quarterly 31:423-38.
28. _. 1991. Alliances and asymmetry: An alternative to the capability aggregation model of alliances. American Journal of Political Science 35:904-33.
29. _. 1993. Arms versus allies: Trade-offs in the search for security. International Organization 47:207-33.
30. Most, Benjamin, and Randolph Siverson. 1987. Substituting arms and alliances, 1870-1914: An exploration in comparative foreign policy. In New directions in the study of foreign policy, edited by Charles Hermann, Charles Kegley, and James Rosenau, 131-60. Boston: Allen and Unwin.
31. Most, Benjamin, and Harvey Starr. 1984. International relations theory, foreign policy substitutability, and "nice" laws. World Politics 36:383-406.
32. _. 1987. Inquiry, logic, and international politics. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
33. Oneal, John, and Paul F. Diehl. 1994. The theory of collective action and NATO defense burdens: New empirical tests. Political Research Quarterly 47:373-96.
34. Organski, A. F. K. 1968. World politics. 2d ed. New York: Knopf.
35. Ostrom, Charles W., and Francis W. Hoole. 1978. Alliances and war revisited. International Studies Quarterly 22:215-36.
36. Palmer, Glenn, and Archana Bhandari. 2000. The investigation of substitutability in foreign policy. Journal of Conflict Resolution 44:1-10.
37. Palmer, Glenn, and J. Sky David. 1999. Multiple goals or deterrence: A test of two models in nuclear and nonnuclear alliances. Journal of Conflict Resolution 43:748-70.
38. Palmer, Glenn, and T. Clifton Morgan. 2003. A matter of choice: A two-good model of foreign policy substitutability. Manuscript.
39. Palmer, Glenn, and Andrew Souchet. 1994. Security, autonomy, and defense burdens: The effects of alliance membership in the 19th and 20th centuries. Defense and Peace Economics 5:189-204.
40. Palmer, Glenn, Scott B. Wohlander, and T. Clifton Morgan. 2002. Give or take: Foreign aid and foreign policy substitutability. Journal of Peace Research 39:5-26.
41. Quester, George. 1977. Offense and defense in the international system. New York: John Wiley.
42. Sabrosky, Alan. 1980. Interstate alliances: Their reliability and the expansion of war. In The Correlates of War II, edited by David J. Singer. New York: Free Press.
43. Schelling, Thomas C. 1960. Strategy of conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
44. Senese, Paul D. 1997. International sources of dispute challenges and reciprocation. Journal of Conflict Resolution 41:407-27.
45. Senese, Paul D., and John A.Vasquez. 2001. Testing the steps to war: Territorial disputes, politically relevant alliances, major state status, and historical era. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Peace Science Society.
46. Singer, J. David, Stuart Bremer, and John Stuckey. 1972. Capability distribution, uncertainty and major power war, 1820-1965. In Peace, war and numbers, edited by Bruce Russett, 19-48. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
47. Singer, J. David, and Melvin Small. 1967. National alliance commitments and war involvement, 1815-1945. Papers, Peace Research Society 6:110-40.
48. Siverson, Randolph M., and Joel King. 1980. Attributes of national alliance membership and war participation. American Journal of Political Science 24:1-15.
49. Smith, Alastair. 1995. Alliance formation and war. International Studies Quarterly 39:405-25.
50. _. 1998. Extended deterrence and alliance formation. International Interactions 24:315-43.
51. Sorokin, Gerald L. 1994. Alliance formation and general deterrence: A game-theoretic model and the case of Israel. Journal of Conflict Resolution 38:298-325.
52. Starr, Harvey. 2000. Substitutability in foreign policy: Theoretically central, empirically elusive. Journal of Conflict Resolution 44:128-38.
53. Thompson, William. 1988. On global war. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
54. Vasquez, John A. 1993. The war puzzle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
55. Walt, Stephen M. 1987. The origins of alliances. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
56. Waltz, Kenneth N. 1979. Theory of international politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.