Matrix molecules and growth factors as indicators of periodontal disease activity

Periodontology 2000

Volumn 31, Issue , 2003, Pages 125-134

  Giannobile, William V ^a   Al Shammari, Khalaf F ^a   Sarment, David P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; COLLAGEN TYPE 1; GROWTH FACTOR; OSTEOCALCIN; PEPTIDE DERIVATIVE; PROTEOGLYCAN; PYRIDINOLINE; COLLAGEN; COLLAGEN TYPE I TRIMERIC CROSS LINKED PEPTIDE; COLLAGEN TYPE I TRIMERIC CROSS-LINKED PEPTIDE; ENDOTHELIAL CELL GROWTH FACTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN; GROWTH PROMOTOR; ISOPROTEIN; LYMPHOKINE; PEPTIDE; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; SCLEROPROTEIN; SIGNAL PEPTIDE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; VASCULOTROPIN; VASCULOTROPIN A;

CARBOXY TERMINAL SEQUENCE; CROSS LINKING; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE MARKER; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HUMAN; MOLECULE; OSTEOLYSIS; PERIODONTAL DISEASE; REVIEW; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; GINGIVITIS; METABOLISM; PERIODONTICS; PERIODONTITIS;

ALVEOLAR BONE LOSS; ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BONE RESORPTION; COLLAGEN; COLLAGEN TYPE I; ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; GINGIVAL CREVICULAR FLUID; GINGIVITIS; GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS; GROWTH SUBSTANCES; HUMANS; INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; LYMPHOKINES; OSTEOCALCIN; PEPTIDES; PERIODONTAL DISEASES; PERIODONTAL INDEX; PERIODONTITIS; PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; PROTEIN ISOFORMS; PROTEOGLYCANS; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS;

EID: 0037271658     PISSN: 09066713     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0757.2003.03108.x     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Akalin FA, Sengun D, Eratalay K, Renda N, Caglayan G. Hydroxyproline and total protein levels in gingiva and gingival crevicular fluid in patients with juvenile, rapidly progressive, and adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 1993: 64: 323-329.
2. Al-Shammari KF, Giannobile WV, Aldredge WA, Iacono VJ, Eber RM, Wang H-L, Oringer RJ. Effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on C-telopeptide Pyridinoline Cross-links (ICTP) and Interleukin 1 levels. J Periodontol 2001: 72: 1045-1051.
3. Armitage GC. Periodontal diseases: diagnosis. Ann Periodontol 1996: 1: 37-215.
4. Baldwin PD, Pender N, Last KS. Effects on tooth movement of force delivery from nickel-titanium archwires. Eur J Orthod 1999: 21: 481-489.
5. Bartold PM, Miki Y, McAllister B, Narayanan AS, Page RC. Glycosaminoglycans of human cementum. J Periodontal Res 1988: 23: 13-17.
6. Bartold PM, Wiebkin OW, Thonard JC. Glycosaminoglycans of human gingival epithelium and connective tissue. Connect Tissue Res 1981: 9: 99-106.
7. Bataille R, Delmas P, Sany J. Serum bone gla-protein in multiple myeloma. Cancer 1987: 59: 329-334.
8. Beck CB, Embery G, Langley MS, Waddington RJ. Levels of glycosaminoglycans in peri-implant sulcus fluid as a means of monitoring bone response to endosseous dental implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 1991: 2: 179-185.
9. Black D, Marabani M, Sturrock RD, Robins SP. Urinary excretion of the hydroxypyridinium cross links of collagen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1989: 48: 641-644.
10. Bonewald LF, Mundy GR. Role of transforming growth factor-beta in bone remodeling. Clin Orthop 1990: 261-276.
11. Booth V, Young S, Cruchley A, Taichman NS, Paleolog E. Vascular endothelial growth factor in human periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 1998: 33: 491-499.
12. Bowers MR, Fisher LW, Termine JD, Somerman MJ. Connective tissue-associated proteins in crevicular fluid: potential markers for periodontal disease. J Periodontol 1989: 60: 448-451.
13. Bronckers AL, Gay S, Dimuzio MT, Butler WT. Immunolocalization of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid containing proteins in developing rat bones. Coll Relat Res 1985: 5: 273-281.
14. Brown JP, Delmas PD, Malaval L, Edouard C, Chapuy MC, Meunier PJ. Serum bone Gla-protein: a specific marker for bone formation in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet 1984: 1: 1091-1093.
15. Calvo MS, Eyre DR, Gundberg CM. Molecular basis and clinical application of biologic markers of bone turnover. Endocrine Rev 1996: 17: 333-368.
16. Calvo MS, Eyre DR, Gundberg CM. Molecular basis and clinical application of biological markers of bone turnover. Endocr Rev 1996: 17: 333-368.
17. Canalis E, Lian JB. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 effects on collagen and DNA synthesis in periosteum and periosteum-free calvaria. Bone 1985: 6: 457-460.
18. Chang KM, Lehrhaupt N, Lin LM, Feng J, Wu-Wang CY, Wang SL. Epidermal growth factor in gingival crevicular fluid and its binding capacity in inflamed and non-inflamed human gingiva. Arch Oral Biol 1996: 41: 719-724.
19. Charles P, Mosekilde L, Risteli L, Risteli J, Eriksen EF Assessment of bone remodeling using biochemical indicators of type I collagen synthesis and degradation: relation to calcium kinetics. Bone Miner 1994: 24: 81-94.
20. Cheifetz S, Li IW, McCulloch CA, Sampath K, Sodek J. Influence of osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1; BMP-7) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 on bone formation in vitro. Connect Tissue Res 1996: 35: 71-78.
21. Chenu C, Colucci S, Grano M, Zigrino P, Barattolo R, Zambonin G, Baldini N, Vergnaud P, Delmas PD, Zallone AZ. Osteocalcin induces chemotaxis, secretion of matrix proteins, and calcium-mediated intracellular signaling in human osteoclast-like cells. J Cell Biol 1994: 127: 1149-1158.
22. Deckers MM, Karperien M, van der Bent C, Yamashita T, Papapoulos SE, Lowik CW. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factors and their receptors during osteoblast differentiation. Endocrinology 2000: 141: 1667-1674.
23. Delmas PD, Demiaux B, Malaval L, Chapuy MC, Edouard C, Meunier PJ. Serum bone gamma carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein in primary hyperparathyroidism and in malignant hypercalcemia. Comparison with bone histomorphometry. J Clin Invest 1986: 77: 985-991.
24. Derynck R. Transforming growth factor alpha. Cell 1988: 54: 593-595.
25. Ducy P, Desbois C, Boyce B, Pinero G, Story B, Dunstan C, Smith E, Bonadio J, Goldstein S, Gundberg C, Bradley A, Karsenty G. Increased bone formation in osteocalcin-deficient mice. Nature 1996: 382: 448-452.
26. Eastell R, Robins SP, Colwell T, Assiri AM, Riggs BL, Russell RG. Evaluation of bone turnover in type I osteoporosis using biochemical markers specific for both bone formation and bone resorption. Osteoporos Int 1993: 3: 255-260.
27. Elomaa I, Virkkunen P, Risteli L, Risteli J. Serum concentration of the cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) is a useful prognostic indicator in multiple myeloma. Br J Cancer 1992: 66: 337-341.
28. Embery G, Last KS. Biochemical markers of periodontal tissue destruction. Dent Update 1989: 16: 167-172.
29. Embery G, Oliver WM, Stanbury JB, Purvis JA. The electrophoretic detection of acidic giycosaminoglycans in human gingival sulcus fluid. Arch Oral Biol 1982: 27: 177-179.
30. Eriksen EF, Charles P, Melsen F, Mosekilde L, Risteli L, Risteli J. Serum markers of type I collagen formation and degradation in metabolic bone disease: correlation with bone histomorphometry. J Bone Miner Res 1993: 8: 127-132.
31. Erlebacher A, Filvaroff EH, Ye JQ, Derynck R. Osteoblastic responses to TGF-beta during bone remodeling. Mol Biol Cell 1998: 9: 1903-1918.
32. Eyre D. Collagen cross-linking amino acids. Meth Enzymol 1987: 144: 115-139.
33. Ferrara N. Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the regulation of angiogenesis. Kidney Int 1999: 56: 794-814.
34. Fisher LW, Termine JD, Dejter SW, Whitson SW, Yanagishita M, Kimura JH, Hascall VC, Kleinman HK, Hassell JR, Nilsson B. Proteoglycans of developing bone. J Biol Chem 1983: 258: 6588-6594.
35. Garnero P, Delmas PD. Biochemical markers of bone turnover. Applications for osteoporosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1998: 27: 303-323.
36. Garnero P, Shih WJ, Gineyts E, Karpf DB, Delmas PD. Comparison of new biochemical markers of bone turnover in late postmenopausal osteoporotic women in response to alendronate treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994: 79: 1693-1700.
37. Giannobile WV. Periodontal tissue engineering by growth factors. Bone 1996: 19: 23S-37S.
38. Giannobile WV. Crevicular fluid biomarkers of oral bone loss. Curr Opin Periodontol 1997: 4: 11-20.
39. Giannobile WV, Lynch SE, Denmark RG, Paquette DW, Fiorellini JP, Williams RC. Crevicular fluid osteocalcin and pyridinoline cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) as markers of rapid bone turnover in periodontitis. A pilot study in beagle dogs. J Clin Periodontol 1995: 22: 903-910.
40. Giannobile WV, Riviere GR, Gorski JP, Tira DE, Cobb CM. Glycosaminoglycans and periodontal disease, analysis of GCF by safranin O. J Periodontol 1993: 64: 186-190.
41. Glowacki J, Lian JB. Impaired recruitment and differentiation of osteoclast progenitors by osteocalcin-deplete bone implants. Cell Differ 1987: 21: 247-254.
42. Golub LM, Lee HM, Greenwald RA, Ryan ME, Sorsa T, Salo T, Giannobile WV. A matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor reduces bone-type collagen degradation fragments and specific collagenases in gingival crevicular fluid during adult periodontitis. Inflamm Res 1997: 46: 310-319.
43. Griffiths GS. Formation, collection and significance of ginigval crevice fluid. Periodontol 2000 2003: 31: 32-42.
44. Griffiths GS, Moulson AM, Petrie A, James IT. Evaluation of osteocalcin and pyridinium crosslinks of bone collagen as markers of bone turnover in gingival crevicular fluid during different stages of orthodontic treatment. J Clin Periodontol 1998: 25: 492-498.
45. Hauschka PV, Lian JB, Gallop PM. Direct identification of the calcium-binding amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamate, in mineralized tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1975: 72: 3925-3929.
46. Johnson RB, Serio FG, Dai X. Vascular endothelial growth factors and progression of periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 1999: 70: 848-852.
47. Katagiri M, Fukunaga M, Ohtawa T, Harada T. Prediction of bone mass in renal hyperparathyroidism by newly developed bone metabolic markers. Evaluation of serum levels of carboxy-terminal pyridinoline cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen and carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen. World J Surg 1996: 20: 753-756; 756-7.
48. Kaufman E, Lamster IB. Analysis of saliva for periodontal diagnosis - a review [In Process Citation]. J Clin Periodontol 2000: 27: 453-465.
49. Kijikawa K. [Glycosaminoglycans in the gingival crevicular fluid in experimental periodontitis in dogs]. Nippon Shishabyo Gakkai Kaishi 1986: 28: 500-515.
50. Kobayashi T, Gabazza EC, Taguchi O, Risteli J, Risteli L, Kobayashi H, Yasui H, Yuda H, Sakai T, Kaneda M, Adachi Y. Type I collagen metabolites as tumor markers in patients with lung carcinoma. Cancer 1999: 85: 1951-1957.
51. Kunimatsu K, Mataki S, Tanaka H, Mine N, Kiyoki M, Hosoda K, Kato Y, Kato I. A cross-sectional study on osteocalcin levels in gingival crevicular fluid from periodontal patients. J Periodontol 1993: 64: 865-869.
52. Kylmala T, Tammela TL, Risteli L, Risteli J, Kontturi M, Elomaa I. Type I collagen degradation product (ICTP) gives information about the nature of bone metastases and has prognostic value in prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 1995: 71: 1061-1064.
53. Lamster IB. In-office diagnostic tests and their role in supportive periodontal treatment. Periodontol 2000 1996: 12: 49-55.
54. Lamster IB, Smith QT, Celenti RS, Singer RE, Grbic JT. Development of a risk profile for periodontal diseases: microbial and host response factors. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 511-520.
55. Last JA, Armstrong LG, Reiser KM. Biosynthesis of collagen crosslinks. Int J Biochem 1990: 22: 559-564.
56. Last KS, Cawood JI, Howell RA, Embery G. Monitoring of Tübingen endosseous dental implants by glycosaminoglycans analysis of gingival crevicular fluid. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1991: 6: 154-159.
57. Last KS, Donkin C, Embery G. Glycosaminoglycans in human gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement. Arch Oral Biol 1988: 33: 907-912.
58. Last KS, Embery G. Hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase activity in gingival exudate from sites of acute ulcerative gingivitis in man. Arch Oral Biol 1987: 32: 811-815.
59. Last KS, Smith S, Pender N. Monitoring of IMZ titanium endosseous dental implants by glycosaminoglycan analysis of peri-implant sulcus fluid. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1995: 10: 58-66.
60. Last KS, Stanbury JB, Embery G. Glycosaminoglycans in human gingival crevicular fluid as indicators of active periodontal disease. Arch Oral Biol 1985: 30: 275-281.
61. Lee AJ, Walsh TF, Hodges SJ, Rawlinson A. Gingival crevicular fluid osteocalcin in adult periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1999: 26: 252-256.
62. Lerner UH, Modeer T, Krekmanova L, Claesson R, Rasmussen L. Gingival crevicular fluid from patients with periodontitis contains bone resorbing activity. Eur J Oral Sci 1998: 106: 778-787.
63. Lian JB, Gundberg CM. Osteocalcin. Biochemical considerations and clinical applications. Clin Orthop 1988: 267-291.
64. Lopatin DE, Caffesse ER, Bye FL, Caffesse RG. Concentrations of fibronectin in the sera and crevicular fluid in various stages of periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 1989: 16: 359-364.
65. Mandel ID. Overview of clinical trials of periodontal diagnosis methods and devices. Ann Periodontol 1997: 2: 98-107.
66. Mogi M, Otogoto J, Ota N, Inagaki H, Minami M, Kojima K. Interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, beta 2-microglobulin, and transforming growth factor-alpha in gingival crevicular fluid from human periodontal disease. Arch Oral Biol 1999: 44: 535-539.
67. Mohan S, Baylink DJ. Insulin-like growth factor system components and the coupling of bone formation to resorption. Horm Res 1996: 45: 59-62.
68. Mohan S, Linkhart T, Farley J, Baylink D. Bone-derived factors active on bone cells. Calcif Tissue Int 1984: 36: S139-S145.
69. Mundy GR, Poser JW. Chemotactic activity of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid containing protein in bone. Calcif Tissue Int 1983: 35: 164-168.
70. Nakashima K, Giannopoulou C, Andersen E, Roehrich N, Brochut P, Dubrez B, Cimasoni G. A longitudinal study of various crevicular fluid components as markers of periodontal disease activity. J Clin Periodontol 1996: 23: 832-838.
71. Nakashima K, Roehrich N, Cimasoni G. Osteocalcin, prostaglandin E2 and alkaline phosphatase in gingival crevicular fluid: their relations to periodontal status. J Clin Periodontol 1994: 21: 327-333.
72. Narayanan AS, Page RC. Connective tissues of the periodontium: a summary of current work. Coll Relat Res 1983: 3: 33-64.
73. Okazaki J, Gonda Y, Kamada A, Sakaki T, Kitayama N, Kawamura T, Ueda M. Disaccharide analysis of chondroitin sulfate in peri-implant sulcus fluid from dental implants. Eur J Oral Sci 1996: 104: 141-143.
74. Okazaki J, Kamada A, Matsukawa F, Sakaki T, Gonda Y. Disaccharide analysis of chondroitin sulphate in human gingival crevicular fluid using high-performance liquid chromatography. Arch Oral Biol 1995: 40: 777-779.
75. Oringer RJ, Palys MD, Iranmanesh A, Fiorellini JP, Haffajee AD, Socransky SS, Giannobile WV. C-telopeptide pyridinoline cross-links (ICTP) and periodontal pathogens associated with endosseous oral implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 1998: 9: 365-373.
76. Palys MD, Haffajee AD, Socransky SS, Giannobile WV. Relationship between C-telopeptide pyridinoline cross-links (ICTP) and putative periodontal pathogens in periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1998: 25: 865-871.
77. Pender N, Samuels RH, Last KS. The monitoring of orthodontic tooth movement over a 2-year period by analysis of gingival crevicular fluid. Eur J Orthod 1994: 16: 511-520.
78. Risteli J, Elomaa I, Niemi S, Novamo A, Risteli L. Radioimmunoassay for the pyridinoline cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen: a new serum marker of bone collagen degradation. Clin Chem 1993: 39: 635-640.
79. Salcetti JM, Moriarty JD, Cooper LF, Smith FW, Collins JG, Socransky SS, Offenbacher S. The clinical, microbial, and host response characteristics of the failing implant. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1997: 12: 32-42.
80. Samuels RH, Pender N, Last KS. The effects of orthodontic tooth movement on the glycosaminoglycan components of gingival crevicular fluid. J Clin Periodontol 1993: 20: 371-377.
81. Shibutani T, Murahashi Y, Tsukada E, Iwayama Y, Heersche JN. Experimentally induced periodontitis in beagle dogs causes rapid increases in osteoclastic resorption of alveolar bone. J Periodontol 1997: 68: 385-391.
82. Shibutani T, Nishino W, Shiraki M, Iwayama Y. ELISA detection of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) -linked proteoglycans in gingival crevicular fluid. J Periodontal Res 1993: 28: 17-20.
83. Skaleric U, Kramar B, Petelin M, Pavlica Z, Wahl SM. Changes in TGF-beta 1 levels in gingiva, crevicular fluid and serum associated with periodontal inflammation in humans and dogs. Eur J Oral Sci 1997: 105: 136-142.
84. Slovik DM, Gundberg CM, Neer RM, Lian JB. Clinical evaluation of bone turnover by serum osteocalcin measurements in a hospital setting. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984: 59: 228-230.
85. Smedberg JI, Beck CB, Embery G. Glycosaminoglycans in peri-implant sulcus fluid from implants supporting fixed or removable prostheses. Clin Oral Implants Res 1993: 4: 137-143.
86. Smith AJ, Addy M, Embery G. Gingival crevicular fluid glycosaminoglycan levels in patients with chronic adult periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1995: 22: 355-361.
87. Smith AJ, Greenman J, Embery G. Detection and possible biological role of chondroitinase and heparitinase enzymes produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis W50. J Periodontal Res 1997: 32: 1-8.
88. Smith AJ, Wade W, Addy M, Embery G. The relationship between microbial factors and gingival crevicular fluid glycosaminoglycans in human adult periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 1997: 42: 89-92.
89. Streckfus CF, Johnson RB, Nick T, Tsao A, Tucci M. Comparison of alveolar bone loss, alveolar bone density and second metacarpal bone density, salivary and gingival crevicular fluid interleukin-6 concentrations in healthy premenopausal and postmenopausal women on estrogen therapy. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1997: 52: M343-M351.
90. Svanberg GK. Hydroxyproline determination in serum and gingival crevicular fluid. J Periodontal Res 1987: 22: 133-138.
91. Svanberg GK. Hydroxyproline titers in gingival crevicular fluid. J Periodontal Res 1987: 22: 212-214.
92. Svanberg GK. Biological variations in serum total hydroxyproline concentration in the beagle dog. Lab Anim 1988: 22: 157-161.
93. Tahtela R, Tholix E. Serum concentrations of type I collagen carboxyterminal telopeptide (ICTP) and type I procollagen carboxy-and aminoterminal propeptides (PICP, PINP) as markers of metastatic bone disease in breast cancer. Anticancer Res 1996: 16: 2289-2293.
94. Taichman NS, Cruchley AT, Fletcher LM, Hagi-Pavli EP, Paleolog EM, Abrams WR, Booth V, Edwards RM, Malamud D. Vascular endothelial growth factor in normal human salivary glands and saliva: a possible role in the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. Lab Invest 1998: 78: 869-875.
95. Talonpoika J, Heino J, Larjava H, Häkkinen L, Paunio K. Gingival crevicular fluid fibronectin degradation in periodontal health and disease. Scand J Dent Res 1989: 97: 415-421.
96. Talonpoika JT, Hämäläinen MM. Type I collagen carboxyterminal telopeptide in human gingival crevicular fluid in different clinical conditions and after periodontal treatment. J Clin Periodontol 1994: 21: 320-326.
97. Talonpoika JT, Hämäläinen MM. Collagen III aminoterminal propeptide in gingival crevicular fluid before and after periodontal treatment. Scand J Dent Res 1992: 100: 107-110.
98. Talonpoika JT, Hämäläinen MM. Collagen I carboxyterminal propeptide in human gingival crevicular fluid before and after periodontal treatment. Scand J Dent Res 1993: 101: 154-158.
99. Uebelhart D, Gineyts E, Chapuy MC, Delmas PD. Urinary excretion of pyridinium crosslinks: a new marker of bone resorption in metabolic bone disease. Bone Miner 1990: 8: 87-96.
100. Uematsu S, Mogi M, Deguchi T. Interleukin (IL) -1 beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, epidermal growth factor, and beta 2-microglobulin levels are elevated in gingival crevicular fluid during human orthodontic tooth movement. J Dent Res 1996: 75: 562-567.
101. Uitto V-J, Overall CM, McCulloch C. Proteolytic host cell enzymes in ginigival crevice fluid. Periodontol 2000 2002: 31: 77-104.
102. Utoh E, Okazaki J, Gonda Y. Analysis of hyaluronic acid in human gingival crevicular fluid using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Osaka Dent Univ 1998: 32: 1-7.
103. Waddington RJ, Embery G, Last KS. The glycosaminoglycan constituents of alveolar and basal bone of the rabbit. Connect Tissue Res 1988: 17: 171-180.
104. Waddington RJ, Embery G, Last KS. Glycosaminoglycans of human alveolar bone. Arch Oral Biol 1989: 34: 587-589.
105. Waddington RJ, Embery G, Samuels RH. Characterization of proteoglycan metabolites in human gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement. Arch Oral Biol 1994: 39: 361-368.
106. Waddington RJ, Embery G, Smith AJ. Immunochemical detection of the proteoglycans decorin and biglycan in human gingival crevicular fluid from sites of advanced periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 1998: 43: 287-295.
107. Waddington RJ, Langley MS, Guida L, Iuorio G, Labella R, Embery G, Caruso F. Relationship of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in human gingival crevicular fluid with active periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 1996: 31: 168-170.
108. Watts NB. Clinical utility of biochemical markers of bone remodeling. Clin Chem 1999: 45: 1359-1368.
109. Yan F, Marshall R, Wynne S, Xiao Y, Bartold PM. Glycosaminoglycans in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontal class II furcation involvement before and after guided tissue regeneration. A pilot study. J Periodontol 2000: 71: 1-7.
110. Yasumizu T, Hoshi K, Iijima S, Asaka A. Serum concentration of the pyridinoline cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) is a useful indicator of decline and recovery of bone mineral density in lumbar spine: analysis in Japanese postmenopausal women with or without hormone replacement. Endocr J 1998: 45: 45-51.