Gene duplication and other evolutionary strategies: From the RNA world to the future

Journal of Structural and Functional Genomics

Volumn 3, Issue 1-4, 2003, Pages 1-17

  Brosius, Jürgen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

Author keywords

Barriers of genetic exchange; Darwinian principles; Evolutionary transitions; Exaptation; Group selection; Lamarckism; Memes; Nuon duplication; Nuons; Primordial sex; Retroposition; RNA world; RNP world

Indexed keywords

DNA; RNA;

GENE AMPLIFICATION; GENE DUPLICATION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC CODE; GENOME; GENOTYPE; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RNA GENE; RNA STRUCTURE; THEORY;

ANIMALS; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; GENE DUPLICATION; HUMANS; RETROELEMENTS; RNA;

DARWINIA;

EID: 0037266789     PISSN: 1345711X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1022627311114     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Adami, C., Ofria, C. and Collier, T.C. (2000) Evolution of biological complexity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 4463-4468.
2. Bailey, J.A., Carrel, L., Chakravarti, A. and Eichler, E.E. (2000) Molecular evidence for a relationship between LINE-1 elements and X chromosome inactivation: the Lyon repeat hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 6634-6639.
3. Baltimore, D. (1970) Viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Nature, 226, 1209-1211.
4. Bartel, D.P. and Unrau, P.J. (1999) Constructing an RNA world. Trends Cell Biol., 9, M9-M13.
5. Blackmore, S. (1999) The Meme Machine. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
6. Bonner, J.T. (1980) The Evolution of Culture in Animals. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
7. Bowler, P.J. (1992) Lamarckism. In Keywords in Evolutionary Biology (Keller, E.F. and Lloyd, E.A.), Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA, pp. 188-193.
8. Bridges, C. (1936a) The Bar 'gene': a duplicaton. Science, 83, 210-211.
9. Bridges, C.B. (1936b) Genes and chromosomes. Teaching Biol., 17-23.
10. Britten, R.J. (1996) DNA sequence insertion and evolutionary variation in gene regulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 9374-9377.
11. Britten, R.J. (1997) Mobile elements inserted in the distant past have taken on important functions. Gene, 205, 177-182.
12. Brosius, J. (1991) Retroposons - seeds of evolution. Science, 251, 753.
13. Brosius, J. (1999a) Genomes were forged by massive bombardments with retroelements and retrosequences. Genetica, 107, 209-238.
14. Brosius, J. (1999b) Many G-protein-coupled receptors are encoded by retrogenes. Trends Genet., 15, 304-305.
15. Brosius, J. (1999c) RNAs from all categories generate retrosequences that may be exapted as novel genes or regulatory elements. Gene, 238, 115-134.
16. Brosius, J. (1999d) Transmutation of tRNA over time. Nat. Genet., 22, 8-9.
17. Brosius, J. (2001) tRNAs in the spotlight during protein biosynthesis. Trends Biochem. Sci., 26. 653-656.
18. Brosius, J. (2003a) The contribution of RNAs and retroposition to evolutionary novelties. Genetica. in press.
19. Brosius, J. (2003b) Echoes from the past - are we still in an RNP world? In preparation.
20. Brosius, J. and Gould, S.J. (1992) On 'genomenclature': a comprehensive (and respectful) taxonomy for pseudogenes and other 'junk DNA'. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 10706-10710.
21. Brosius, J. and Gould, S.J. (1993) Molecular constructivity. Nature, 365, 102.
22. Brosius, J. and Tiedge, H. (1995a) Neural BC1 RNA: Dendritic localization and transport. In Lipshitz, H.D. (ed.) Localized RNAs. R.G. Landes, Austin, TX, pp. 289-330.
23. Brosius, J. and Tiedge, H. (1995b) Reverse transcriptase: mediator of genomic plasticity. Virus Genes, 11, 163-179.
24. Brosius, J. and Tiedge, H. (2001) Dendritic BC1 RNA: Intracellular transport and activity-dependent modulation. In Richter, D. (ed.) Cell polarity and subcellular RNA localization. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 129-138.
25. Cairns-Smith, A.G. (1982) Genetic Takeover and the Mineral Origins of Life. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
26. Cairns-Smith, A.G. and Davis, C.J. (1977) In Duncan, R. and Weston-Smith, M. (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Ignorance. Pergamon Press, p. 397-403.
27. Cavaillé, J., Buiting, K., Kiefmann, M., Lalande, M., Brannan, C.I., Horsthemke, B., Bachellerie, J.P., Brosius, J. and Huttenhofer, A. (2000) Identification of brain-specific and imprinted small nucleolar RNA genes exhibiting an unusual genomic organization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 14311-14316.
28. Crick, F.H.C. (1958) On protein synthesis. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 12, 138-183.
29. Crick, F.H.C. (1968) The origin of the genetic code. J Mol Biol, 38, 367-379.
30. Darwin, C. (1872) The origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. John Murray, London.
31. Dawkins, R. (1976) The selfish gene. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
32. Dawkins, R. (1982) The extended phenotype. Freeman, San Francisco.
33. Dawkins, R. (1992) Progress. In Keller, E.E and Lloyd, E.A. (eds.), Keywords in evolutionary biology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 263-272.
34. DeChiara, T.M. and Brosius, J. (1987) Neural BC1 RNA: cDNA clones reveal nonrepetitive sequence content. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 2624-2628.
35. Eddy, S.R. (1999) Noncoding RNA genes. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 9, 695-699.
36. Eddy, S.R. (2001) Non-coding RNA genes and the modern RNA world. Nat. Rev. Genet., 2, 919-929.
37. Ellington, A.D. and Szostak, J.W. (1990) In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific ligands. Nature, 346, 818-822.
38. Erdmann, V.A., Barciszewska, M.Z., Hochberg, A., de Groot, N. and Barciszewski, J. (2001a) Regulatory RNAs. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 58, 960-977.
39. Erdmann, V.A., Barciszewska, M.Z., Szymanski, M., Hochberg, A., de Groot, N. and Barciszewski, J. (2001b) The non-coding RNAs as riboregulators. Nucleic Acids Res., 29, 189-193.
40. Famulok, M. and Jenne, A. (1999) Catalysis based on nucleic acid structures. Top. Curr. Chem., 202, 101-131.
41. Ferris, J. (1994) Origins of life - chemical replication. Nature, 369, 184-185.
42. Filipowicz, W. (2000) Imprinted expression of small nucleolar RNAs in brain: time for RNomics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 14035-14037.
43. Fry, I. (2000) The Emergence of Life on Earth: A Historical Overview. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ.
44. Gesteland, R.F., Cech, T.R. and Atkins, J.F. (1999) The RNA World. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
45. Ghiselin, M.T. (1974) A radical solution to the species problem. Systematic Zoology, 23, 536-544.
46. Ghiselin, M.T. (1989) Intellectual Compromise. The Bottom Line. Paragon House, New York.
47. Ghiselin, M.T. (1994) The imaginary Lamarck: a look at bogus 'history' in schoolbooks. The Textbook Letter. Sept-Oct.
48. Ghiselin, M.T. (1997) Metaphisics and the Origin of Species. State University of New York Press, Albany, NY. [ISBN 0-7914-3467-21.
49. Gilbert. W. (1986) The RNA world. Nature, 319, 618.
50. Giraud, T., Pedersen, J.S. and Keller, L. (2002) Evolution of supercolonies: The Argentine ants of southern Europe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 6075-6079.
51. Gould, S.J. and Vrba, E.S. (1982) Exaptation - a missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology, 8, 4-15.
52. Gould, S.J. (1996) Full House. The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin. Harmony Books, New York.
53. Gould, S.J. (2002) The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
54. Guerrier-Takada, C., Gardiner, K., Marsh, T., Pace, N. and Altman, S. (1983) The RNA moiety of ribonuclease P is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme. Cell, 35, 849-857.
55. Haruna, I. and Spiegelman, S. (1965) Autocatalytic synthesis of a viral RNA in vitro. Science, 150, 884-886.
56. Hayes, B. (1999) Experimental Lamarckism. Am. Sci., 87, 494-498.
57. Herbert, A. and Rich, A. (1999) RNA processing and the evolution of eukaryotes. Nat. Genet., 21, 265-269.
58. Hüttenhofer, A. and Brosius, J. (2002) Experimental RNomics. In Functional Genomics (Eds. Galperin, M. and Koonin, E.V.). Horizon Scientific Press, New York.
59. Hüttenhofer, A., Kiefmann, M., Meier-Ewert, S., O'Brien, J., Lehrach, H., Bachellerie, J.-P. and Brosius, J. (2001) RNomics: an experimental approach that identifies 201 candidates for novel, small, non-messenger RNAs in mouse. EMBO J., 20, 2943-2953.
60. Jablonka, E. and Lamb, M.J. (1995) Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution in the Lamarckian Dimension. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
61. Jablonka, E., Lamb, M.J. and Avital, E. (1998) Lamarckian mechanisms in Darwinian evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol., 13. 206-210.
62. James, K.D. and Ellington, A.D. (1995) A search for missing links between self-replicating nucleic acids and the RNA world. Origins Life Evol Biosphere, 25, 515-530.
63. Jantsch, E. (1979) Die Selbstorganisation des Universums: Vom Urknall zum Menschlichen Geist. Carl Hanser Verlag, München, Germany.
64. Jeffares, D.C., Poole, A.M. and Penny, D. (1998) Relics from the RNA world. J. Mol. Evol., 46, 18-36.
65. Joyce, G.F. (2002) The antiquity of RNA-based evolution. Nature 418, 241-221.
66. Jurka, J. (1998) Repeats in genomic DNA: mining and meaning. Curr Opin. Struct. Biol., 8, 333-337.
67. Kauffman, S.A. (1993) The Origins of Order. Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
68. Kidwell, M.G. and Lisch, D. (1997) Transposable elements as sources of variation in animals and plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 7704-7711.
69. Kiedrowski, G.v. (1986) A self-replicating hexadeoxynucleotide. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 25, 932-935.
70. Kruger, K., Grabowski, P.J., Zaug, A.J., Sands, J., Gottschling, D.E. and Cech, T.R. (1982) Self-splicing RNA: autoexcision and autocyclization of the ribosomal RNA intervening sequence of Tetrahymena. Cell, 31, 147-157.
71. Lagos-Quintana, M., Rauhut, R., Lendeckel, W. and Tuschl, T. (2001) Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs. Science, 294, 853-858.
72. Lander, E.S., Linton, L.M., Birren, B., Nusbaum, C., Zody, M.C., Baldwin, J., Devon, K., Dewar, K., Doyle, M., FitzHugh, W., Funke, R., Gage, D., Harris, K., Heaford, A., Howland, J., Kann, L., Lehoczky, J., LeVine, R., McEwan, P., McKernan, McKernan, K., Meldrim, J., Mesirov, J.P., Miranda, C., Morris, W., Naylor, J., Raymond, C., Rosetti, M., Santos, R., Sheridan, A., Sougnez, C., Stange-Thomann, N., Stojanovic, N., Subramanian, A., Wyman, D., Rogers, J., Sulston, J., Ainscough, R., Beck, S., Bentley, D., Burton, J., Clee, C., Carter, N., Coulson, A., Deadman, R., Deloukas, P., Dunham, A., Dunham, I., Durbin, R., French, L., Grafham, D., Gregory, S., Hubbard, T., Humphray, S., Hunt, A., Jones, M., Lloyd, C., McMurray, A., Matthews, L., Mercer, S., Milne, S., Mullikin, J.C., Mungall, A., Plumb, R., Ross, M., Shownkeen, R., Sims, S., Waterston, R.H., Wilson, R.K., Hillier, L.W., McPherson, J.D., Marra, M.A., Mardis, E.R., Fulton, L.A., Chinwalla, A.T., Pepin, K.H., Gish, W.R., Chissoe, S.L., Wendl, M.C., Delehaunty, K.D., Miner, T.L., Delehaunty, A., Kramer, J.B., Cook, L.L., Fulton, R.S., Johnson, D.L., Minx, P.J., Clifton, S.W., Hawkins, T., Branscomb, E., Predki, P., Richardson, P., Wenning, S., Slezak, T., Doggett, N., Cheng, J.F., Olsen, A., Lucas, S., Elkin, C., Uberbacher, E., Frazier, M., et al. (2001) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature, 409, 860-921.
73. Lau, N,C., Lim, L.P., Weinstein, E.G. and Bartel, D.P. (2001) An abundant class of tiny RNAs with probable regulatory roles in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science, 294, 858-862.
74. Lee, R.C. and Ambros, V. (2001) An extensive class of small RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science, 294, 862-864.
75. Lewis, E.B. (1951) Pseudoallelism and gene evolution. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 16, 159-174.
76. Li, T. and Nicolaou, K.C. (1994) Chemical self-replication of palindromic duplex DNA. Nature, 369, 218-221.
77. Lyon, M.F. (1998) X-chromosome inactivation: a repeat hypothesis. Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 80, 133-137.
78. Lyon, M.F. (2000) LINE-1 elements and X chromosome inactivation: a function for 'junk' DNA? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 6248-6249.
79. Maizels, N. and Weiner, A.M. (1987) Peptide-specific ribosomes, genomic tags, and the origin of the genetic code. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 52, 743-749.
80. Makalowski, W. (2000) Genomic scrap yard: how genomes utilize all that junk. Gene, 259, 61-67.
81. Margulis, L. (1970) Origin of Eukaryotic Cells. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
82. Martignetti, J.A. and Brosius, J. (1993a) BC200 RNA: a neural RNA polymerase III product encoded by a monomeric Alu element. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 11563-11567.
83. Martignetti, J.A. and Brosius, J. (1993b) Neural BC1 RNA as an evolutionary marker: guinea pig remains a rodent. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 9698-9702.
84. Mattick, J.S. (2001) Non-coding RNAs: the architects of eukaryotic complexity. EMBO Rep., 2, 986-991.
85. Maynard Smith, J. and Szathmáry, E. (1995) The Major Transitions in Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
86. Mayr, E. (1960) The emergence of evolutionary novelties. In Tax, S. (ed.) Evolution after Darwin, Vol. 1. The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, pp. 349-380.
87. Mayr, E. (2001) What Evolution Is. Basic Books, New York.
88. McDonald, J.F. (1993) Evolution and consequences of transposable elements. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 3, 855-864.
89. McDonald, J.F. (1995) Transposable elements: possible catalysts of organismic evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol., 10, 123-126.
90. Mendel, G. (1866) Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden. Verhandl. naturforsch. Ver. Brünn, 4, 3-47.
91. Mendel, G. (1870) Über einige aus künstlicher Befruchtung gewonnene Hieraciumbastarde. Verhandl. naturforsch. Ver Brünn, 8, 26-31.
92. Muller, H.J., Prokofyeva-Belgovskaya, A.A. and Kossikov, K.V. (1936) Unequal crossing-over in the Bar mutant as a result of duplication of a minute chromosome section. C.R. (Doklady) Acad. Sci. URSS, 1, 87-88.
93. multiple authors. (1987) Evolution of Catalytic Function, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
94. Nei, M. (1969) Gene duplication and nucleotide substitution in evolution. Nature, 221, 40-42.
95. Ohno, S. (1970) Evolution by Gene Duplication. Springer, New York, NY.
96. Orgel, L.E. (1968) Evolution of the genetic apparatus. J. Mol. Biol., 38, 381-393.
97. Orgel, L.E. (1998) The origin of life - a review of facts and speculations. Trends Biochem. Sci., 23, 491-495.
98. Pollard, J.W. (1984) Is Weissmann's barrier absolute?, pp. 291-314, In Beyond Neo-Darwinism. An introduction to the new evolutionary paradigm, edited by M.-W. Ho and P.T Saunders. Academic Press, London.
99. Poole, A.M., Jeffares, D.C. and Penny, D. (1998) The path from the RNA world. J. Mol. Evol., 46, 1-17.
100. Robertson, D.L. and Joyce, G.F. (1990) Selection in vitro of an RNA enzyme that specifically cleaves singlestranded DNA. Nature 344, 467-468.
101. Shapiro, J.A. (1992) Natural genetic engineering in evolution. Genetica 86: 99-111.
102. Silver, L.M. (1997) Remaking Eden. Cloning and Beyond in a Brave New World. Avon, New York, NY.
103. Steele, E.J., Lindley, R.A. and Blanden, R.V. (1998) Lamarck's Signature: How retrogenes are Changing Darwin's Natural Selection Paradigm. Perseus, Cambridge, MA.
104. Stephens, S.G. (1951) Possible significance of duplication in evolution. Adv. Genet., 4, 247-265.
105. Storz, U. (2002) Counting all genes: how many other RNAs exist and what do they do? Science, 296, 1260-1263.
106. Sturtevant, A.H. (1925) The effects of unequal crossing over at the Bar locus in Drosophila. Genetics, 10, 117-147.
107. Sutcliffe, J.G., Milner, R.J., Bloom, F.E. and Lerner, R.A. (1982) Common 82-nucleotide sequence unique to brain RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79, 4942-4946.
108. Sverdlov, E.D. (2000) Retroviruses and primate evolution. BioEssays. 22, 161-171.
109. Szathmáry, E. (1990) Towards the evolution of ribozymes. Nature, 344, 115.
110. Szathmáry, E. (1997) Origins of life. The first two billion years. Nature, 387, 662-663.
111. Szathmáry, E. (1999a) The first replicators. In Levels of Selection (Ed. Keller, L.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, pp. 31-52.
112. Szathmáry, E. (1999b) The origin of the genetic code: amino acids as cofactors in an RNA world. Trends Genet., 15, 223-229.
113. Szathmáry, E. and Smith, J.M. (1995) The major evolutionary transitions. Nature, 374, 227-232.
114. Szostak, J.W., Bartel, D.P. and Luisi, P.L. (2001) Synthesizing life. Nature, 409, 387-390.
115. Temin, H.M. (1970) Viral RNA-depentent DNA polymerase. Nature, 226, 1211-1213.
116. Tiedge, H., Chen, W. and Brosius, J. (1993) Primary structure, neural-specific expression, and dendritic location of human BC200 RNA. J. Neurosci., 13, 2382-2390.
117. Tiedge, H., Fremeau, R.T., Weinstock, P.H., Arancio, O. and Brosius, J. (1991) Dendritic location of neural BCI RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 2093-2097.
118. Tuerk, C. and Gold, L. (1990) Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment: RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. Science, 249, 505-510.
119. Venter, J.C., Adams, MD., Myers, E.W., Li, P.W., Mural, R.J., Sutton, G.G., Smith, H.O., Yandell, M., Evans, C.A., Holt, R.A., Gocayne, J.D., Amanatides, P., Ballew, R.M., Huson, D.H., Wortman, J.R., Zhang, Q., Kodira, C.D., Zheng, X.H., Chen, L., Skupski, M., Subramanian, G., Thomas, P.D., Zhang, J., Gabor Miklos, G.L., Nelson, C., Broder, S., Clark, A.G., Nadeau, J., McKusick, V.A., Zinder, N., Levine, A.J., Roberts, R.J., Simon, M., Slayman, C., Hunkapiller, M., Bolanos, R., Delcher, A., Dew, I., Fasulo, D., Flanigan, M., Florea, L., Halpern, A., Hannenhalli, S., Kravitz, S., Levy, S., Mobarry, C., Reinert, K., Remington, K., Abu-Threideh, J., Beasley, E., Biddick, K., Bonazzi, V., Brandon, R., Cargill, M., Chandramouliswaran, I., Charlab, R., Chaturvedi, K., Deng, Z., Di Francesco, V., Dunn, P.,Eilbeck, K., Evangelista, C., Gabrielian, A.E., Gan, W., Ge, W., Gong, F., Gu, Z., Guan, P., Heiman, T.J., Higgins, M.E., Ji, R.R., Ke, Z., Ketchum, K.A., Lai, Z., Lei, Y., Li, Z., Li, J., Liang, Y., Lin, X., Lu, F., Merkulov, G.V., Milshina, N., Moore, H.M., Naik, A.K., Narayan, V.A., Neelam, B., Nusskern, D., Rusch, D.B., Salzberg, S., Shao, W., Shue, B., Sun, J., Wang, Z., Wang, A., Wang, X., Wang, J., Wei, M., Wides, R., Xiao, C., Yan, C., et al. (2001) The sequence of the human genome. Science, 291, 1304-1351.
120. Wächtershauser, G. (1992) Groundworks for an evolutionary biochemistry: the iron-sulphur world. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 58, 85-201.
121. Walbot, V. (1996) Sources and consequences of phenotypic and genotypic plasticity in flowering plants. Trends Plant Sci., 1, 27-32.
122. Wang, W., Brunet, F.G., Nevo, E. and Long, M. (2002) Origin of sphinx, a young chimeric RNA gene in Drosophilamelanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 4448-4453.
123. Watson, J.B. and Sutcliffe, J.G. (1987) Primate brain-specific cytoplasmic transcript of the Alu repeat family. Mol. Cell. Biol., 7, 3324-3327.
124. Weiner, A.M., Deininger, P.L. and Efstratiadis, A. (1986) Nonviral retroposons: genes, pseudogenes, and transposable elements generated by the reverse flow of genetic information. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 55, 631-661.
125. Weismann, A. (1892) Das Keimplasma: Eine Theorie der Vererbung. Gustav Fischer, Jena, Germany.
126. Weismann, A. (1893) The Germ-plasm: a Theory of Heredity. Walter Scott, London, UK.
127. Weismann, A. (1902) Vorträge über Descendenztheorie gehalten an der Universität zu Freiburg im Breisgau. Gustav Fischer, Jena, Germany.
128. Westheimer, F.H. (1986) Polyribonucleic acids as enzymes. Nature, 319, 534-535.
129. Williams, G.C. (1966) Adaptation and Natural Selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
130. Wills, C. and Bada, J. (2000) The Spark of Life: Darwin and the Primeval Soup. Perseus Publishing, Cambridge, MA.
131. Wilson, D.S. and Szostak, J.W. (1999) In vitro selection of functional nucleic acids. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 68, 611-647.
132. Woese, C.R. (1967) The Genetic Code: The Molecular Basis for Genetic Expression. Harper and Row, New York, NY.
133. Woese, C.R. (1980) Just So Stories and Rube Goldberg machines: Speculations on the origin of the protein synthetic machinery. In Ribosomes: Structure, Function, and Genetics (Eds. Chambliss, G., Craven, G.R., Davies, J., Davis, K., Kahan, L. and Nomura, M.). University Park Press, Baltimore, MD, pp. 357-373.
134. Woese, C.R. (2001) Translation: in retrospect and prospect. RNA, 7, 1055-1067.
135. Woese, C.R. (2002) On the evolution of cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 8742-8747.