Photosensitivity and application with 157-nm F2 laser radiation in planar lightwave circuits

Journal of Lightwave Technology

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 140-148

  Chen, Kevin P ^a   Herman, Peter R ^a   Taylor, Rod ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Birefringence; F2 excimer laser; Photosensitivity; Planar lightwave circuit; UV trimming

Indexed keywords

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; BIREFRINGENCE; DIFFRACTION GRATINGS; EXCIMER LASERS; FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS; GAS LASERS; INTERFACES (MATERIALS); LIGHT MODULATORS; PHOTOSENSITIVITY; REFRACTIVE INDEX;

CLADDING CORE INTERFACE; FREQUENCY DOMAIN MODULATOR; PLANAR LIGHTWAVE CIRCUITS;

OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES;

EID: 0037258976     PISSN: 07338724     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JLT.2002.802227     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. K. O. Hill, Y. Fujii, D. C. Johnson, and B. S. Kawasaki, "Photosensitivity in optical fiber waveguides: Application to reflection filter fabrication," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 32, pp. 647-649, 1978.
2. G. Meltz, W. W. Morey, and W. H. Glenn, "Formation of Bragg gratings in optical fibers by a transverse holographic method," Opt. Lett., vol. 14, pp. 823-825, 1989.
3. 2 doped optical fibers," Electron. Lett., vol. 29, pp. 1193-1193.
4. D. A. Zauner, J. Hübner, K. J. Malone, and M. Kristensen, "UV trimming of arrayed-waveguide grating wavelength division demultiplexers," Electron. Lett., vol. 34, pp. 780-781, 1998.
5. K. Takada, T. Tanaka, M. Abe, T. Yanagisawa, M. Ishii, and K. Okamoto, "Beam-adjustment-free crosstalk reduction in 10 GHz-spaced arrayed-waveguide grating via photosensitivity under UV laser irradiation through metal mask," Electron. Lett., vol. 36, pp. 60-61, 2000.
6. R. Kashyap, G. D. Maxwell, and B. J. Ainslie, "Laser-trimmed four-port bandpass filter fabricated in single-mode photosensitive Ge-doped planar waveguide," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 5, pp. 191-194, Feb. 1993.
7. J. Albert, F. Bilodeau, D. C. Johnson, K. O. Hill, K. Hattori, T. Kitagawa, Y. Hibino, and M. Abe, "Low-loss planar lightwave circuit OADM with high isolation and no polarization dependence," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 346-348, Mar. 1999.
8. G. D. Maxwell and B. J. Ainslie, "Demonstration of a directly written directional coupler using UV-induced photosensitivity in a planar silica waveguide," Electron. Lett., vol. 31, pp. 95-96, 1995.
9. M. Svalgaard, "Direct writing of planar waveguide power splitters and directional couplers using a focused ultraviolet laser beam," Electron. Lett., vol. 33, pp. 1694-1694, 1997.
10. D. Zauner, K. Kulstad, J. Rathje, and M. Svalgaard, "Directly UV-written silica-on-silicon planar waveguides with low insertion loss," Electron. Lett., vol. 34, pp. 1582-1584, 1998.
11. J. Albert, F. Bilodeau, K. O. Hill, D. C. Johnson, S. J. Mihailov, Y. Hibino, and M. Abe, "Birefringence control for ultraviolet-induced index change in planar lightwave circuits," in OSA Trends in Optics and Photonics, T. Erdogen, E. J. Friebele, and R. Kashyap, Eds. Washington, DC: Optical Society of America, 2000, vol. 33, Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Waveguides, pp. 251-253.
12. J. Canning, M. Åslund, A. Ankiewicz, M. Dainese, H. Fernado, J. K. Sahu, and L. Wosinski, "Birefringence control in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition planar waveguides by ultraviolet irradiation," Appl. Opt., vol. 39, pp. 4296-4299, 2000.
13. K. P. Chen and P. R. Herman, "Trimming and birefringent control in planar waveguide circuits using photosensitivity locking," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 14, pp. 71-73, Jan. 2002.
14. T. Erdogan, V. Mizrahi, P. J. Lemaire, and D. Monroe, "Decay of ultraviolet-induced fiber Bragg gratings," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 76, pp. 73-80, 1994.
15. M. Åslund, J. Canning, and G. Yoffe, "Locking in photosensitivity within optical fiber and planar waveguides by ultraviolet preexposure," Opt. Lett., vol. 24, pp. 1826-1828, 1999.
16. M. Åslund and J. Canning, "Annealing properties of gratings written into UV-presensitized hydrogen-outdiffused optical fiber," Opt. Lett., vol. 25, pp. 692-694, 2000.
17. I. L. Williams, S. T. Davey, R. Kashyap, J. R. Armitage, and B. J. Ainslie, "Ultraviolet absorption studies on photosensitive germanosilicate preforms and fibers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 59, pp. 762-764, 1991.
18. B. Malo, J. Albert, K. O. Hill, F. Bilodeau, D. C. Johnson, and S. Thériault, "Enhanced photosensitivity in lightly doped standard telecommunication fiber exposed to high fluence ArF excimer laser light," Electron. Lett., vol. 31, pp. 879-880, 1995.
19. J. Albert, B. Malo, K. O. Hill, F. Bilodeau, D. C. Johnson, and S. Theriault, "Comparison of one-photon and two-photon effects in the photo-sensitivity of germanium-doped silica optical fibers exposed to intense ArF excimer laser pulses," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 67, pp. 3529-3531, 1995.
20. 2 laser photosensitivity and photosensitzation in optical fibers," in Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Waveguides, OSA Technical Digest. Washington, DC: Optical Society of America, 2001.
21. 2 laser irradiation," Electron. Lett., vol. 36, pp. 2000-2001, 2000.
22. 2 glasses," Opt. Lett., vol. 20, pp. 1184-1186, 1995.
23. J. Zhang, P. R. Herman, C. Lauer, K. P. Chen, and M. Wei, "157-nm laser-induced modification of fused-silica glasses," Laser Appl. Microelectr. Optoelectr. Manuf., SPIE Proc., vol. 4274, pp. 125-132, 2001.
24. D. Marcuse, "TE modes of graded-index slab waveguides," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-9, pp. 1000-1006, Oct. 1973.
25. K. K. Chiang, C. L. Wong, S. Y. Cheng, and H. P. Chan, "Refractive-index profiling of graded-index planar waveguides from effective indexes measured with different external refractive indexes," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 18, pp. 1412-1417, Oct. 2000.
26. H. G. Limberger, P.-Y. Fonjallaz, R. P. Salathé, F. Cochet, "Compaction- and photoelastic-induced index changes in fiber Bragg gratings," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 68, pp. 3069-3071, 1996.
27. N. H. Ky, H. G. Limberger, R. P. Salathé, F. Cochet, and L. Dong, "Hydrogen-induced reduction of axial stressin optical fiber cores," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 74, pp. 516-518, 1999.
28. P. Y. Fonjallaz, H. G. Limberger, R. P. Salathé, F. Cochet, and B. Leuenberger, "Tension increase correlated to refractive-index change in fibers containing UV-written Bragg gratings," Opt. Lett., vol. 20, pp. 1346-1348, 1995.
29. D. Innis, Q. Zhong, A. M. Vengsarkar, W. A. Reed, S. G. Kosinski, and P. J. Lemaire, "Atomic force microscopy study of UV-induced anisotropy in hydrogen-loaded germanosilicate fibers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 65, pp. 1528-1530, 1994.
30. T. Saito, T. Hanada, N. Kitamura, and M. Kitamura, "Photosensitivity in silica-based waveguides deposited by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition," Appl. Opt., vol. 37, pp. 2242-2244, 1998.
31. J. Albert, F. Bilodeau, D. C. Johson, K. O. Hill, S. J. Mihailov, D. Stryckman, T. Kitagawa, and Y. Hibino, "Polarization-independent strong Bragg gratings in planar lightwave circuits," Electron. Lett., vol. 34, pp. 485-486, 1998.
32. 2 laser," Electron. Lett., vol. 35, pp. 812-813, 2000.
33. ____, "Birefringence compensation, improved fringe contrast, and trimming in an integrated asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer using mid-IR laser processing," Opt. Mater., vol. 14, pp. 175-183, 2000.
34. 2 laser radiation," Opt. Lett., vol. 26, pp. 771-773, 2001.