Adhesion molecules, catecholamines and leucocyte redistribution during and following exercise

Sports Medicine

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 261-284

  Shephard, Roy J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b NONE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CATECHOLAMINE; CD11B ANTIGEN; CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; CYCLIC AMP; CYTOKINE; ENDOTHELIAL LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 1; GLUCOCORTICOID; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN 1; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1;

ALLERGY; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; APOPTOSIS; ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL MATURATION; CELL STRUCTURE; CELL SUBPOPULATION; CELL SURFACE; CELL TRANSPORT; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ECCENTRIC MUSCLE CONTRACTION; ENDURANCE; ENDURANCE EXERCISE; EXERCISE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC DISORDER; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEAT STRESS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; INTERVAL EXERCISE; LEUKOCYTE ACTIVATION; MAXIMAL EXERCISE; MECHANICAL STRESS; MENTAL STRESS; META ANALYSIS; METAPLASIA; NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTAXIS; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; PHENOTYPE; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; SECOND MESSENGER; SPLENECTOMY; STRESS; SURGERY; TISSUE INJURY;

APOPTOSIS; CATECHOLAMINES; CELL ADHESION MOLECULES; CELL MOVEMENT; CYTOKINES; EXERCISE; HUMANS; KILLER CELLS, NATURAL; LEUKOCYTES; LYMPHOCYTES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; SPLENECTOMY; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 0037258446     PISSN: 01121642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200333040-00002     Document Type: Review

References (230)

1. Shephard RJ. Physical activity, training and the immune response. Carmel (IN): Cooper Publications, 1997
2. Shephard RJ, Shek PN. Effects of exercise and training on NK cell counts and cytolytic activity: a meta-analysis. Sports Med 1999; 28: 177-95
3. Arber N, Berliner S, Rotenberg Z, et al. Detection of aggregated leukocytes in the circulating pool during stress demargination is not necessarily a result of decreased leukocyte adhesiveness. Acta Haematol 1991; 86: 20-4
4. Foster NK, Martyn JB, Rangno RE, et al. Leukocytosis of exercise: role of cardiac output and catecholamines. J Appl Physiol 1986; 61: 2218-23
5. Muir AL, Cruz M, Martin BA, et al. Leukocyte kinetics in the human lung: role of exercise and catecholamines. J Appl Physiol 1984; 57: 711-9
6. Thommasen HV, Martin BA, Wiggs BR, et al. Effect of pulmonary blood flow on leukocyte uptake and release by dog lung. J Appl Physiol 1984; 56: 966-74
7. Wiggs BR, English D, Quinlan WM, et al. Contributions of capillary pathway size and neutrophil deformability to neutrophil transit through rabbit lung. J Appl Physiol 1994; 77: 463-70
8. Shephard RJ, Gannon G, Hay JB, et al. Adhesion molecule expression in acute and chronic exercise. Crit Rev Immunol 2000; 20: 245-66
9. Nagatomi R, Okutsu M, Ohmori H. Involvement of chemokine receptor in post-exercise lymphopenia [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 33: S48
10. Benschop RJ, Oostveen FG, Heijnen CJ, et al. Beta 2-adrenergic stimulation causes detachment of natural killer cells from cultured endothelium. Eur J Appl Physiol 1993; 23: 3242-7
11. Benschop RJ, Jacobs R, Sommer B, et al. Modulation of the immunologic response to acute stress in humans by β-blockade or benzodiazepines: detachment of natural killer cells from cultured endothelium. FASEB J 1996; 10: 517-24
12. Gabriel H, Kindermann W. Adhesion molecules during immune response to exercise. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1998; 76: 512-23
13. Shephard RJ, Shek PN. Effects of exercise and training on natural killer cell counts and cytolytic activity: a meta-analysis. Sports Med 1999; 28: 177-95
14. Shinkai S, Shore S, Shek PN, et al. Acute exercise and immune function: relationship between lymphocyte activity and changes in subset counts. Int J Sports Med 1992; 13: 452-61
15. Kurokawa Y, Shinkai S, Torii J, et al. Exercise-induced changes in the expression of surface adhesion molecules on circulating granulocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations. Eur J Appl Physiol 1995; 71: 245-52
16. van Eeden SF, Granton J, Hards JM, et al. Expression of the cell adhesion molecules on leukocytes that demarginate during acute maximal exercise. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86: 970-6
17. Bruunsgaard H, Jensen M, Schjerling P, et al. Exercise induces recruitment of lymphocytes with an activated phenotype and short telomeres in young and elderly humans. Life Sci 1999; 65: 2623-33
18. Atherton A, Born GVR. Quantitative investigations of the adhesiveness of circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes to blood vessel walls. J Physiol 1972; 222: 447-74
19. Benschop RJ, Rodriguez-Feuerhahn M, Schedlowski M. Catecholamine-induced leucocytosis: early observations, current research, and future directions. Brain Behav Immun 1996; 10: 77-91
20. Mastro AM, Schlosser DA, Grove DS, et al. Lymphocyte subpopulations in lymphoid organs of rats after acute resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 74-81
21. Kuebler WM, Kuhnle GE, Groh L, et al. Contribution of L-selectin to leukocyte sequestration in the pulmonary microvessels by intravital microscopy in rabbits. J Physiol 1997; 501: 375-86
22. Steeber DA, Green NE, Sato S, et al. Lymphocyte migration in L-selectin deficient mice: altered subset migration and aging of the immune system. J Immunol 1996; 157: 1096-106
23. Phillips D, Rezvani K, Bain BJ. Exercise induced mobilization of the marginated granulocyte pool in the investigation of ethnic neutropenia. J Clin Pathol 2000; 53: 481-3
24. Cuzzolin L, Lussignoli S, Crivellente F, et al. Influence of an acute exercise on neutrophil and platelet adhesion, nitric oxide plasma metabolites in inactive and active subjects. Int J Sports Med 2000; 21: 289-93
25. Ortega E, Collazos ME, Maynar M, et al. Stimulation of the phagocytic function of neutrophils in sedentary men after acute moderate exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1993; 66: 60-4
26. Nemet D, Hong S, Mills PJ, et al. Effect of unilateral wrist flexion exercise on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in healthy adults [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 33: S48
27. Suzui M, Nagao F, Takeda K, et al. Changes in adhesion molecule on natural killer cell post exercise [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: S115
28. Gannon GA, Rhind SG, Shek PN, et al. Is the differential lymphocyte subset mobilization during exercise linked to subset expression of lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA-1) [abstract]? Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30: S21
29. Gannon GA, Rhind SG, Shek PN, et al. The majority of CD4+, but not CD8hi+, T cells mobilized to peripheral blood during exercise express a CD45 RO+ memory phenotype [abstract]. Int J Sports Med 1998; 19: S213
30. Gannon GA, Rhind SG, Shek PN, et al. Differential cell adhesion molecule expression and lymphocyte mobilisation during prolonged aerobic exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2001; 84: 272-82
31. Gannon GA, Rhind S, Shek PN, et al. Naive and memory T cell subsets are differentially mobilized during physical stress. Int J Sports Med 2002; 23: 223-9
32. Jilma B, Eichler HG, Stohlawetz P, et al. Effects of exercise on circulating vascular adhesion molecules in healthy men. Immunobiology 1997; 197: 505-12
33. Jordan J, Beneke R, Hütler M, et al. Expression of CD11b on granulocytes is related to exercise intensity [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29: S298
34. Jordan J, Beneke R, Hütler M, et al. Moderate exercise leads to decreased expression of β1 and β2 integrins on leucocytes. Eur J Appl Physiol 1997; 76: 192-4
35. Jordan J, Beneke R, Hütler M, et al. Regulation of MAC-1 (CD11b/CD18) expression on circulating granulocytes in endurance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 362-7
36. Kappel M, Tvede N, Galbo H, et al. Evidence that the effect of physical exercise on NK cell activity is mediated by epinephrine. J Appl Physiol 1991; 70: 2530-4
37. Lewicki R, Tchorzewski H, Deny A, et al. Effect of physical exercise on some parameters of immunity in conditioned sportsmen. Int J Sports Med 1987; 8: 309-14
38. Li N, Wallen NH, Hjemdahl P. Evidence for prothrombotic effects of exercise and limited protection by aspirin. Circulation 1999; 100: 1374-9
39. Rehman J, Mills PJ, Carter SM, et al. Dynamic exercise leads to an increase in circulating ICAM-1; further evidence for adrenergic modulation of adhesion. Brain Behav Immun 1997; 11: 343-51
40. Goebel MU, Mills PJ. Acute psychological stress and exercise and changes in peripheral leukocyte adhesion molecule expression and density. Psychosom Med 2000; 62: 664-70
41. Gabriel H, Brechtel L, Urhausen A, et al. Recruitment and recirculation of leukocytes after an ultramarathon run: preferential homing of cells expressing high levels of the adhesion molecule LFA-1. Int J Sports Med 1994; 15: S148-53
42. Mills PJ, Maisel AS, Ziegler MG, et al. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell-endothelial adhesion in human hypertension following exercise. J Hypertension 2000; 18: 1801-6
43. Rodriguez AB, Barriga C, De la Fuente M. Phagocytic function of blood neutrophils in sedentary young people after physical exercise. Int J Sports Med 1991; 12: 276-80
44. Perez CJ, Nemets D, Mills PJ, et al. Effects of laboratory versus field exercise on leukocyte subsets and cell adhesion molecule expression in children. Eur J Appl Physiol 2001; 86: 34-9
45. Nagatomi R, Tamagawa A, Ohmori H, et al. Evidence that leukocytosis during prolonged exercise is not necessarily involved in inflammation [abstract]. Int J Sports Med 1997; 18 Suppl. I: S111
46. Tilz GP, Dome W, Diez-Ruiz A, et al. Increased immune activation during and after physical exercise. Immunobiology 1993; 188: 194-202
47. De la Fuente M, Martin I, Ortega E. Changes in the phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages from old mice after strenuous physical exercise. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1990; 13: 189-98
48. De la Fuente M, Martin I, Ortega E. Effect of physical exercise on the phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages from Swiss mice. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1993; 16: 29-37
49. Ortega E, Collazos ME, Barriga C, et al. Effect of physical activity stress on the phagocytic process of peritoneal macrophages from old guinea pigs. Mech Ageing Dev 1992; 65: 157-65
50. Gray AB, Telford RD, Collins M, et al. Granulocyte activation induced by intense interval running. J Leukoc Biol 1993; 53: 591-7
51. Miles MP, Leach SK, Kraemer WJ, et al. Leukocyte adhesion molecule expression during intense resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol 1998; 84: 1604-9
52. Pizza FX, Davis BH, Henrickson SD, et al. Adaptation to eccentric exercise: effect on CD64 and CD11b/CD18 expression. J Appl Physiol 1996; 80: 47-55
53. Malm C, Lenkei R, Sjodin B. Effects of eccentric exercise on the immune system in men. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86: 461-8
54. Smith LL, Anwar A, Fragen M, et al. Cytokines and cell adhesion molecules associated with high intensity eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000; 82: 61-7
55. Stibenz D, Bauhrer C. Down-regulation of L-selectin surface expression by various leukocyte isolation procedures. Scand J Immunol 1994; 39: 59-63
56. Wikman A, Lundahl J, Fernvik E, et al. Altered expression of adhesion molecules (L-selectin and Mac-1 on granulocytes during storage. Transfusion 1994; 34: 167-71
57. Mobley JL, Rigby SM, Dailey MO. Regulation of adhesion molecule expression by CD8 T cells in vivo: II. expression of L-selectin (CD62L) by memory cytolytic T cells responding to minor histocompatibility antigens. J Immunol 1994; 153: 5443-52
58. Tedder TF, Matsuyama T, Rothstein D, et al. Human antigen-specific memory T cells express the homing receptor (LAM-1) necessary for lymphocyte recirculation. Eur J Immunol 1990; 20: 1351-5
59. Wroblewski M, Hamann A. CD45-mediated signals can trigger shedding of lymphocyte L-selectin. Int Immunol 1997; 9: 555-62
60. Bicknell S, van Eeden S, Hayashi S, et al. A nonradioisotopic method for tracing neutrophils in vivo using 5′-bromo-2-deoxyuridine. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994; 10: 16-23
61. Kitagawa Y, van Eeden SF, Redenbach DM, et al. Effect of mechanical deformation on the structure and function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Appl Physiol 1997; 82: 1397-405
62. Chao CC, Jensen R, Dailey MO. Mechanism of L-selectin regulation by activated T cells. J Immunol 1997; 159: 1686-94
63. Sahnoun Z, Jamoussi K, Zehgal KM. Free radicals and antioxidants: physiology, human pathology and therapeutic aspects [in French]. Therapie 1998; 53: 315-39
64. Griffin JD, Spertini O, Ernst TJ, et al. GM-CSF and other cytokines regulate surface expression of the leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 on human neutrophils, monocytes and their precursors. J Immunol 1990; 145: 576-84
65. Nakagawa M, Bondy GP, Waisman D, et al. The effect of glucocorticoids on the expression of L-selectin on polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Blood 1999; 93: 2730-7
66. Benschop RJ, Schedlowski M, Wienecke H, et al. Adrenergic control of natural killer cell circulation and adhesion. Brain Behav Immun 1997; 11: 321-32
67. Mills PJ, Goebel M, Rehman J, et al. Leukocyte adhesion molecule expression and T cell naive/memory status following isoproterenol infusion. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 102: 137-44
68. Matsuba KT, van Eeden SF, Bicknell SG, et al. Apoptosis in circulating PMN: increased susceptibility in L-selectin deficient PMN. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: H2852-8
69. Steensberg A, Morrow J, Toft AD, et al. Prolonged exercise, lymphocyte apoptosis and F2-isoprostanes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2002; 87: 38-42
70. Seabrook TJ, Ristevski B, Rhind SG, et al. Epinephrine causes a reduction in lymph node cell output in sheep. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2001; 79: 246-52
71. Sato Y, Walley KR, Klut ME, et al. Nitric oxide reduces the sequestration of activated PMN by reducing deformability change and CD18 expression. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 1469-76
72. Rainer TH, Chan TYF, Cocks RA. Temporal changes in the expression of L-selectin following non-thermal injury. J Accid Emerg Med 1998: 15: 131-2
73. Carlos T, Harlan J. Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules. Blood 1994; 84: 2068-101
74. Gearing AJ, Newman W. Circulating adhesion molecules in disease. Immunol Today 1993; 14: 506-12
75. Schedlowski M, Hosch W, Oberbeck R, et al. Catecholamines modulate human NK cell circulation and function via spleen-independent beta 2-adrenergic mechanisms. J Immunol 1996; 156: 93-9
76. Nakagawa M, Terashima T, D'yachkova Y, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced granulocytosis: contribution of marrow release and demargination of intravascular granulocytes. Circulation 1998; 98: 2307-13
77. Sen CK, Roy S. Antioxidant regulation of cell adhesion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 377-81
78. Britten MB, Zeiher AM, Schachinger V. Clinical importance of coronary endothelial vasodilator dysfunction and therapeutic options. J Intern Med 1999; 245: 315-27
79. Provost P, Lam JY, Lacoste L, et al. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide attenuates neutrophil adhesion to endothelium under arterial flow conditions. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14: 331-5
80. Tsao PS, McEvoy LM, Drexler H, et al, Cellular and molecular cardiology: enhanced endothelial adhesiveness in hypercholesterolemia is attenuated by L-arginine. Circulation 1994; 89: 2176-82
81. Niu XF, Smith CW, Kubes P. Intracellular oxidative stress induced by nitric oxide synthesis inhibition increases endothelial cell adhesion to neutrophils. Circ Res 1994; 74: 1133-40
82. Jeng JR, Chang CH, Shieh SM, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein enhances monocyte-endothelial cell binding against shear-stress-induced detachment. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1178: 221-7
83. Rinder CS, Bonan JL, Rinder HM, et al. Cardiopulmonary bypass induces leukocyte-platelet adhesion. Blood 1992; 79: 1201-5
84. Hay JB, Andrade WH. Lymphocyte recirculation, exercise and immune responses. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1998; 76: 490-6
85. Pabst R. The spleen in lymphocyte migration. Immunol Today 1988; 9: 43-5
86. Klonz A, Wonigeit K, Pabst R, et al. The marginal blood pool of the rat contains not only granulocytes, but also lymphocytes, NK cells and monocytes: a second intravascular compartment, its cellular composition, adhesion molecule expression and interaction with the peripheral blood pool. Scand J Immunol 1996; 44: 461-9
87. Picker L, Treer J, Ferguson-Darnell B, et al. Control of lymphocyte recirculation in man: 1. differential regulation of the peripheral lymph node homing receptor L-selectin on T cells during the virgin to memory cell transition. J Immunol 1993; 150: 1105-21
88. Jung TM, Gallatin WM, Weissman IL, et al. Down-regulation of homing receptors after T cell activation. J Immunol 1988; 141: 4110-7
89. Sanders ME, Makgoba MW, Sharrow SO, et al. Human memory T lymphocytes express increased levels of three cell adhesion molecules (LFA-3, CD2, and LFA-1) and three other molecules (UCHL1, CDw29, and Pgp-1) and have enhanced IFN-gamma production. J Immunol 1988: 140: 1401-7
90. Fabbri M, Bianchi E, Fumagalli L, et al. Regulation of lymphocyte traffic by adhesion molecules. Inflamm Res 1999; 48: 239-46
91. Picker L, Treer J, Ferguson-Darnell B, et al. Control of lymphocyte recirculation in man: 2. differential regulation of the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen, a tissue selective homing receptor for skin-homing T-cells. J Immunol 1993; 150: 1122-36
92. Saltini C, Trapnell BC, Tamura N, et al. Biased accumulation of T lymphocytes with 'memory'-type CD45 leucocyte common antigen gene expression on the epithelial surface of the human lung. J Exp Med 1990; 171: 1123-40
93. Schweighoffer T, Tanaka Y, Tidswell M, et al. Selective expression of integrin alpha-4 beta-7 on a subset of human CD4+ memory T cells with hallmarks of gut-trophism. J Immunol 1993; 151: 717-29
94. van Eeden SF, Kitagawa Y, Klut ME, et al. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes released from the bone marrow preferentially sequester in lung microvessels. Microcirculation 1997; 4: 369-80
95. Klut EM, Whalen B, Hogg JC. Activation-associated changes in blood and bone marrow neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 1997; 62: 186-94
96. van Eeden SF, Miyagashima R, Haley L, et al. A possible role for L-selectin in the release of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from bone marrow. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: H1717-24
97. Deuster PA, Zelazowska EB, Singh A, et al. Expression of lymphocyte subsets after exercise and dexamethasone in high and low stress responders. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 1799-806
98. Mills PJ, Rehman J, Ziegler MG, et al. Nonselective beta blockade attenuates the recruitment of CD62L(-)T lymphocytes following exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1999; 79: 531-4
99. Kishimoto TK, Jutila MA, Berg EL, et al. Neutrophil Mac-1 and MEL-14 adhesion proteins inversely regulated by chemotactic factors. Science 1989; 245: 1228-41
100. Gabriel H, Schmitt B, Urhausen A, et al. Increased CD45RA+CD45RO+ cells indicate activated T cells after endurance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: 1352-7
101. Gabriel H, Schwarz L, Born P, et al. Differential mobilization of leukocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations into the circulation during endurance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1992; 65: 529-34
102. Gabriel H, Kullmer T, Schwarz L, et al. Circulating leukocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations in sedentary subjects following graded maximal exercise with hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 1993; 67: 348-53
103. Bell EB, Sparshott SM. Interconversion of CD45R subsets of CD4 T cell in vivo. Nature 1990; 348: 163-6
104. Lanier LL, Phillips JH, Hackett J, et al. Natural killer cells: definition of a cell type rather than function. J Immunol 1986; 137: 2735-9
105. Prince HE, York J, Jensen ER. Phenotypic comparison of the three populations of human lymphocytes defined by CD45RO and CD45RA expression. Cell Immunol 1992; 145: 254-62
106. Fujii Y, Okumura M, Inada K, et al. Reversal of CD45 isoform switching in CD8+ T cells. Cell Immunol 1992; 139: 176-84
107. Okumura M, Fujii Y, Inada K, et al. Both CD45RA+ and CD45RA-subpopulations of CD8+ T cells contain cells with high levels of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 expression, a phenotype of primed T cells. J Immunol 1993; 150: 429-37
108. Kanegane H, Kasahara Y, Niida Y, et al. Expression of L-selectin (CD62L) discriminates Th1 and Th2-like cytokine-producing memory CD4+ T cells. Immunology 1996; 87: 186-90
109. Tsuji T, Nibu R, Iwai K, et al. Efficient induction of immunoglobulin production in neonatal naive B cells by memory CD4+ T cell subset expressing homing receptor L-selectin. J Immunol 1994; 152: 4417-24
110. Madden KS, Felton DL. Experimental basis for neural-immune interactions. Physiol Rev 1995; 75: 77-106
111. van Tits LJH, Michel MC, Grosse-Wilde H, et al. Catecholamines increase lymphocyte β2-adrenergic receptors via a β2-adrenergic, spleen dependent process. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: E191-202
112. Crary B, Hauser SL, Borysenko M, et al. Epinephrine induced changes in the distribution of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of humans. J Immunol 1983; 131: 1178-81
113. Landmann RMA. Beta-adrenergic receptors in human leukocyte subpopulations. Eur J Clin Invest 1992; 22 Suppl. 1: 30-6
114. Murray DR, Irwin M, Rearden CA, et al. Sympathetic and immune interactions during dynamic exercise: mediation via a beta-2-adrenergic-dependent mechanism. Circulation 1992; 86: 203-13
115. Carlson SL, Brooks WH, Roszmann TL. Neurotransmitter-lymphocyte interactions: dual receptor modulation of lymphocyte proliferation and cAMP production. J Neuroimmunol 1989; 24: 155-62
116. Kansas GS, Spertini O, Stoolman LM, et al. Molecular mapping of functional domains of the leukocyte receptor for endothelium. J Cell Biol 1991; 114: 351-8
117. Watson SR, Imai Y, Fennie C, et al. The complement binding-like domains of the murine homing receptor facilitate lectin binding. J Cell Biol 1991; 115: 235-43
118. Hoffman-Goetz L, Pedersen BK. Exercise and the immune system: a model of the stress response. Immunol Today 1994; 15: 382-7
119. Katz P. Exercise and the immune response. Clin Rheumatol 1994; 8: 53-61
120. Brodde OE, Daul A, O'Hara N. Beta-adrenoceptor changes in human lymphocytes, induced by dynamic exercise. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1984; 325: 190-2
121. Burman KD, Ferguson W, Djuh Y-Y, et al. Beta receptors in peripheral mononuclear cells increase acutely during exercise. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1985; 109: 563-8
122. Fujii N, Miyazaki H, Homma S, et al. Dynamic exercise induces translocation of beta-2 adrenergic receptors in human lymphocytes. Acta Physiol Scand 1993; 148: 463-4
123. Heikkonen E, Mäki T, Kontula K, et al. Physical exercise after alcohol intake: effect on plasma catecholamines and lymphocyte beta-adrenergic receptors. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1991; 15: 291-4
124. Schuetz W, Traeger K, Anhaeupl T, et al. Adjustment of metabolism, catecholamines and beta-adrenoceptors to 90 min of cycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol 1995; 70: 81-7
125. Verde TJ, Thomas S, Moore RW, et al. Immune responses and increased training of the elite athlete. J Appl Physiol 1992; 73: 1494-9
126. Weicker H, Werle E. Interaction between hormones and the immune system. Int J Sports Med 1991; 12: S30-7
127. Brenner I, Shek PN, Zamecnik J, et al. Stress hormones and the immunological responses to heat and exercise. Int J Sports Med 1998; 19: 130-43
128. Mazzeo RS, Rajkumar C, Jennings G, et al. Norepinephrine spillover at rest and during submaximal exercise in young and old subjects. J Appl Physiol 1997; 82: 1869-74
129. Kjaer M. Epinephrine and some other hormonal responses to exercise in man: with special reference to physical training. Int J Sports Med 1989; 10: 2-15
130. Nagao F, Suzui M, Takeda K, et al. Mobilization of NK cells by exercise: downmodulation of adhesion molecules on NK cells by catecholamines. Am J Physiol 2000; 279: R1251-6
131. Brenner IKM, Zamecnik J, Shek PN, et al. The impact of heat exposure and repeated exercise on circulating stress hormones. Eur J Appl Physiol 1997; 76: 445-54
132. Field CJ, Gougeon R, Marliss EB. Circulating mononuclear cells and function during intense exercise. J Appl Physiol 1991; 73: 1089-97
133. Nieman DC, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL. Effects of endurance exercise on the immune response. In: Shephard RJ, Åstrand PO, editors. Endurance in sport. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992: 487-504
134. Rhind SG, Gannon GA, Shek PN, et al. Contribution of exertional hyperthermia to sympathoadrenal-mediated lymphocyte subset redistribution. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87: 1178-85
135. Grazzi L, Salmaggi A, Dufour A, et al. Physical effort-induced changes in immune parameters. Int J Neurosci 1993; 68: 133-40
136. Kendall A, Hoffman-Goetz L, Houston M, et al. Exercise and blood lymphocyte subset responses: intensity, duration, and subject fitness effects. J Appl Physiol 1990; 69: 251-60
137. Nieman DC, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Donohue KM, et al. The effect of acute moderate exercise on leukocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: 578-85
138. Stock C, Schaller K, Baum M, et al. Catecholamines, lymphocyte subsets, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate production in mononuclear cells and CD4+ cells in response to submaximal resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1995; 71: 166-72
139. Butler J, Kelly JG, O'Malley K, et al. β-Adrenoreceptor adaptation to acute exercise. J Physiol 1983; 344: 113-7
140. Frey MJ, Mancini D, Fischberg D, et al. Effect of exercise duration on density and coupling of beta-adrenergic receptors on human mononuclear cells. J Appl Physiol 1989; 66: 1495-500
141. Butler J, O'Brien M, O'Malley K, et al. Relationship of β-Adrenoreceptor density to fitness in athletes. Nature 1982; 298: 60-2
142. Opstad PK, Wiik P, Haugen A-H, et al. Adrenaline stimulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response in leucocytes is reduced after prolonged physical activity combined with sleep and energy deprivation. Eur J Appl Physiol 1994; 69: 371-5
143. Little RA, Frayn KN, Randall PE, et al. Plasma catecholamines in patients with acute myocardial infarction and in cardiac arrest. Q J Med 1985; 214: 133-40
144. Cocks RA, Chan TY, Rainer TH. Leukocyte L-selectin is upregulated after mechanical trauma in adults. J Trauma 1998; 45: 1-6
145. Jaattella A, Alho A, Avikainen V, et al. Plasma catecholamines in severely injured patients: a prospective study on 45 patients with multiple injuries. Br J Surg 1975; 62: 177-81
146. Gallatin WM, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. A cell-surface molecule involved in organ-specific homing of lymphocytes. Nature 1983; 304: 30-4
147. Ottaway CA, Husband AJ. Central nervous system influence on lymphocyte migration. Brain Behav Immun 1992; 6: 97-116
148. Benschop RJ, Nieuwenhuis EES, Tromp EAM, et al. Beta-adrenergic blockade: effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on immunologic and cardiovascular changes induced by mental stress. Circulation 1994; 89: 762-9
149. Dimsdale JE, Moss J. Short term catecholamine response to psychological stress. Psychosom Med 1980; 42: 493-7
150. Benschop RJ, Geenen R, Mills PJ, et al. Cardiovascular and immune responses to acute psychological stress in young and old women: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 1998; 60: 290-6
151. Mills PJ, Dimsdale JE. The effects of acute psychologic stress on cellular adhesion molecules. J Psychosom Res 1996; 41: 49-53
152. Lerman Y, Melamed S, Shragin Y, et al. Association between burnout at work and leukocyte adhesiveness/aggregation. Psychosom Med 1999; 61: 828-33
153. Herbert TB. Stress and immunity in humans: a meta-analytic review. Psychosom Med 1993; 55: 364-79
154. Pariante CM, Carpianello B, Orru MG, et al. Chronic caregiving stress alters peripheral blood immune parameters: the role of age and severity of stress. Psychother Psychosom 1997; 66: 199-207
155. Mills PJ, Yu H, Ziegler MG, et al. Vulnerable caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease have a deficit in circulating CD62L- T lymphocytes. Psychosom Med 1999; 61: 168-74
156. Shephard RJ, Shek PN. Immune dysfunction as a factor in heat illness. Crit Rev Immunol 1999; 19: 285-302
157. Hammami MM, Bouchama A, Shail E, et al. Lymphocyte subsets and adhesion molecules expression in heatstroke and heat stress. J Appl Physiol 1998; 84: 1615-21
158. Ross R. Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 115-26
159. Bell D, Jackson M, Nicoll JJ, et al. Inflammatory response, neutrophil activation and free radical production after acute myocardial infarction: effect of thrombolytic treatment. Br Heart J 1990; 63: 82-7
160. Geppert A, Zorn G, Karth GD, et al. Soluble selectins and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 2360-5
161. Jakob SM, Ensinger H, Takala J. Metabolic changes after cardiac surgery. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2001; 4: 149-55
162. Martin HE. Physiological leukocytosis: the variation in leukocyte count during rest and exercise and after hypodermic injection of adrenaline. J Physiol 1932; 75: 113-29
163. Tønnesen E, Christensen NJ, Brinkløv MM. Natural killer cell activity during cortisol and adrenaline infusion in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Invest 1987; 17: 497-503
164. Pedersen BK, Kappel M, Klokker M. Possible role of stress hormones in exercise-induced immunomodulation. In: Pedersen BK, editor. Exercise immunology. Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience, 1997: 39-60
165. Schedlowski M, Falk A, Rohne A, et al. Catecholamines induce alterations of distribution and activity of human natural killer (NK) cells. J Clin Immunol 1993; 13: 344-51
166. Carlson SL, Fox S, Abell KM. Catecholamine modulation of lymphocyte homing to lymphoid tissue. Brain Behav Immun 1997; 11: 307-20
167. Mills PJ, Karnik RS, Dillon E. L-selectin expression affects T-cell circulation following isoprotorenol infusion in humans. Brain Behav Immun 1997; 11: 333-42
168. Tvede N, Kappel M, Klarlund K, et al. Evidence that the effect of bicycle exercise on blood mononuclear cell proliferative responses and subsets is mediated by epinephrine. Int J Sports Med 1994; 15: 100-4
169. Maisel AS, Motulsky HJ. Receptor distribution does not accompany terbutaline-induced down regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors on human mononuclear leukocytes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987; 42: 100-6
170. Maisel AS, Harris T, Rearden CA, et al. β-adrenergic receptors in lymphocyte subsets after exercise: alterations in normal individuals and patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 1990; 83: 2003-10
171. Fraser J, Nadau J, Robertson D, et al. Regulation of human leukocyte beta receptors by endogenous catecholamines: relationship of leukocyte beta receptor density to the cardiac sensitivity to isoproterenol. J Clin Invest 1981; 67: 1777-84
172. Ahlborg B, Ahlborg G. Exercise leukocytosis with and without beta-adrenergic blockade. Acta Med Scand 1970; 187: 241-6
173. Steppich B, Dayyani F, Gruber R, et al. Selective mobilization of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes by exercise. Am J Physiol 2000; 279: C578-86
174. Maisel AS, Murray D, Lotz M, et al. Propranolol treatment affects parameters of human immunity. Immunopharmacol 1991; 22: 157-64
175. Gabriel H, Urhausen A, Brechtel L, et al. Alterations of regular and mature monocytes are distinct and dependent of intensity and duration of exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1994; 69: 179-81
176. Frankenberger M, Sternsdorf T, Pechumer H, et al. Differential cytokine expression in human blood monocyte subpopulations: a polymerase chain reaction analysis. Blood 1996; 87: 373-7
177. Zeigler-Heitbrook HWL. Heterogeneity of human blood monocytes: the CD14+CD16+ subpopulation. Immunol Today 1996; 17: 424-8
178. Watson RS, Moriguchi S, Jackson JC, et al. Modification of cellular immune function in humans by endurance exercise training during β-adrenergic blockade with atenolol or propranolol. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1986; 18: 95-100
179. Kuhlwein EC, Irwin MR, Ziegler MG, et al. Propranolol affects stress-induced leukocytosis and cellular adhesion molecule expression. Eur J Appl Physiol 2001; 86: 135-41
180. Mills PJ, Rehman J, Ziegler MG, et al. Nonselective beta blockade attenuates the recruitment of CD62L(-) T lymphocytes. Eur J Appl Physiol 1999; 79: 531-4
181. Price TH, Ochs HD, Gershoni-Baruch R, et al. In vivo neutrophil and lymphocyte function studies in a patient with leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II. Blood 1994; 84: 1635-9
182. Tang ML, Steeber DA, Zhang XQ, et al. Intrinsic differences in L-selectin expression levels affect T and B lymphocyte subset-specific recirculation pathways. J Immunol 1998; 160: 5113-21
183. Stewart IB, McKenzie DM. The human spleen during physiological stress. Sports Med 2002: 32: 361-9
184. Stewart IB, Warburton DE, Hodges ANH, et al. Splenic contraction, catecholamine release, and blood volume redistribution during exercise in man. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: S20
185. Nielsen HB, Secher NH, Kristensen JH, et al. Splenectomy impairs lymphocytosis during maximal exercise. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: R1847-52
186. Steel CM, French EB, Aitchison WR. Studies on adrenaline-induced leucocytosis in normal man: I. the role of the spleen and of the thoracic duct. Br J Haematol 1971; 21: 413-21
187. Bellinger DL, Ackerman KD, Felten SY, et al. A longitudinal study of age-related loss of noradrenergic nerves and lymphoid cells in the rat spleen. Exp Neurol 1992; 116: 295-311
188. Bulloch K, Radojcic T. Characterization of muscarinic acetyl choline and beta-adrenergic receptors on fresh and cloned immunocytes. In: Hadden JW,
189. Iversen PO, Arvesen BL, Benestad HB. No mandatory role for the spleen in the exercise-induced leucocytosis in man. Clin Sci 1994; 89: 505-10
190. Klokker M, Mohr T, Kjaer M, et al. The natural killer cell response to exercise in spinal cord injured individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol 1998; 79: 106-9
191. Athens JW, Haab OP, Raab SO, et al. Leukokinetic studies: IV. the total blood, circulating and marginal granulocyte pools and the granulocyte turnover rate in normal subjects. J Clin Invest 1961; 40: 989-95
192. Benschop RJ, Nijkamp FP, Ballieux RE, et al. The effects of β-adrenoceptor stimulation on adhesion of human natural killer cells to cultured endothelium. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 113: 1311-6
193. Boxer LA, Allen JM, Baehner RL. Diminished polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence: function dependent on release of cyclic AMP by endothelial cells after stimulation of β receptors by epinephrine. J Clin Invest 1980; 66: 268-74
194. Rainer TH, Lam N, Cocks RA. Adrenaline upregulates monocyte L-selectin in vitro. Resuscitation 1999; 43: 47-55
195. Whiss PA, Andersson RG, Srinivas U. Modulation of P-selectin expression on isolated human platelets by an NO donor assessed by a novel ELISA application. J Immunol Methods 1997; 200: 135-43
196. Sung CP, Arleth AJ, Storer B, et al. Modulation of U937 cell adhesion to vascular endothelial cells by cyclic AMP. Life Sci 1991; 49: 375-82
197. Ballestas ME, Benveniste EN. Elevation of cyclic AMP levels in astrocytes antagonizes cytokine-induced adhesion molecule expression. J Neurochem 1997; 69: 1438-48
198. Demerath E, Towne B, Blangero J, et al. The relationship of soluble ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin and E-selectin to cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy men and women. Ann Hum Biol 2001; 28: 664-78
199. Mehta A, Yang B, Khan S, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoproteins facilitate leukocyte adhesion to aortic intima without affecting endothelium-dependent relaxation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995; 15: 2076-83
200. Chen LY, Nichols WW, Hendricks JB, et al. Monoclonal antibody to P-selectin (PB13) protects against myocardial reperfusion injury in the dog. Cardiovasc Res 1994; 28: 1414-22
201. Weyrich AS, Ma XY, Lefer DJ, et al. In vivo neutralization of P-selectin protects feline heart and endothelium in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 2620-9
202. Lehr HA, Krober M, Hubner C, et al. Stimulation of leukocyte/endothelium interaction by oxidized low-density lipoprotein in hairless mice: involvement of CD11b/CD18 adhesion receptor complex. Lab Invest 1993; 68: 388-95
203. Lehr HA, Olofsson AM, Carew TA, et al. P-selectin mediates the interaction of circulating leukocytes with platelets and microvascular endothelium in response to oxidized lipoprotein in vivo. Lab Invest 1994; 71: 380-6
204. Bath PMW, Hassall DG, Gladwin A-M, et al. Nitric oxide and prostacyclin: divergence of inhibitory effects on monocyte chemotaxis and adhesion to endothelium in vitro. Arterioscler Thromb 1991; 11: 254-60
205. Liao LX, Granger DN. Modulation of oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced microvascular dysfunction by nitric oxide. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: H1643-50
206. Kurose I, Wolf R, Grisham MB, et al. Modulation of ischemia-reperfusion microvascular dysfunction by nitric oxide. Circ Res 1994; 74: 376-82
207. Furman MI, Benoit SE, Barnard MR, et al. Increased platelet reactivity and circulating monocyte-platelet aggregates in patients with stable coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: 352-8
208. Sluiter W, Pietersma A, Lamers JM, et al. Leukocyte adhesion molecules on the vascular endothelium: their role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, and the mechanisms underlying their expression. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993; 22 Suppl. 4: S37-44
209. Siminiak T, Smielecki J, Dye JF, et al. Increased release of the soluble form of the adhesion molecules L-selectin and ICAM-1 but not E-selectin during attacks of angina. Heart Vessels 1998; 13: 189-94
210. Ikeda H, Takajo Y, Ichiki K, et al. Increased soluble form of P-selectin in patients with unstable angina. Circulation 1995; 92: 1693-6
211. Meisel SR, Shapiro H, Radnay J, et al. Increased expression of neutrophil and monocyte adhesion molecules LFA-1 and Mac-1 and their ligand ICAM-1 and VLA-4 throughout the acute phase of myocardial infarction: possible implications for leukocyte aggregation and microvascular plugging. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: 120-5
212. Ciuffetti G, Paltriccia R, Lombardini R, et al. Treating peripheral arterial occlusive disease: pentoxifylline vs exercise. Int Angiol 1994; 13: 33-9
213. Signorelli SS, Malaponte G, Di Pino L, et al. Effects of ischaemic stress on leukocyte activation processes in patients with chronic peripheral occlusive arterial disease: role of L-propionyl carnitine administration. Pharmacol Res 2001; 44: 305-9
214. Brevetti G, De Caterina M, Martone VD, et al. Exercise increases soluble adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in patients with intermittent claudication. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2001; 24: 193-9
215. Ciuffett G, Lombardini R, Paltriccia R, et al. Human leucocyte-endothelial interactions in peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Eur J Clin Invest 1994; 24: 65-8
216. Nawaz S, Walker RD, Wilkinson CH, et al. The inflammatory response to upper and lower limb exercise and the effects of exercise training in patients with claudication. J Vasc Surg 2001; 33: 392-9
217. Arioso E, Minuz P, Prior M, et al. Vascular adhesion molecule-1 and markers of platelet function before and after a treatment with iloprost or a supervised exercise program in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Life Sci 2001; 69: 421-33
218. Adamopoulos S, Parissis J, Kroupis C, et al. Physical training reduces peripheral markers of inflammation in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 791-7
219. Nieman DC. Exercise and resistance to infection. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1998; 76: 573-80
220. Brenner IKM, Shek PN, Shephard RJ. Infection in athletes. Sports Med 1994; 17: 86-107
221. Shephard RJ, Shek PN. Exercise, immunity, and susceptibility to infection. Phys Sportsmed 1999; 27 (6): 47-71
222. Baum M, Liesen H, Enneper J. Leukocytes, lymphocytes, activation and cell adhesion molecules in middle-distance runners under different training conditions. Int J Sports Med 1994; 15: S122-6
223. Rundell KW, Wilber RL, Lemanske RF. Exercise-induced asthma: pathophysiology and treatment. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics Publishers, 2002
224. Bottomly K. A functional dichotomy in CD4+ T lymphocytes. Immunol Today 1988; 9: 268-74
225. Sfikakis PP, Charalambopoulos D, Vaiopoulos G, et al. Circulating P- and L-selectin and T-lymphocyte activation and patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Clin Rheumatol 1999; 18: 28-32
226. Ardehali A, Laks H, Drinkwater DC, et al. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 is induced on vascular endothelium and medial smooth muscle cells in experimental cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Circulation 1995; 92: 450-6
227. Harrison PC, Madweed JB. Anti-LFA-1 alpha reduces the dose of cyclosporin A needed to produce immunosuppression in heterotopic cardiac transplanted rats. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999; 18: 279-84
228. Hoffman-Goetz L, MacNeil B, Arumugam Y. Tissue distribution of radiolabelled tumor cells in wheel exercised and sedentary mice. Int J Sports Med 1993; 15: 249-53
229. Shephard RJ, Futcher R. Physical activity and cancer: how may protection be maximized? Crit Rev Oncog 1997; 8: 219-72
230. Gabriel H, Schmitt B, Urhausen A, et al. Adhäsions-molekül LFA-1 auf der Zelloberfläche von Lymphozytensubpopulationen während und nach akuter körperlicher Belastung (Adhesion molecule LFA-1 on the cell surface of lymphocyte subpopulations during and after body work). Dtsche Z Sportmed 1993; 44: 436-40