Radicaux libres et anti-oxydants : Physiologie, pathologie humaine et aspects thérapeutiques (Ilème partie)

Therapie

Volumn 53, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 315-339

  Sahnoun, Z ^a   Jamoussi, K ^a   Zeghal, K M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SFAX   (Tunisia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOCHROME P450; FREE RADICAL; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; LEUKOTRIENE; NITRIC OXIDE; PARAQUAT; PROSTAGLANDIN; RADICAL; THROMBOXANE;

AGING; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARCINOGENESIS; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; PATHOLOGY; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PHOTODYNAMICS; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; DISEASE; FREE RADICALS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; NF-KAPPA B; PHAGOCYTES;

EID: 0032430638     PISSN: 00405957     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (183)

1. Armstrong RN. Enzyme-cataly/ed detoxication reactions: mechanisms and stereochemistry. CRC Cril Rev in Biochem 1987; 22: 39-88.
2. Guengerich FP. Cytochromes P-450. Comp Biochem Physiol 1988; 89C: 1-5.
3. Sahnonn Z, Jammoussi K, Zeghal KM. Radicaux libres et anti-oxydants: physiologie, pathologie humaine et aspects thérapeutiques-Chapitre 1: Notions fondamentales sur les radicaux libres et méthodes d'exploration. Thérapie 1997; 52: 251-270.
4. Bechtel P, Testa B. Biotransfbrmation des médicaments : voies biomoléculaires et pharmacologie clinique. In: Giroud JP, Mahté G, Meyniel G el ni. Pharmacologie clinique: hases de la thérapeutique, 2édition. Expansion scientifique française, 1988: 25-55.
5. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, Second edn. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1989.
6. Crastes de Faulet A. Les acides gras essentiels: deux chefs de famille nombreuse où brillent quelques fortes personnalités. Revue de Nutrition Pratique 1993; ncial Mars: 20-24.
7. Van Der Vliet A, Bast A. Effect of oxidative stress on receptors and signal transmission. Chem Biol Interactions 1992; 85: 95-116.
8. Hemler ME, Eands WEM. Evidence for a peroxideinitiated free radical mechanism of prostaglandin biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 1980; 255: 6253-6261.
9. Schreiber J, Eling TE, Mason RP. The oxidation of arachidonic acid by the cyclooxygenase activity of purified prostaglandin H synthase: spin trapping of a carbon-centered free radical intermediate. Arch Riochfm Biophys 1986; 249: 126-136.
10. Ciba foundation symposium 146. Photosensitizing compounds: their chemistry, biology and clinical use. Chichester: Wiley, 1989.
11. 1. Elsmei EF. Oxygen radicals-biochemical basis for their efficacy. Klin Wochetisflir 1991: ft): 949-956.
12. Win row VR, Winyard PG, Morris GJ, Blake DR. Free radicals in inflammation: second messengers and mediators of tissue destruction. Br Med Bull 1993; 49: 506-522.
13. Lopez-Farro A, Caramelo C, Estehan A el aL Effects of aspirine on platelet-nentophil interactions. Rôle of nitric oxide and endothelinel. Circulation 1995; 91 (7): 2080-2088.
14. Babior MB. Oxygen-dependent mrcrobial killing by phagocytes. I. N EnglJ Med 1978; 298: 659-668.
15. Vlessis AA, Bartos D, Muller P, Trunkey DD. Role of reactive O2 in phagocyte-induced hypertnetabolism. J Appl Physiol 1995; 78: 112- 116.
16. Demaurex N, Schrenzel J, Jaconi ME et ai. Proton channels, plasma membrane potential, and respiratory burst in human nentrophils. fair J Haematol 1993; 51: 309-312.
17. Nielsen H, Birkholz S, Andersen LP. Moran AP. Netitrophil activation by Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharides. J Infer Dis 1994; 170: 135 - 139.
18. Wenisch O, Graninger W. Are soluble factors relevant for polymorphonuclear leukocyte dysregulation in septicemia? AADE Ed J 1995; 2: 241-245.
19. Blake DR, Flail ND, Bacon PA et al. Effect of specific iron dictating agent on animal models of inflammation. Ann Rheum Dis 1983; 42: 89-93.
20. Beckman JS, Beckman TW, Wien J H al. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and Superoxide. Pror Natl Acrid Sri USA 1990; 87: 1620-1624.
21. Royall JA, Kooy NW, Beckman JS. Nitric oxide-related oxidants in acute lung injury. New Horiz 1995; 3: 113-122.
22. Pfister HW, Fontana A, Täuber MG el ai Mechanisms of brain injury in bacterial meningitis: Workshop Summaty. Clin Infer Diseases 1994; 19: 463-479.
23. Fulbert (G, Cals MJ. Les radicaux libres en biologie clinique: origine, rôle pathogène et moyens de defence. Path Rial 1992; 40: 66-77.
24. Grisharn MB. Oxidants and free radicals in inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1994; 344: 859-861.
25. Weiss SJ, Lampert MB, Test ST. Long-lived oxidants generated by human neutrophils: chracteri/ation and bioactrvity. Science 1983; 222: 625-628.
26. Weitzman SA, Gordon LI. Inflammation and cancerrole of phagocyte-generated oxrdant in carcrnogenesis. Blood 1990; 76: 655-663.
27. Borel JP, Monboisse JC, Bellon G. Inflammation, collagène et radicaux libres oxygénés. Médecine/Sciences 1988:4:304-310.
28. C:ordier JF. Oxidant-antioxidant balance. Bull EUT Physiopathol Resp 1987; 23: 273-274.
29. Klegeris A, McGeer PL. Rat brain microglia and peritoneal macrophages show similar responses to respiratory burst stimulants. J Neuro Immunuol 1994; 53: 88-90.
30. Wu KK. Sanduja R, Tsai AI et al. Aspirine inhibits interleukinel induced prostaglandin H synthase expression in cultured endothelial relis, Proc Natl Acad Sci1991; 88: 2384-2387.
31. Hacfncr N. Cavaillon JM. Cytokines et inflammation. In: Cavaillon Les CytokinesEdition Masson, 1993: 341-358.
32. Aved K. Aspirine et système immunitaire. Maghreb Mnliffil (numéro hors série) 1996: 3-6.
33. Nakamura A, Kohsako T, ]in D, Kobayashi N. Influence of glvcocorticoid, aspirin and gamma-globulin on interleukin-6 production in hepafonia all line. Immunopharmacology 1992: 24: 3l -36.
34. Bockaert J. No un messager de l'environnement svnaptique. Regard un la Biochimie 1993; 4: 20-32.
35. Anggard Erik. Nitric oxide: mediator, murderer, and medicine. Lancet 1994: 343: 1199-1206.
36. Emchgou RF. /awad/ki |\'. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in die relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetvlcboline. Nature 1980; 288: 373-376.
37. Moncada S. Palmer RM], Higgs EA. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Phannncol KIT 1991Ï43 (2): 109-142.
38. Panza JA, Quvvumi AA, Brush JE, Epstein SE. Abnormal endothelium dependent relaxation in patients with essential hypertension. Xnn Kngl J Med 1990: 323: 22-27.
39. Chin JH, Azhar S, Hoffman BB. Inactivation of'EDRF by oxidi/ed lipoprotiens. J Clin Invent 1992; 89: 10-18.
40. Minor RE. Mvers PR, Guerra R et al. Diet-induced atherosclerosis increases the release of NO from rabbit aorta, J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 2109-2116.
41. Mugge A, Ehvell JH, Peterson TE et al. Chronic treatment with polv-ethvlene-glycolated Superoxide dismiitase partially restores cndothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Ore Res 1991; 69: 1293-1300.
42. Knowles RC, Pahu ios M. Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. Formation of nitric oxide from E-arginine in the central nervous svstem: a transduction mechanism for stimulation of the soluble guanylate cvclase. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1989: 86: 5159-5162.
43. Blaekwell TS. Blackwell TR. Holdtn EP et al. In vivo antioxidam treatment suppresses nuclear factor-/cB activation and neutrophilir lung inflammation. J Immunology 1996 1630-1637.
44. Baeuerle PA. The inducible transcription activator NFkB: Regulation b\ distinct protein subunits. Biochem Biophys Acta 1991; 1072: 63-80.
45. Baeuerle PA, Henkel T. Function and activation of NF;cB in the immune svstem. AH» Rev Immunol 1994; 12: 141-179.
46. Tliauos I), Maniatis T. NF-KB: a lesson in family values. Cell 1995; SO: 529-532.
47. O'Sulivaii MG, Muggins EMJ, Mcade EA el al. Lipopolysaccharide induces prostaglandin H synthase-2 in alveolar macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1992; 187: 1123-1127.
48. (TSulivan MG, Ghilton FH, Muggins EM], Mcade EA. Lipopolysaccharide priming of alveolar macrophages for enhanced synthesis of prostanoids involves induction of a novel prostaglandin H synthase. J Biol C.hem 1992; 267; 14547-14550.'
49. Croford IJ, Tan B, McCarthy GJ, HLA T. Involvement of nuclear factor kB in the regulation cyclooxygenase-2 expression by imerleukin-1 in rheumatoid synoviocytes. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40 (2): 226-236.
50. Schmedtje JF, Ji YS, Liu Wl el al, Hypoxia induces cyclooxygenase-2 via the NF-kappaB p65 transcription factor in human vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1997, 272 (1): 601-608.
51. Eowenstein CJ, Alley EW, Raval P et al Macrophage nitric oxide synthase gene: two upstream regions mediate induction by Interferon y and lipopolysaccharide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1993; 90: 97.30-9734.
52. Xie QW, Kashiwabara Y, Nathan C. Role of transcription factor NF-Kappa B/Rel in induction of nitric oxide synthase. J Biol C.hem 1994; 269 (7): 4705-4708.
53. Baeuerle PA, Baltimore D. IkB: A specific inhibitor of the NF-ivB transcription factor. Seience 1988; 242: 540-540.
54. Sun YI, Oberley EW. Redox regulation of transcriptional activators.' Free Radie Biol Med 1996; 21 (3): 335348.
55. Henkel T, Machleidt T, Alkalay I el al. Rapid proteolysis of IfcB is necessary for activation of transcription factor NF-/V-B. Nature 1993; 365: 182-185.
56. Hayashi T, Sekine T, Okomato T. Identification of new serine kinase that activates NF-kB by direct phophorylation. J Biol C.hem 1993; 268: 26790-26795.
57. Nanmann M, Scheidereit C. Activation of the NF-K'B in vivo is regulated by multiple phophorylations. Kmtm J 1994; 13: 4597-4607.
58. Donald R, Ballard DW, Hawiger J. Proteolytic processing of NF-R'B/lK'B in human monocytes. J Biol C.hem 1995: 270 (1): 9-12.
59. Schreck R, Baeuerle PA. A role for oxygen radicals as second messengers. Trends Cell Biol 1991; 1: 39-42.
60. Brennan P. O'Neill LAJ. Effects of oxidants and antioxidants on nuclear factor kB activation in three different cell lines: evidence against a universal hypothesis involving oxygen radicals. Biochem Biophtx Acta 1995; 1260: 167-175.
61. Schreck R, Rieber P, Baeuerle PA. Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-icB transcription factor and HIV1. Embo J: 1991; 10: 2247-2258.
62. M eye r M, Schreck R, Baeuerle PA. HL,OL, and antioxidaiiLs have opposite effects on activation of NFK'B and AP-1 in intact cells: AP-1 as secondary antioxidant-respective factor. Embo J 1993; 12: 2005-2015.
63. Halliwell B. Free radicals and amioxidants: a personal view. Mutr Revint« 1994; 1: 253-265.
64. Barber DA. Harris SR. Oxygen tree radicals and antioxidanls: a review. Am Pharm 1994; NS34: 26-35.
65. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a pcrspective for the 1990s. Mature 1993; 3(0; 801 -809.
66. Chapman MJ. La lipoprotéine L.P(a), une nouvellelipoprotéine athérogène. Revue de Nutrition Pratique (Special Lipides) 1993; n spécial Mars; 3-6.
67. Lawn RM, Berg K. In: Scann AM, moderator. Lipoprotein(a) and atherosclerosis. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115; 209-218.
68. Witztum JL. The oxydation hypothesis of atherosclerosis. Lancet 1994; 344: 793-795.
69. Esterbauer H, Gebicki J, Puhl H, Jürgens G. The role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in oxidative modification of LDL. Free Radie Biol Med 1992; 13; 341-390.
70. Kayden HJ, Trader MG. Absorption, lipoprotein transport and regulation of plasma concentrations of vitamin E in humans. J Lip Res 1993; 34: 343-358.
71. Esterbauer H, Wäg G, Puhl H. Lipid peroxidation and its role in atherosclerosis. Bi Med Bull 1993; 49: 566-576.
72. Hoff HF, O'Neil J. Structural and functional changes in LDL after modification with both 4-hydroxynonenal and malonaldehyde, J Lifnd Res 1993; 34: 1209-1217.
73. Salonen JK, Yla-Herttnala S, Yamamoto R el al. Antibody against oxidised LDL and progression of carotid atherosclerosis. Laneel 1992; 339: 883-887.
74. Steinberg D & workshop participants. Antioxidants in the prevention of human atherosclerosis. Summary of the proceedings of a national heart, lung, and blood institute workshop: September 5-6, 1991, Bethesda, Maryland. Circulation 1992; 85: 2337-2344.
75. Tailleux A, Torpier G, Caron B el al. Iminunological properties of apoB-containing lipoprotein particles in human atherosclerotic arteries. J Lipid Res 1993; 34: 719-728.
76. Palinski W, Rosenfeld ME, Ylä-Herttuala S et al. Low density lipoprotein undergoes oxidative modification in vivo. Proc NatlAcad Sei 1989; 86: 1372- 1376.
77. Parthasarathy S, Young SG, Witztum JL et ai Probucol inhibits oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. J Clin Invest 1986; 77: 641-644.
78. Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, et al. Beyond cholesterol modifications of low density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl ] Med 1989; 320: 915-924.
79. Steinberg D. Antioxidants and atherosclerosis. Circulation 1991; 84: 1420-1425.
80. Schwartz CJ, Valente AJ, Sprague EA. A modern view of atherogenesis. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71: 9B-14B.
81. Henriksen T, Mahoney EM, Steinberg D. Enhanced macrophage degradation of low density lipoprotein previously incubated with cultured endothelial cells: recognition by receptors for acetylated low density lipoproteins. Pnc NallAcad Sri USA 1981; 78: 6499-6503.
82. L!. Aviram M, Rosenblat M. Macrophage-mediated oxidation öl extracellular low density lipoprotein requires an initial binding of the lipoprotein to its receptor. J Liftitl Res 1994; 35: 385-398.
83. Sluiler VV, Pietersma A, LamersJM, Koster JF. Leukocyte adhesion molecules on the vascular endothelium: their role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease: and the mechanisms underlying their expression. J Cardiftwisc Phtmnarol 1993; 22 (Su'ppl 4P): S37-44.
84. Quinn MT, Parthasarathy S, Sleinberg D. F.ndothelial cell-derived chemotactic activity for mouse peritoneal macrophages and the effects of modified forms of low density lipoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 1985; 82: 5949-5953.
85. Liao FA, Andalibi A, Debeer FC et al. Genetic control of inflammatory gene induction and NF-kB-like transcription factor activation in response to an atherogenic diet in mice. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 2572-2579.
86. Collins T. Endothelial nuclear factor-KB and the initiation of the atherosclerotic lesion. Lab Invest 1993; 68: 499-508.
87. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis-an update. MKngJ Mud 1986;314: 488-500.
88. Thomas CE, Jackson RL, Ohlweiler DF, Ku Ci. Multiple lipiri oxidation products in low density lipoproteins induce interleukin-1 beta release, from human blood mononnclear cells. J Lipid Res 1994; 35: 417-427.
89. DurieJ. P, Fruchart J.C. Vitamine E, athérosclérose. Méd Nut 1993; XXIX: 17-19.
90. Üieber-Rothender M, Pnhl H, Waeg G et al. Effect of oral supplementation with d-alpha-tocopherol on the vitamin E content of human low density lipoprotein and resistance to oxidation. JLipiri lies 1991; 32: 1325- 1332.
91. Parthasarathy S, Khoo JC, Miller E el at. Low density lipoprotein rich in oleic acid is protected against oxidative modification: Implication for dietary prevention of atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Arad Sri USA 1990; 87: 3894-3898.
92. Cerutti PA. Oxy-radicals and cancer. Lancet 1994; 344: 862-863.
93. Guyton KZ, Kensler TW. Oxidative mechanisms in carcinogenesis. Br Med Bull 1993; 49: 523-544.
94. Cerutti PA. Response modification creates promotability in multistage carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 1988; 9: 519-526.
95. Fenn WO, Gerschman R, Gilbert DL et al. Mutagenic effects of high oxygen tension on Escherichia coli. Proc NfitlAcnd Sri LX4 1957; 43: 1027-1032.
96. Breimer LH. Molecular mechanisms of oxygen radical carcinogenesis and mutagenesis: the role of DNA hase damage. Mol Cardnog 1990; 3: 188-197.
97. Halliwell B, Aruoma OI. DNA damage by oxygen-derived species: its mechanism and measurement in mammalian system. fEBS Lett 1991; 281: 9-19.
98. Nicotera P, Bellomo G, Orrenius S. The role of Caa in cell killing. Chem Res Toxicol 1990; 3: 484-494.
99. Aruoma OI, Halliwell B, Gajewski E, Di/daroglu M. Copper-ion-dependent damage to the bases in DNA in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Biochem J 1991; 273: 601-604
100. Tkcshclashivili LK, McBride T, Spence K, Loeb LA. Mutation spectrum of copper-induced DNA damage. J Hint Chi-rn 1991; 206: 6401 -6406.
101. Prutz WA, Butler J, Land EJ. Interaction of copper (I) with nucleic acid -Int J Rad Biol 1990; 58: 215-234.
102. Pezzano H, Podo F. Structure of binary complexes of mono- and polynucleotides with metal ions of the first transition group. Chem Rev 1980; 80: 365-399.
103. Aruoma OI, Halliwell B, Dizdaruglu M. Irou-ion-dependent modification of bases in DNA by the Superoxide radical-generating system hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase.J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 13024-13028.
104. Dizdaruglu M. Chemical determination of oxydative DNA damage by gas chromatography-mass spectroinetry. Methods Enzymol 1994; 234:' 3- 16.
105. Shigenaga MK, Aboujaouade EN, Chen Q, Ames BN. Assays of oxidative DNA damage biomarkers 8-oxo-2'deoxyguanosine and 8-oxoguanine in nuclear DNA and biological fluid by high-performance liquid Chromatograph) with electrochemichal detection. Methods Enzvmol '1994; 234: 16-17.
106. Kouchakdjian M, Bodepudi V, Shibutani S et al. NMR structural studies of the ionizing radiation adduct 7-hydro8-oxodeoxyguanosine (8-oxo-7H-dG) opposite deoxyadenosinc in a DNA duplex. 8-oxo-7H-dG(Syn)-dA(anti) alignement at lesion site, Biochem 1991; 30: 1403- 1412.
107. Cerutti PA. Prooxidant states and tumor promotion. Scitwe 1985; 227: 375-381.
108. Witz G. Active oxygen species as factors in multistage carcinogenesis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1991; 198: 675-682.
109. Battalora MS, Kruszewski FH, DigiovanniJ. Inhibition of cliiyarobiu skin minor promotion in senar mice by antioxidaut. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14: 2507-2512.
110. Herschman HR. Primary response genes induced by growth factors and tumor promoters. Annu Rn> Biochem 1991; 60: 281-319.
111. Abate C, Patel L, Rauscher IFJ, Currant T. Redox regulation of /as and jun DNA-binding activity in vitro. Srience 1990; 249: 1157-1161.
112. Kumar S, Rabson AB, Galinas C. The RxxRxRxxC motif conserved in all RelA'B proteins is essential for the DNA-binding activity and redox regulation of v-Rel oncoprotein. Mol Cell Riol 1992; 12: 3094-3106.
113. Harnian AW. Maxwell MJ. An evaluation of the role of calcium in cell injury. Annu Rev Phannarol Toxicol 1995; 35: 129- 144.
114. Larsson R, Cerutti P. Oxidants induce phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6. JRiolChem 1988; 263: 17452-17458.
115. Alessi C, Smythe C, Kevse S. The human CL 100 gene encodes tyr/thr protein phosphatase which potently and specifically inactivates MAP kinase and suppresses its activation by oncogenic ras in Xenopus oocyte extracts. Oitroff-ne 1993; 8: 2015-2020.
116. De va n Y, Gottlieh R, Smeal T, Karin M. The mammalian ultraviolet response is triggered by activation of src tvrosine kinase. Cell 1992; 71: 1081 -'l091.
117. Fornace A, Nebert D, Hollander Ch el til. Mammalian genes coordinate!}' regulated by growth arrest signals and DNA damaging agents. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9: 190-203.
118. O'Connell JF, Klein-Szanto AJP, DiGiovanni DM H al. Enhanced malignant progression of mouse skin tumors by the free radical generator benzoyl peroxide. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 2863-2865.
119. Barnelt YA. Nutrition and the aging process, Br J Biomed Sri 1994; 51: 278-287.
120. Crastes de Faulet A. Radicaux libres et vieillissement. Ann Bio! Clin 1990; 48: 323-330.
121. Hayflick L. The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid strains. Kxp Cell Res 1965; 37: 614-636.
122. Jadot G. Antioxydants et vieillissement. Paris: ed. John Libbey Eurotext, 1994.
123. Harman D. In: Emerit I, Chance B. Free Radical Theory of Aging: History. Free Radicals and Aging. Basel/Swilzerland: Birkhauser Verlag, 1992.
124. Harman D. Aging: prospects for further increases in the functional life span. Age 1994; 17: 119-146.
125. KedozloraJ, Bartosz G. Down's syndrome: a pathology involving the lack of balance of reactive oxygen species. Free Radie Biol Med 1988; 4: 317-330.
126. Poubelle P, Chaintreuil J, Bensadoun VVJ et al. Plasma lipoperoxides and aging: critical assessment of the measurement of lipoperoxides and malondialdehvde. Bwmedicine 1982; 36: 164-166.
127. Takeuchi N, Tanaka F, Katayama Y et id. Effects of ytocopherol on thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in serum and hepatic subcellular organelles in lipid metabolism. Kxp Gerontol 1976; 11: 179-185.
128. Yagi K, Yoshino K, Komura S et al Lipid peroxid levels in the senescence-accelerated mouse. J Clin Kiochem Nutr 1988:5:21-27.
129. Stadtman ER. Protein oxydation and aging. Science 1992; 257: 1220-1223.
130. Pacific! RE, Davies KJA. Protein, lipid and DNA repair systems in oxydative stress: the free radical theory of aging revisited. Gerontol 1991; 37: 166- 180.
131. Dean RT, Gebicki J, Gieseg S et al. Hypothesis: A damaging role in aging for reactive protein oxidation products? Mutation Research 1992.
132. I.uft R. The development of mitochondria! medicine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 8731-8738.
133. Richter G, Park JW, Ames BN. Normal oxidative damage to mitochondria! and nuclear DNA is extensive. Proc NAtl Acad Sci USA 1990; 44: 143-150.
134. Salgauik RI, Shabalina IG, Solovyova NA et al. Impairment of respirator)' functions in mitochondria of rats with an inherited hyperproduction of free radicals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 205: 180- 185.
135. Nohl H. Demonstration of the existence of an organospecific NADPH dehydrogenase in heart mitochondria. Eur J Biochem 1987; 169: 585-591.
136. Nohl H. Involvment of free radicals in aging: a consequence or cause ol senescence,Br Med Bull 1993; 49: 653-667.
137. (killer RG. Antioxydants and aging. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 373s-379s.
138. Cand F, Verdetti J. Superoxide-disniutasc, glutathione peroxydase, ratalase, and lipid peroxidation in the major organs of the aging rats. Free Radie Biol Me.d 1989; 7: 59-63.
139. Cutler RG. Peroxide-producing potential of tissue: inverse correlation with longevity of mammalian species. Pror NatlAcad Sei USA 1985; 82:'4798-4802.
140. Munkres KD, Rana RS, Goldstein E. Genetically determined conidal longevity is positively correlated with superoxyde dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, cytochrome c peroxidase and ascorbate free radical reductase activities in Neurospora crassa. Merit Ageing Dm 1984; 24: 83-100.
141. Dwyer S, Berrios A, Arking R. Extended longevity and enhanced antioxidant defenses in Drosophila. Gtrontol 1989; 291: 86a.
142. Orr WC, Sohal RS. Extension of life-span by overexpression of Superoxide dismutase and catalase in Drosophila melanogaster. Science 1994; 263: 1128-1130.
143. Yu BP, Masoro EJ, Murata EJ et al. Life span study of SPF Fischer 344 male rats fed ad libitum or restricted diets: Longevity, growth, lean body mass and disease. J Gerontol 1982; 37:130-141.
144. Rose MS, Smith LL, Wyatt I. Evidence for energydependant accumulation of paraquat in to rat lung. Nature 1974; 252: 314-315.
145. Lheureux P, Leduc D, Vanbinst R et al. Survival in a case of massive paraquat ingestion. Chest 1995. 107, 1: 285-289.
146. Smith P, Heath D. Paraquat. CRC Crû Rn> Taxied 1976; 4 (4): 411-445.
147. Bismuth C, Gamier R, Dally S et al. Prognosis and treatment of paraquat poisoning: a review of 28 cases. Clin Toxicol 1982; 5: 461-474.
148. Higenbottam T, Grome P, Parkinson C et al. Further clinical observations on the pulmonary effect of paraquat ingestion. Thorax 1979; 34: 161-165.
149. Hudson M, Patel SB, Even SW et al. Paraquat induced pulmonary fibrosis in three survivors. Thorax 1991; 46: 201-204.'
150. Vaziri ND, Ness RL, Fairshter RD et ai Nephrotoxicity of paraquat in man. Arch Intern Med 1979; 139: 172- 174.
151. Takegoshi K, Nakuma Y, Otha M et al. Light and electron microscopic study of the liver in paraquat poisoning. Liver 1988; 8: 330-336.
152. BusJS, Gibson JE. Paraquat: model for oxidant initiated toxicity. Environm Health Perspect 1984; 55: 37-46.
153. Heath D. Sniit.li P. The pathology of the lung in paraquat poisoning. In'. Autor AP. Biochemical Meclwiusim, of Paraquat Toxicology. New York: Academic Press. 1977: 39.
154. Smith LL. Rose MS. Biochemical change in lungs exposed to paraquat, In: Autor AP. Biochemical Mechanisms of Paraquat Toxicology. New York: Academic Press, 1977: 187.
155. Nordquist R, Nguyen H, PoyerJL, Carubelli R. The role of free radicals in paraquat-induced corneal lesions. Free Rad Res 1995; 23, (1): 61-71.
156. Bus [S, Aust SD, Gibson GE. Superoxide and singlet oxygen catalysed lipid peroxidation as a possible mechanism for paraquat (methyl viologen) loxidty. Biofhem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 58: 749-755.
157. Bus JS, Caten SZ, Olgaard M, Gibson JE. A mechanism of paraquat toxicity in mice and rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1976; 35: 501-513.
158. Raffin TA, Simon LM, Douglas WHJ et ni. The effect of variable O2 tension and of endogenous Superoxide dismutase on type 2 pneumocytes exposed to paraquat. Lab Invest 1980; 42: 205-216. '
159. Ogata T, Manabe S. Correlation between lipid peroxidation and morphological manifestation of paraquat induced-lung injury in rat. Arch Toxicol. 1990; 64: 7-13.
160. Hara S, Endo T, Kuriiwa F, Kano S. Different effect of paraquat on microsomal lipid peroxidation in mouse brain, lung and liver. Pharmacol Toxicol 1991; 68: 260-265.
161. Kitazawa Y, MaLsubara M, Takeyama N, Tanaka T. The role of xanthine oxidase in paraquat intoxication. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 288: 220-224.
162. Winterbourn CC. Production of hydroxyl radicals from paraquat radicals and H2O2. FEES Lett 1981; 128: 339-342.
163. Jarash ED, Grund C, Bruder G et al. Localisation of xanthine oxidase in mammary gland epithelium and capillary endothelium. Cell 1981; 25: 67-87.
164. Brigham KL. Oxidant stress adult respiratory distress syndrome. Eur RespirJ 1990; 11 (suppl): 482-484.
165. Grosso MA, Brown JM, Viders DE et ai Xanthine oxidasederived oxygen radicals induce pulmonary edema via direct endothelial cell injury. J Surg Res 1989; 46: 355-360.
166. Baker RR, Panus CP, Holm PC: et al. Endogenous xanthine oxidase-derived O2 metabolites inhibit surfactant metabolism. Amer J Physiol 1990; 259: L328-L334.
167. Rodell TC, Gheronis JG, Ohnemus GL et al. Xanthine oxidase midiates elastase-induced injury to isolated lungs and endothelium. J Appl Physiol 1987; 63: 2159-2163.
168. Terada LS, Beehler C], Guidot M et al. Hypoxia injury to endothelial cells by increasing endogenous xanthine oxidase activity. Proc Matl Acad USA 1992; 89: 3362-3366.
169. Pré J. La lipoperoxydation. Pathologie- biologie. 1991; 39 (7):'716-736.
170. Sakai M, Yamagami K, Kitazawa Y et cd. Xanthine oxidase mediates paraquat-induced toxicity on cultured endothelial cell. Phtmnticol Toxirvl 1995; 77: 36-40.
171. Wainmib ML. Terada I, S, Beehler CJ ei ul. Xanthine cixidase is increased and contributes to paraquatinduced acute hint; injury. J Appl Physiol 1990: 68: 1755-1757.
172. Lewis MS, VVhatlev RE, Cain P ft til. Hydrogen peroxide stimulates the synthesis platelet activating factor by endotheliuni ana1 induces endothelial cell-dependent neutrophil adhesion. J Clin Invest 1988; 82: 2045-2055.
173. Granger ON. Rôle ofxanthine oxidase and granulocytes in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol 1988; 255: H1269-H1275.
174. 71. Bjork J, Smedgard G. Acute microvascular effects of PAFAceter, as studied by intravital microscopy. Eur J Pharmacol 1983; 96: 87-91.
175. Autor AP. Reduction ol paraquat toxicity by Superoxide dismutase. Life Science 1974; 14: 1309-1319'.
176. 175. Wasserman B, Block ER. Prevention of acute paraquat toxicitv in rats bv Superoxide dismutase. Aviat Space Environ Med 1978: 49: 805-809.
177. Hsu KS, Lin-Shian SY. Antagonism by paniquai of the relaxing effects of acetylcholine and A23187 in rat thoracic aorta. Eur J Pharmitcol Environ Toxicol Pharmacol Section 1995; 292: 315-320.
178. Wolfgang GHI, Jolly RA, Petty TW. Diquat induced oxidative damage in hepatic microsomes: effects of antioxidants. Free Radii Rial 1991; 10: 403-411.
179. Blakeinan DP, Ryan TP, Jolly RA, Petrv TW. Diquatdependant protein carbonyl fonnation-identification of lipid dependent and lipid-independenl pathways. Riorhem Phannacol 1995; 50 (7): 929-935.
180. Stadtman ER. Metal ion-catalysed oxidation of proteins : Biochemical mechanism and biological consequences. Free Radic Biol Med 1990; 9: 315-325.
181. Esterbauer H, Zollner H. Methods for determination of aldehydic lipid peroxidation products, Free Rfirlir Rial Med 1989; 7: 197-203.
182. Zang LV, Van Kuijk FJGM, Misra HP. EPR studies of spintrapped free radicals in paraquat-treated lung microsomes. Riochetn Mol Riol Intern 1995; 37 (2): 255-262.
183. Joyce M. Ocular damage caused bv paraquat. Br J Ohth 1969; 53: 688-690.