Physiological and pathological angiogenesis in the endocrine system

Microscopy Research and Technique

Volumn 60, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 98-106

  Góth, Miklós I ^a   Hubina, Erika ^a   Raptis, Stefanos ^b   Nagy, György M ^b   Tóth, Béla E ^b  

^a NATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER   (Hungary)

^b SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Endocrine system; Pituitary tumors; Therapy; VEGF

Indexed keywords

AMINES; BLOOD VESSELS; DIAGNOSIS; EYE PROTECTION; HORMONES; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY;

ANGIOGENESIS; ANGIOGENIC FACTOR; ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS; FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT; MICROVESSELS; PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMATA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE; PITUITARY TUMOR; THERAPY; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR;

TUMORS;

ANGIOGENIC FACTOR; DEXAMETHASONE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; GLUCOCORTICOID; VASCULOTROPIN; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR;

ADRENAL GLAND; ANGIOGENESIS; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFECT; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; ENDOCRINE TUMOR; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; GENITAL SYSTEM; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS; HYPOPHYSIS ADENOMA; HYPOPHYSIS TUMOR; MICROVASCULATURE; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY); NONHUMAN; PAPILLARY CARCINOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROLACTINOMA; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SOLID TUMOR; THYROID GLAND; THYROID MEDULLARY CARCINOMA; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR GROWTH; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 0037221175     PISSN: 1059910X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10248     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Agrawal R, Conway G, Sladkevicius P, Tan SL, Engmann L, Payne N, Bekir J, Campbell S, Jacobs H. 1998. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor and doppler flow velocities in in vitro fertilization: Relevance to ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and polycystic ovaries. Fertil Steril 70:651-658.
2. Agrawal R, Conway G, Sladkevicius P, Payne N, Bekir J, Campbell S, Tan SL, Jacobs H. 1999. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the normal menstrual cycle: Association with changes in ovarian and uterine Doppler blood flow. Clin Endocrinol 50:101-106.
3. Asa SL, Kovacs K, Stefaneanu L, Horvath E, Billestrup N, Gonzalez-Manchon C, Vale W. 1990. Pituitary mammosomatotroph adenomas develop in old mice transgenic for growth hormone-releasing hormone. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 193:232-235.
4. Banerjee SK, Sarkar DK, Weston AP, De A, Campbell DR. 1997. Over expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor during the development of estrogen-induced rat pituitary tumors may mediate estrogen-initiated tumor angiogenesis. Carcinogenesis 18:1155-1161.
5. Banerjee SK, Zoubine MN, Sarkar DK, Weston AP, Shah JH, Campbell DR. 2000a. 2-Methoxyestradiol blocks estrogen induced rat pituitary tumor growth and tumor angiogenesis: Possible role of vascular endothelial growth factor. Anticancer Res 20:2641-2645.
6. Banerjee SK, Zoubine MN, Tran TM, Weston AP, Campbell DR. 2000b. Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor 164 and its co-receptor neuropilin-1 in estrogen induced rat pituitary tumors and GH3 rat pituitary. Int J Oncol 16:253-260.
7. Basu S, Nagy JA, Pal S, Vasile E, Eckelhoefer IA, Bliss S, Eleanor JM, Partha SD, Dvorak HF, Mukhopadhyay D. 2001. The neurotransmitter dopamine inhibits angiogenesis induced by vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor. Nat Med 7:569-574
8. Belletti B, Ferraro P, Arra C, Baldassarre G, Bruni P, Staibano S, De Rosa G, Salvatore G, Fusco A, Persico MG, Viglietto G. 1999. Modulation of in vivo growth of thyroid tumor derived cell lines by sense and antisense vascular endothelial growth factor gene. Oncogene 18:4860-4869.
9. Benjamin LE, Golijanin D, Itin A, Pode D, Keshet E. 1999. Selective ablation of immature blood vessels in established human tumors follows vascular endothelial growth factor withdrawal. J. Clin Invest 103:159-165.
10. Bigler SA, Deering RE, Brawer MK. 1993. Comparison of microscopic vascularity in benign and malignant prostate tissue. Hum Pathol 24:220-226.
11. Breier G, Albrecht U, Sterrer S, Risau W. 1992. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor during embryonic angiogenesis and endothelial cell differentiation. Development 114:521-532.
12. Bunone G, Vigneri P, Mariani L, Buto S, Collini P, Pilotti S Pierolti MA, Bongarzone I. 1999. Expression of angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors in human thyroid tumors and correlation with clinical pathological features. Am J Pathol 155:1967-1976.
13. Carmeliet P, Jain RK. 2000. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature 407:249-257.
14. Clapp C, Torner L, Gutirrez-Ospina G, Alcantara E, Lopez-Gomez FJ, Nagano M, Kelly PA, Mejia S, Morales MA, Martinez EG. 1994. The prolactin gene is expressed in the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system and the protein is processed into a 14-kDA fragment with the activity like 16-kDa prolactin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:10384-10388.
15. Clapp C, Lopez-Gomez FJ, Nava G, Corbacho A, Torner L, Macotela Y, Duenas Z, Ochoa A, Noris G, Acosta E, Garay E, Martinez EG. 1998. Expression of prolactin mRNA and of prolactin-like proteins in endothelial cells: Evidence for autocrine effects. J Endocrinol 158:137-144.
16. Davis S, Aldrich TH, Jones PF, Acheson A, Compton DL, Jain V, Ryan TE, Bruno J, Radziejewski C, Maisonpierre PC, Yancopoulos GD. 1996. Isolation of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the TIE2 receptor, by secretion-trap expression cloning. Cell 87:1161-1169.
17. Delgrande E, Trouillas J, Maiter D, Donckier J, Turnaire J. 1997. Sex-related difference in the growth of prolactinomas: A clinical and proliferation marker study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:2102-2107.
18. Ellis LM, Fidler IJ. 1995. Angiogenesis and breast cancer metastasis. Lancet 346:388-390.
19. Fajardo LF, Kwan HH, Kowalski J, Prionas SD, Allison AC. 1992. Dual role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in angiogenesis Am J Pathol 140:539-544.
20. Ferrara N, Davis-Smyth T. 1997. The biology of vascular endothelial growth factor. Endocr Rev 18:4-25.
21. Ferrara N, Henzel WJ. 1989. Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 161:851-858.
22. Ferrara N, Schweigerer I, Neufeld G, Mitchell R, Gospodarowicz D. 1987. Pituitary follicular cells produce basic fibroblast growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:5773-5777.
23. Folkman J. 1991. What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesis-dependent? J Natl Cancer Inst 82:4-6.
24. Folkman J, Klagsbrun M.1987. Angiogenic factors. Science 235:442-447.
25. Folkman J, Shing Y. 1992. Angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 267:10931-10934.
26. Fontanini G, Vignati S, Pacini F, Pollina L, Basolo F. 1996. Microvessel count: An indicator of poor outcome in medullary thyroid carcinoma but not in other types of thyroid carcinoma. Mod Pathol 9:636-641.
27. Fraser HM, Lunn SF. 2000. Angiogenesis and its control in the female reproductive system. Br Med Bull 56:787-797.
28. Fujimoto J, Sakaguchi H, Hirose R, Wen H, Tamaya T. 1999. Angiogenesis in endometriosis and angogenic factors. Gynecol Obstet Invest 48:14-20.
29. Fukumara D, Xavier R, Sugiura T, Chen Y, Park E, Lu N, Selig M, Nielsen G, Taksir T, Jain RJ, Seed B. 1998. Tumour induction of VEGF promoter activity in stromal cells. Cell 94:715-725.
30. Gale NW, Yancopoulos GD. 1999. Growth factors acting via endothelial cell-specific receptor tyrosine kinases: VEGFs, angiopoietins, and ephrins in vascular development. Genes Dev 13:1055-1066.
31. Gloddek J, Pagotto U, Paez Pereda M, Artz E, Stalla GK, Renner U. 1999. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, interleukin-6 and glucocorticoids regulate the release of vascular endothelial growth factor in pituitary folliculostellate cells. J Endocrinol 160:483-490.
32. Gospodarovicz D, Abraham JA, Schilling J. 1989. Isolation and characterization of the vascular endothelial cell mitogen produced by pituitary-derived folliculo-stellate cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:7311-7315.
33. Hama Y, Shimizu T, Hosaka S, Sugenoya A, Usuda N. 1997. Therapeutic efficacy of the angiogenesis inhibitor O-(chloroacetyl-carbamoyl) fumagillol (TNP 470: AGM-1470) for human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in nude mice. Exp Toxicol Pathol 49:239-247.
34. Hanahan D, Folkman J. 1996. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 86:353-364.
35. Heaney AP, Horwitz GA, Wang Z, Singson R, Melmed S. 1999. Early involvement of estrogen induced pituitary tumor transforming gene and fibroblast growth factor expression in prolactinoma pathogenesis. Nat Med 5:1317-1321.
36. Holash J, Maisonpierre PC, Compton D, Boland P, Alexander CR, Zagzag D, Yancopoulos GD, Wiegand SJ. 1999. Vessel cooption, regression, and growth in tumors mediated by angiopoietins and VEGF. Science 284:1994-1998.
37. Horak ER, Leek R, Klenk N, Lejeune S, Smith K, Stuart M, Greenall M, Harris A. 1992. Quantitative angiogenesis assessed by antiPECAM antibodies: Correlation with node metastasis and survival in breast cancer. Lancet 340:1120-1124.
38. Jabbour HN, Boddy SC, Lincoln GA. 1997. Flt-1 in the ovine pituitary gland: Expression is independent of hypothalamic control. Mol Cell Endocrinol 134:91-100.
39. Jugenburg M., Kovacs K, Stefaneanu L, Scheithauer BW. 1995. Vasculature in nontumorous hypophyses, pituitary adenomas and carcinomas: A quantitative morphologic study. Endocr Pathol 6:115-124.
40. Kim KJ, Li B, Winer J, Armanini M, Gillett N, Phillips HS, Ferrara N. 1993. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Nature 362:841-844.
41. Klagsbrun M, D'Amore PA. 1991. Regulators of angiogenesis. Annu Rev Physiol 53:217-239.
42. Klein M, Picard E, Vignaud JM, Marie B, Bresler L, Toussaint B, Weryha G, Duprez A, Leclere J. 1999. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene and protein: Strong expression in thyroiditis and thyroid carcinoma. J Endocrinol 161:41-49.
43. Koblizek TI, Weiss C, Yancopoulos GD, Deutsch U, Risau W. 1998. Angiopoietin-1 induces sprouting angiogenesis in vitro. Curr Biol 8:529-532.
44. Kolomecki K, Stepien H, Bartos M, Kuzdak K. 2001. Usefulness of VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-3 and TIMP-2 serum level evaluation in patients with adrenal tumours. Endocr Regul 35:9-16.
45. Licht P, Neuwinger J, Fischer O, Siebzehnrubl E, Wildt L. 2001. Peripheral levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are higher in gonadotropin stimulated as compared to natural ovarian cycles. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 109:345-349.
46. Liu Q, Djuricin G, Staren ED, Gattuso P, Gould VE, Shen J, Saclarides T, Rubin DB, Prinz RA. 1996. Tumor angiogenesis in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Surgery 120:938-942.
47. Lohrer P, Gloddek J, Hopfner U, Losa M, Uhl E, Pagotto U, Stalla KG, Renner U. 2001. Vascular endothelial growth factor production and regulation in rodent and human pituitary tumor cells in vitro. Neuroendocrinology 74:95-105.
48. Macchiarini P, Fontanini G, Hardin MJ, Squartini F, Angeletti CA. 1992. Relation of neovascularization to metastasis of non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lancet 340:145-146.
49. Maisonpierre PC, Suri C, Jones PF, Bartunkova S, Wiegand SJ, Radziejewski C, Compton D, McClain J, Aldrich TH, Papadopoulos N, Daly TJ, Davis S, Sato TN, Yancopoulos GD. 1997. Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis. Science 277:55-60.
50. Maniotis AJ, Folberg R, Hess A, Seftor EA, Gardner LM, Pe'er J, Trent JM, Meltzer PS, Hendrix MJ. 1999. Vascular channel formation by human melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro: Vasculogenic mimicry. Am J Pathol 155:739-752.
51. Marin F, Kovacs K, Stefaneau L, Horvath E, Cheng Z. 1992. S-100 protein immunopositivity in human nontumorous hypophyses and pituitary adenomas. Endocr Pathol 3:28-38.
52. Mesiano S, Ferrara N, Jaffe RB. 1998. Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in ovarian cancer: Inhibition of ascites formation by immunoneutralization. Am J Pathol 153:1249-1256.
53. Miele C, Rochford JJ, Filippa N, Giorgetti-Peraldi S, Van Obberghen E. 2000. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I induce vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression via different signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 275:21695-21702.
54. Millauer B, Longhi MP, Plate KH, Shawver LK, Risau W, Ullrich A, Strawn LM. 1996. Dominant-negative inhibition of Flk-1 suppresses the growth of many tumor types in vivo. Cancer Res 56:1615-1620.
55. Molitch ME. 1995. Prolactinoma. In: Melmed S, editor. The Pituitary. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Science. p 443-477.
56. Mustonen T, Alitalo K. 1995. Endothelial receptor tyrosine kinases involved in angiogenesis. J Cell Biol 129:895-898.
57. Nagai Y, Ando H, Nohara E, Yamashita H, Takamura T, Kobayashi K. 2000. Plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with acromegaly. Horm Metab Res 32:326-329.
58. Neulen J, Yan Z, Raczek S, Wendel K, Keck K, Weich HA, Marme D, Breckwoldt M. 1995. HCG dependent expression of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor in human granulosa cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1967-1971.
59. Nishikawa R, Cheng S, Nagashima R, Su Huang H, Cavenee WK, Matsutani M. 1998. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human brain tumors. Acta Neuropathol 96:453-462.
60. Ochoa AL, Mitchner NA, Paynter CD, Morris RE, Ben-Jonathan N. 2000. Vascular endothelial growth factor in the rat pituitary: Differential distribution and regulation by estrogen. J Endocrinol 165:483-492.
61. Ogawa S, Oku A, Sawano A, Yamaguchi S, Yazaki Y, Shibuya M. 1998. A novel type of vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-E (NZ-7 VEGF), preferentially utilizes KDR/Flk-1 receptor and carries a potent mitotic activity without heparin-binding domain. J Biol Chem 273:31273-31282.
62. Olson TA, Mohanraj D, Carson LF, Ramakrishnan S. 1994. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in normal and neoplastic human ovaries. Cancer Res 54:276-280.
63. Otsuka F, Tamiya T, Yamauchi T, Ogura T, Ohmoto T, Makino H. 1999. Quantitative analysis of growth-related factors in human pituitary adenomas. Lowered insulin-like growth factor-I and its receptor mRNA in growth hormone-producing adenomas. Regul Pept 83:31-38.
64. Pepper MS, Vassalli JD, Orci L, Montesano R. 1993 Biphasic effect of transforming growth factor-beta 1 on in vitro angiogenesis. Exp Cell Res 204:356-363.
65. Pertovaara L, Kaipainen A, Mustonen T, Orpana A, Ferrara N, Saksela O, Alitalo K. 1994. Vascular endothelial growth factor is induced in response to transforming growth factor-beta in fibroblastic and epithelial cells. J Biol Chem. 269:6271-6274.
66. Plate KH, Breier G, Weich HA, Risau W. 1992. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potential tumor angiogenesis factor in human gliomas in vivo. Nature 359:845-848.
67. Plouet J, Schilling J, Gospodarowicz D. 1989. Isolation and characterization of a newly identified endothelial cell mitogen produced by AtT-20 cells. EMBO J 8:3801-3806.
68. Renner U, Pagotto U, Artz E, Stalla GK. 1996. Autocrine and paracrine roles of polypeptide growth factors, cytokines and vasogenic substances in normal and tumorous pituitary function and growth: A review. Eur J Endocrinol 135:515-532.
69. Risau W. 1997. Mechanism of angiogenesis. Nature 79:451-455.
70. Rockwell P, Neufeld G, Glassman A, Caron D, Goldstein N. 1995. In vitro neutralization of vascular endothelial growth factor activation of Flk-1 by a monoclonal antibody. Mol Cell Diff 3:91-109.
71. Sasano H. Ohashi Y, Suzuki T, Nagura H. 1998. Vascularity in human adrenal cortex. Mod Pathol 11:329-333.
72. Sato Y, Okamura K, Morimoto A, Hamanaka R, Hamaguchi K, Shimada T, Ono M, Kohno K, Sakata T, Kuwano M. 1993. Indispensable role of tissue-type plasminogen activator in growth factor-dependent tube formation of human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Exp Cell Res 204:223-229.
73. Schechter J, Goldsmith P, Wilson C, Weiner R. 1988. Morphological evidence for the presence of arteries in human prolactinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67:713-719.
74. Shawver LK, Lipson KE, Fong TAT, McMahon G, Plowman GD, Strawn LM. 1997. Receptor tyrosine kinases as targets for inhibition of angiogenesis. Drug Discov Today 2:50-63.
75. Shen H, Clauss M, Ryan J, Schmidt AM, Tijburg P, Borden L, Connolly D, Stern D, Kao J. 1993. Characterization of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptors on mononuclear phagocytes. Blood 81:2767-2773.
76. Shifren JL, Mesiano S, Taylor RN, Ferrara N, Jaffe RB. 1998. Corticotropin regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human fetal adrenal cortical cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:1342-1347.
77. Shweiki D, Itin A, Soffer D, Keshet E. 1992. Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature 359:843-845.
78. Shweiki D, Neeman M, Itin A, Keshet E. 1995. Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression by hypoxia and by glucose deficiency in multicell spheroids: Implications for tumor angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:768-772.
79. Smith-McCune KS, Weidner N. 1994. Demonstration and characterization of the angiogenic properties of cervical dysplasia. Cancer Res 54:804-808.
80. Soker S, Fidder H, Neufeld G, Klagsbrun M. 1996. Characterization of novel vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors on tumor cells that bind VEGF165 via its exon 7-encoded domain. J Biol Chem 271:5761-5777.
81. Sporn MB, Roberts AB. 1989. Transforming growth factor-beta. Multiple actions and potential clinical applications. JAMA 262:938-491.
82. Stepien H, Grochal M, Zielinski KW, Mucha S, Kunert-Radek J, Kulig A, Stawowy A, Pisarek H. 1996. Inhibitory effects of fumagillin and its analogue TNP-470 on the function, morphology and angiogenesis pf an oestrogen-induced prolactinoma in Fischer 344 rats. J Endocrinol 150:99-106.
83. Strawn LM, McMahon G, App H, Schreck R, Kuchler WR, Longhi MP, Hui TH, Tang C, Levitzki A, Gazit A, Chen I, Keri G, Orfi L, Risau W, Flamme I, Ullrich A, Hirth KP, Shawver LK. 1996. Flk-1 as a target for tumor growth inhibition. Cancer Res 56:3540-3545.
84. Takechi A, Uozumi T, Kawamoto K, Ito A, Kurisu K, Sudo K. 1994. Inhibitory effect of TNP-470, a new anti-angiogenic agent, on the estrogen induced rat pituitary tumors. Anticancer Res 14:157-162.
85. Torner L, Mejia S, Lopez-Gomez FJ, Quintanar A, Martinez EG, Clapp C. 1995. A 14-kilodalton prolactin-like fragment is secreted by the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system of the rat. Endocrinology 136:5454-5460.
86. Turner HE, Nagy Z, Gatter KC, Esiri MM, Harris AL, Wass JA. 2000a. Angiogenesis in pituitary adenomas - Relationship to endocrine function, treatment and outcome. J Endocrinol 165:475-481.
87. Turner HE, Nagy Z, Gatter KC, Esiri MM, Harris AL, Wass JA. 2000b. Angiogenesis in pituitary adenomas and the normal pituitary gland. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1159-1162.
88. Turner HE, Nagy Z, Gatter KC, Esiri MM, Wass JA, Harris JA 2000c. Proliferation, bcl-2 expression and angiogenesis in pituitary adenomas: Relationship to tumor behaviour. Br J Cancer 92:1441-1445.
89. Vartanian RK, Weidner N. 1994. Correlation of intratumoral endothelial cell proliferation with microvessel density (tumor angiogenesis) and tumor cell proliferation in breast carcinoma. Am J Pathol 144:1188-1194.
90. Vittet D, Ciais D, Keramidas M, De Fraipont F, Feige JJ. 2000. Paracrine control of the adult adrenal cortex vasculature by vascular endothelial growth factor. Endocr Res 26:843-852.
91. Wakui S, Furusato M, Sasaki H, Akiyama A, Kinoshito I, Asano K, Tokuda T, Aizawa S, Ushigome S. 1992. Tumor angiogenesis in prostatic carcinoma with and without bone metastasis: A morphometric study. J Pathol 168:257-262.
92. Warren RS, Yuan H, Matli MR, Gillett NA, Ferrara N. 1995. Regulation by vascular endothelial growth factor of human colon cancer tumorigenesis in a mouse model of experimental liver metastasis. J Clin Invest 95:1789-1797.
93. Weidner N, Semple JP, Welch W, Folkman J. 1991. Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Correlation in invasive breast carcinoma. N Engl J Med 324:1-8.
94. Wu J, Cunha FQ, Liew FY, Weiser WY. 1993. IL-10 inhibits the synthesis of migration inhibitory factor and migrationinhibitory factor-mediated macrophage activation. J Immunol 151:4325-4332.
95. Wulff C, Wilson H, Rudge JS, Wiegand SJ, Lunn SF, Fraser HM. 2001. Luteal angiogenesis: Prevention and intervention by treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor trap (A40). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:3377-3386.