Sensitivity of tropical pacific convection to dry layers at mid- to upper levels: Simulation and parameterization tests

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 59, Issue 23, 2002, Pages 3362-3381

  Ridout, James A ^a  

^a NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR; AIR ENTRAINMENT; BUOYANCY; CLOUDS; HEAT CONVECTION; MOISTURE; NUMERICAL ANALYSIS; PRECIPITATION (CHEMICAL); RAIN; TROPOSPHERE;

DRY LAYERS;

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY;

ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; ENTRAINMENT; PARAMETERIZATION; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; TOGA-COARE;

(TROPICAL); PACIFIC OCEAN;

EID: 0036938357     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<3362:SOTPCT>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Arakawa, A., and W. H. Schubert, 1974: Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment. Part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674-701.
2. Brown, R. G., and C. Zhang, 1997: Variability of midtropospheric moisture and its effect on cloud-top height distribution during TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2760-2774.
3. Bryan, G. H., and J. M. Fritsch, 2000: The vertical distribution of humidity: A crucial factor in the organization of convection. Preprints, 20th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Orlando, FL. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 630-633.
4. Churchill, D. D., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1984: Development and structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters on 10 December 1978. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 933-960.
5. Ciesielski, P. E., L. M. Hartten, and R. H. Johnson, 1997: Impacts of merging profiler and rawinsonde winds on TOGA COARE analyses. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 14, 1264-1279.
6. Davies, H. C., 1976: A lateral boundary formulation for multi-level prediction models. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 102, 405-418.
7. DeMott, C. A., and S. A. Rutledge, 1998: The vertical structure of TOGA COARE convection. Part II: Modulating influences and implications for diabatic heating. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2748-2762.
8. Emanuel, K. A., 1991: A scheme for representing cumulus convection in large-scale models. J. Atmos. Sci., 2313-2335.
9. Emanuel, K. A., 1994: Atmospheric Convection. Oxford University Press, 580 pp.
10. Emanuel, K. A., and M. Zivkovic-Rothman, 1999: Development and evaluation of a convection scheme for use in climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1766-1782.
11. Esbensen, S., 1978: Bulk thermodynamic effects and properties of small tropical cumuli. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 826-831.
12. Ferrier, B. S., 1988: One-dimensional time-dependent modeling of squall-line convection. Ph.D. thesis. University of Washington, 259 pp.
13. Fritsch, J. M., and C. F. Chappell, 1980: Numerical prediction of convectively driven mesoscale pressure systems. Part I: Convective parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1722-1733.
14. Fuelberg, H. E., and D. G. Biggar, 1994: The preconvective environment of summer thunderstorms over the Florida Panhandle. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 316-326.
15. Gilmore, M. S., and L. J. Wicker, 1998: The influence of midtropospheric dryness on supercell morphology and evolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 943-958.
16. Harshvardhan, R. Davies, D. Randall, and T. Corsetti, 1987: A fast radiation parameterization for atmospheric circulation models. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 1009-1015.
17. Hodur, R. M., 1997: The Naval Research Laboratory's Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS). Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1414-1430.
18. Hogan, T. F., and T. E. Rosmond, 1991: The description of the U.S. Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System's spectral forecast model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1786-1815.
19. Johnson, R. H., 1978: Cumulus transports in a tropical wave composite for phase-III of GATE. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 484-494.
20. Jones, C., D. E. Waliser, J. K. E. Schemm, and W. K. M. Lau, 2000: Prediction skill of the Madden and Julian Oscillation in dynamical extended range forecasts. Climate Dyn., 16, 273-289.
21. Kain, J. S., and J. M. Fritsch, 1990: A one-dimensional entraining/ detraining plume model and its application in convective parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2784-2802.
22. Kalnay, E., and R. Jenne, 1991: Summary of the NMC/NCAR reanalysis. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 1897-1904.
23. Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1993: The NMC/NCAR CDAS/Reanalysis Project. NMC Office Note 401, 289 pp.
24. Kemball-Cook, S. R., and B. C. Weare, 2001: The onset of convection in the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Climate. 14, 780-793.
25. Kuo, H. L., 1974: Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on large-scale flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1232-1240.
26. LeMone, M. A., and E. J. Ziper, 1980: Cumulonimbus vertical velocity events in GATE. Part I: Diameter, intensity and mass flux. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2444-2457.
27. Louis, J. F., M. Tiedtke, and J. F. Geleyn, 1982: A short history of the operational PBL-parameterization at ECMWF. Proc. Workshop on Planetary Boundary Parameterization, Reading, United Kingdom, ECMWF, 59-79.
28. Lucas, C., and E. J. Zipser, 1996: The impact of dry air intrusions on mesoscale convective systems. Preprints, Eighth Conf. on Air-Sea Interaction, Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., J132-J133.
29. Lucas, C., and E. J. Zipser, 2000: Environmental variability during TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2333-2350.
30. Lucas, C., E. J. Zipser, and B. S. Ferrier, 2000: Sensitivity of tropical West Pacific oceanic squall lines to tropospheric wind and moisture profiles. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2351-2373.
31. Maloney, E. D., and D. L., Hartmann, 2001: The sensitivity of intraseasonal variability in the NCAR CCM3 to changes in convective parameterization. J. Climate, 14, 2015-2034.
32. Mapes, B. E., 2000: Convective inhibition, subgrid-scale triggering energy, and stratiform instability in a toy tropical wave model. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1515-1535.
33. Mapes, B. E., and P. Zuidema, 1996: Radiative-dynamical consequences of dry tongues in the tropical troposphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 620-638.
34. Mellor, G., and T. Yamada, 1974: A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1791-1806.
35. Moorthi, S., and M. J. Suarez, 1992: Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert: A parameterization of moist convection for general circulation models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 978-1002.
36. Numaguti, A., R. Oki, K. Nakamura, K. Tsuboki, N. Misawa, T. Asai. and Y.-M. Kodama, 1995: 4-5-day-period variations and low-level dry air observed in the equatorial western Pacific during the TOGA-COARE IOP. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 73, 267-290.
37. Parsons, D. B., K. Yoneyama, and J. L. Redelsperger, 2000: The evolution of the tropical western Pacific atmosphere-ocean system following the arrival of a dry intrusion. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 517-548.
38. Petch, J. C., and J. Dudhia, 1998: The importance of horizontal advection of hydrometeors in a single column model. J. Climate. 11, 2437-2452.
39. Randall, D. A., K.-M. Xu, R. J. C. Somerville, and S. Iacobellis, 1996: Single-column models and cloud ensemble models as links between observations and climate models. J. Climate, 9, 1683-1697.
40. Raymond, D. J., and A. M. Blyth, 1986: A stochastic mixing model for nonprecipitating cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2708-2718.
41. Rutledge, S. A., and P. V. Hobbs, 1983: The mesoscale and microscale structure of organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. Part VIII: A model for the "seeder-feeder" process in warm-frontal rainbands. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1185-1206.
42. Sheu, R.-S., and G. Liu, 1995: Atmospheric humidity variations associated with westerly wind bursts during Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE). J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25 759-25 768.
43. Simpson, J., 1983: Cumulus clouds: Early aircraft observations and entrainment hypotheses. Mesoscale Meteorology-Theories, Observations and Models. D. K. Lilly and T. Gal-Chen, Eds., D. Reidel. 355-373.
44. Slingo, J. M., 1987: The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme for the ECMWF model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 899-927.
45. Slingo, J. M., and Coauthors, 1996: Intraseasonal oscillations in 15 atmospheric general circulation models: Results from an AMIP diagnostic subproject. Climate Dyn., 12, 325-357.
46. Stommel, H., 1947: Entrainment of air into a cumulus cloud. J. Meteor., 4, 91-94.
47. Tompkins, A. M., 2001: Organization of tropical convection in low vertical wind shears: The role of water vapor. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 529-545.
48. Webster, P. J., and R. Lukas, 1992: TOGA COARE: The coupled ocean-atmosphere response experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1377-1416.
49. Weisman, M. L., W. C. Skamarock, and J. B. Klemp, 1997: The resolution dependence of explicitly modeled convective systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 527-548.
50. Yoneyama, K., and T. Fujitani, 1995: The behavior of dry westerly air associated with convection observed during the TOGA-COARE R/V Natsushima cruise. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 73, 291-304.
51. Zipser, E. J., and M. A. LeMone, 1980: Cumulonimbus vertical velocity events in GATE. Part II: Synthesis and model core structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2458-2469.