The ecological roles of logs in Australian forests and the potential impacts of harvesting intensification on log-using biota

Pacific Conservation Biology

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 121-140

  Lindenmayer, D B ^a   Claridge, A W ^b   Gilmore, A M ^a   Michael, D ^a   Lindenmayer, B D ^c  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service   (Australia)

^c NONE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEAD WOOD; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; FOREST; HARVESTING;

AUSTRALIA;

ANIMALIA; CELLULAR ORGANISMS; FUNGI; INVERTEBRATA; ONYCHOPHORA; REPTILIA; SERPENTES;

EID: 0036912406     PISSN: 10382097     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/pc020121     Document Type: Article

References (199)

1. Amaranthus, M., Trappe, J. M., Bednar, L. and Arthur, D., 1994. Hypogeous fungal production in mature Douglas-fir forest fragments and surroundings plantations and its relation to coarse woody debris and animal mycophagy. Can. J. For. Res. 24:2157-165.
2. Andrew, N., Rodgerson, L. and York, A., 2000. Frequent fuel-reduction burning: the role of logs and associated leaf litter in the conservation of ant biodiversity. Aust. Ecol. 25: 99-107.
3. Angelstam, P., 1996. The ghost of forest past-natural disturbance regimes as a basis for reconstruction for biologically diverse forests in Europe. Pp. 287-337 in Conservation of Faunal Diversity in Forested Landscapes ed by R. M. DeGraaf and R. I. Miller. Chapman and Hall, London.
4. Angelstam, P. and Pettersson, B., 1997. Principles of present Swedish forest biodiversity management. Ecol. Bull. 46: 191-203.
5. Ashton, D. H., 1976. The development of even-aged stands of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. in Central Victoria. Aust. J. Bot. 24: 397-414.
6. Ashton, D. H., 1986. Ecology of bryophytic communities in mature Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. forest at Wallaby Creek, Victoria. Aust. J. Bot. 34: 107-29.
7. Attiwill, P. M. and Leeper, G. W., 1987. Forest Soils and Nutrient Cycles. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.
8. Australian Forestry Standard Steering Committee and Technical Reference Committee, 2001. Draft Australian Forestry Standard. Australian Forestry Standard Steering Committee and Technical Reference Committee, Canberra. August 2001.
9. Bader, P., Jansson, S. and Johnson, B. G., 1995. Wood-inhabiting fungi and substratum decline in selectively logged boreal spruce forests. Biol. Cons. 72: 355-62.
10. Ball, I., Lindenmayer, D. B. and Possingham, H. P., 1999. A tree hollow dynamics simulation model. For. Ecol. Man. 123: 179-94.
11. Barclay, S. D., Rowell, D. M. and Ash, J. E., 2000a. Pheromonally-mediated colonization patterns in the Velvet Worm Euperipatodies rowelli (Onycophora: Peripatopsidae). J. Zool. 250: 437-46.
12. Barclay, S. D., Ash, J. E. and Rowell, D. M., 2000b. Environmental factors influencing the presence and abundance of a log-dwelling invertebrate Euperipatodies rowelli (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae). J. Zool. 250: 425-36.
13. Barker, J., Grigg, G. C. and Tyler, M. J., 1995. A Field Guide to Australian Frogs. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton.
14. Barker, P. and Kirkpatrick, J. B., 1994. Phyllocladus aspleniifolius: variability in the population structure, the regeneration niche and dispersion patterns in Tasmanian forest. Aust. J. Bot. 42: 163-90.
15. Barnett, J. L., How, R. A. and Humphreys, W. F., 1978. The use of habitat components by small mammals in eastern Australia. Aust. J. Ecol. 3: 277-85.
16. Bauhaus, J., 1999. Silvicultural practices in Australian native forests - an introduction. Aust. For. 62: 217-22.
17. Bennett, R., 1997. Reptiles and frogs of the Australian Capital Territory. National Parks Association of the ACT Inc, Canberra, ACT.
18. Berg, A., Ehnstrom, B., Gustaffson, L., Hallingback, T., Jonsell, M. and Weslien, J., 1994. Threatened plant, animal and fungus species in Swedish forests: distribution and habitat associations. Cons. Biol. 8: 718-31.
19. Beruldsen, G., 1980. A Field Guide to Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds. Rigby, Adelaide
20. Beschta, R. L. and Platts, W. S., 1986. Morphological features of small streams: significance and function. Water Res. Bull. 22: 369-79.
21. Bobiec, A., 2002. Living stands and dead wood in the Bialowieza forest: suggestions for restoration management. For. Ecol. Man. 165: 125-40.
22. Bonham, K. J., Mesibov, R. and Bashford, R., 2002. Diversity and abundance of some ground-dwelling invertebrates in plantation vs. native forests in Tasmania, Autralia. For. Ecol. Man. 158: 237-47.
23. Bougher, N. L. and Syme, K., 1998. Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press, Perth.
24. Braithwaite, R. W., 1979. Social dominance and habitat utilisation in Antechinus stuartii (Marsupialia). Aust. J. Zool. 27: 517-28.
25. Brown, E. R. (ed), 1985. Management of Wildlife and Fish Habitats in Forests of Western Oregon and Washington. Part 1- Chapter narratives. USDA Forest Service. PNW-R6-F&WL-192. Portland, Oregon. June 1985.
26. Brown, G. W. and Nelson, J. L., 1993. Influence of successional stage of Eucalyptus regnans (Mountain Ash) on habitat use by reptiles in the Central Highlands of Victoria. Aust. J. Ecol. 18: 405-18.
27. Brown, G. W. and Nicholls, A. O., 1994. Comparative census techniques and modelling of habitat utilisation by reptiles in northern Victoria. Pp. 283-90 in Herpetology in Australia: a Diverse Discipline ed by D. Lunney and D. Ayers. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton, New South Wales.
28. Brown, S., Jiangming, M., McPherson, J. K. and Bell, D. T., 1996. Decomposition of woody debris in Western Australian forests. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 954-66.
29. Bunnell, F. L., Kremsater, L. L. and Wind, E., 1999. Managing to sustain vertebrate richness in forests of the Pacific Northwest: relationships within stands. Environ. Rev. 7: 97-146.
30. Calaby, J., 1995. Fawn Antechinus. Pp. 42 in Complete Book of Australian Mammals ed by R. Strahan. Cornstalk Publishing, Singapore.
31. Campbell, A. J. and Tanton, M. T., 1981. Effects of fire on the invertebrate fauna of soil and litter of a eucalypt forest. Pp. 215-41 in Fire and the Australian Biota ed by A. M. Gill, R. H. Groves and I.R. Noble. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
32. Catling, P. C. and Burt, R. J., 1995. Studies of the ground-dwelling mammals of the eucalypt forests in southeastern New South Wales - the effect of habitat variables on distribution and abundance. Wildl. Res. 22: 271-88.
33. Christensen, P., The breeding burrow of the Banded Ant-eater or Numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus). West. Aust. Nat. 13: 32-34.
34. Christensen, P., Recher, H. and Hoare, J., 1981. Responses of Open forest to Fire Regimes Pp. 367-94 in Fire and the Australian Biota ed by A. M. Gill, R. H. Groves and I. R. Noble. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
35. Christensen, P., Maisey, K. and Perry, D. H., 1984. Radiotracking the Numbat, Myrmecobius fasciatus, in the Perup Forest of Western Australia. Aust. Wildl. Res. 11: 275-88.
36. Claridge, A. W. and Lindenmayer, D. B., 1993. The Mountain Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus caninus Ogilby: a disseminator of fungi in the Mountain Ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria? Vic. Nat. 110: 91-95.
37. Claridge, A. W. and May, T. W., 1994. Mycophagy among Australian mammals. Aust. J. Ecol. 19: 251-75.
38. Claridge, A. C. and Lindenmayer, D. B., 1998. Consumption of hypogeous fungi by the Mountain Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus caninus) in eastern Australia. Mycol. Res. 102: 269-72.
39. Claridge, A. W., Barry, S. C., Cork, S. J. and Trappe, J. M., 2000a. Diversity and habitat relationships of hypogeous fungi. II. Factors influencing the occurence and number of taxa. Biodiver. Cons. 9: 175-99.
40. Claridge, A. W., Cork, S. J. and Trappe, J. M., 2000b. Diversity and habitat relationships of hypogeous fungi. I. Study design, sampling techniques and general survey results. Biodiver. Cons. 9: 151-73.
41. Cogger, H., 2000. Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia. Revised Edition. Reed, Sydney, Australia.
42. Connell, M. J., Raison, R. J. and Brown, A. G. (eds), 1999. Intensive Management of Regrowth Forest for Wood Production in Australia. Proceedings of the National Workshop 18-20 May 1999, Orbost, Victoria, Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
43. Crane, W. J. and Raison, R. J., 1980. Removal of phosphorus in logs when harvesting Eucalyptus delegatensis and Pinus radiata forests on short and long rotations. Aust. For. 43: 253-60.
44. Crook, D. and Robertson, A., 1999. Relationships between riverine fish and woody debris: implications for lowland rivers. Marine Freshwater Res. 50: 941-53.
45. Cullen, P. J., 1987. Regeneration patterns in populations of Arthrotaxis selaginoides D. Don from Tasmania. J. Biogeo. 14: 39-51.
46. Curry, G. N., 1991. The influence of proximity to plantation of diversity and abundance of bird species in an exotic pine plantation in north-eastern New South Wales. Wildl. Res. 18: 299-314.
47. Davey, S. M., 1989. The environmental relationships of arboreal marsupials in a eucalypt forest: a basis for Australian wildlife management. PhD thesis. Dept. Forestry, The Australian National University, Canberra.
48. Department of Conservation and Land Management, 1995. Silvicultural guidelines 1/95: silvicultural practice in Jarrah Forest. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, Western Australia.
49. Dickman, C. R., 1980. Ecological studies of Antechinus stuartii and Antechinus flavipes (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in open-forest and woodland habitats. Aust. Zool. 20: 433-46.
50. Dickman, C. R., 1991. Use of trees by ground-dwelling mammals: implications for management. Pp. 125-36 in Conservation of Australia's Forest Fauna ed by D. Lunney. Royal Society of N.S.W., Sydney.
51. Ehmann, H., 1992. Encyclopedia of Australian Reptiles. Angus and Robertson, Sydney.
52. Environmental Resources Management Australia, 2001. Environmental Impact Statement. Wood processing and metallurgical carbon facility for Australian Silicon Operations Pty Ltd. Environmental Resources Management Australia, November 2001.
53. Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team, 1993. Forest ecosystem management: an ecological, economic, and social assessment. Various pagination. USDA Forest Service, Portland, Oregon. Various pagination.
54. Forest Practices Board, 1998. Threatened Fauna Manual for Production Forests in Tasmania. Forest Practices Board, Hobart, Tasmania.
55. Franklin, J. F., Shugart, H. H. and Harmon, M. E., 1987. Tree death as an ecological process: the causes, consequences, and variability of tree mortality. Bioscience 37: 550-56.
56. Franklin, J. F., Lindenmayer, D. B., MacMahon, J. A., McKee, A., Magnusson, J., Perry, D. A., Waide, R. and Foster, D. R., 2000. Threads of continuity: ecosystem disturbances, biological legacies and ecosystem recovery. Cons. Biol. Prac. 1: 8-16.
57. Friend, G. R., 1982. Mammal populations in exotic pine plantations and indigenous eucalypt forests in Gippsland, Victoria. Aust. For. 45: 3-18.
58. Friend, J. A., 1990. Myrmecobiidae. Pp. 583-90 in Fauna of Australia. Volume 1B. Mammalia ed by D. W. Walton and B. J. Richardson. Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra.
59. Gay, F. J. and Calaby, J. H., 1970. Termites of the Australian region. Pp. 393-448 in Biology of Termites ed by K. Krishna and F. M. Weesner. Academic Press, New York.
60. Gayer, K., 1886. Der gemischte Wald - seine Begründung and Pflege, insbesondere durch Horst- und Gruppenwirschaft. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.
61. Gibbons, P., 1999. Habitat tree retention in wood production forests. Ph.D thesis. The Australian National University, Canberra.
62. Gibbons, P. and Lindenmayer, D. B., 1997. Developing tree retention strategies for hollow-dependent arboreal marsupials in eucalypt forests managed for timber production. Aust. For. 60: 29-45.
63. Gibbons, P. and Lindenmayer, D. B., 2002. Tree Hollows and Wildlife Conservation in Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
64. Gill, A. M., Woinarski, J. C. and York, A., 1999. Australia's biodiversity - responses to fire. Plants, birds and invertebrates. Environment Australia Biodiversity Technical Paper 1: 1-266.
65. Gippel, C. J., 1995. Environmental hydraulics of large woody debris in streams and rivers. J. Environ. Engin. 121: 388-95.
66. Gippel, C. J., Finlayson, B. L. and O'Neill, I. C., 1996. Disturbance and hydraulic significance of large woody debris in a lowland Australian river. Hydrobiol. 318: 179-94.
67. Godsell, J., 2000. Eastern Quoll. Pp. 70-71 in The Mammals of Australia ed by R. Strahan. Reed, New Holland, Sydney.
68. Goldingay, R., Daly, G. and Lemckert, F., 1996. Assessing the impacts of logging on reptiles and frogs in the montane forests of southern New South Wales. Wildl. Res. 23: 495-510.
69. Greenslade, P., 1985. Conservation Priorities in Tasmanian Non-marine Invertebrates. Unpublished report. Tasmanian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart.
70. Greenslade, P., 1990. Collembola. Pp. 252-64 in The Insects of Australia. Volume 1. Second Edition. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.
71. Grove, S. J., 2001a. Extent and decomposition of dead wood in Australian lowland tropical rainforest with different management histories. For. Ecol. Man. 154: 35-53.
72. Grove, S. J., 2001b. Developing appropriate mechanisms for sustaining mature timber habitat in managed natural forest stands. Internat. For. Review 3: 272-83.
73. Grove, S. J., 2002. The influence of forest management history on the integrity of sparoxylic beetle fauna in an Australian lowland tropical rainforest. Biol. Cons. 104: 149-71.
74. Gundersen, V. and Rolstad, J., 1998. NØkkelbiotoper i skog. En vurdering av nøkkelbiotoper som forvaltningstiltak for bevaring av biologisk mangfold i skog. NISK, Ås.
75. Hale, P. and Lamb, D. (eds), 1997. Conservation Outside Reserves. Centre for Conservation Biology, University of Queensland, Brisbane.
76. Halstead-Smith, J., 1999. The use of coarse woody debris by ground-dwelling small mammals. BSc (Hons) thesis. Monash University, Melbourne.
77. Hannah, D. S., Smith, G. C. and Agnew, G., 1998. Reptile and amphibian composition in prescribed burnt dry sclerophyll forest, southern Queensland. Aust. For. 61: 34-39.
78. Harmon, M. E., 2001a. Carbon sequestration in forests. Addressing the scale question. J. For. 99: 24-29.
79. Harmon, M. E., 2001b. Moving toward a new paradigm for woody detritus management. Ecol. Bull. 49: 269-78.
80. Harmon, M. E., Franklin, J. F., Swanson, F. J., Sollins, P., Gregory, S. V., Lattin, J. D., Anderson, N. H., Cline, S. P., Aumen, N. G., Sedell, J. R., Lienkaemper, G. W., Kromack Jnr, K. and Cummins, K. W., 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances Ecol. Res. 15: 133-302.
81. Harmon, M. E., Ferrell, W. K. and Franklin, J. F., 1990. Effects of carbon storage on conversion of old-growth forest to young forests. Science 9: 699.
82. Heatwole, H. F. and Taylor, J., 1987. Ecology of Reptiles. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton, Sydney.
83. Higgins, P. J., Peter, J. M. and Steele, W. K. (eds), 2001. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds, Volume 5, Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
84. Høiland, K. and Bendiksen, E., 1996. Biodiversity of wood-inhabiting fungi in a boreal coniferous forest in Sor-Trondelag County, Central Norway. Nordic J. Bot. 16: 643-59.
85. Howard, T. M., 1973. Studies in the ecology of Nothofagus cunninghamii Oerst. I. Natural regeneration on the Mt. Donna Buang massif, Victoria. Aust. J. Bot. 21: 67-78.
86. Hunter, M. L., 1990. Wildlife, Forests and Forestry. Principles for Managing Forests for Biological Diversity. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
87. Jacobs, M. R., 1955. Growth Habits of the Eucalypts. Forestry and Timber Bureau. Australian Government Printing Office, Canberra, Australia.
88. Jarman, S. J. and Fuhrer, B., 1995. Mosses and Liverworts of Rainforest in Tasmania. CSIRO Publications (Melbourne) and Forestry Tasmania (Hobart).
89. Kaila, L., Martikainen, P. and Puntilla, P., 1997 Dead trees left in clearcuts benefit Coleoptera adapted to natural disturbances in boreal forests. Biodiv. Cons. 6: 1-8.
90. Kanowski, P. and Buchy, M., 1999. Pp. 78-84 in Intensive Management of Regrowth Forest for Wood Production in Australia ed by M. J. Connell, R. J. Raison and A. G. Brown. Proceedings of the National Workshop 18-20 May 1999, Orbost, Victoria, Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia.
91. King, G. C., 1985. The effect of fire on small mammal fauna and their resources in two forest types. Thesis for Master of Natural Resources, University of New England, Armidale.
92. Kirkpatrick, J. B., 1997. Vascular plant-eucalypt interactions. Pp. 227-45 in Eucalypt Ecology ed by J. E. Williams and J. C. Woinarski. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
93. Koehn, J., 1993. Fish need trees. Vic. Nat. 110: 255-57.
94. Krankina, O. N., Harmon, M. E. and Griazkin, A. V., 1999. Nutrient stores and dynamics of woody detritus in a boreal forest: modelling potential implications at the stand level. Can. J. For. Res. 29: 1-20.
95. Kutt, A. S., 1994. Initial observations on the effect of thinning eucalypt regrowth on heliothermic skinks in lowland forests, East Gippsland Victoria. Pp. 187-96 in Herpetology in Australia: a Diverse Discipline ed by D. Lunney and D. Ayers. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton, Sydney.
96. Lamb, D., 1991. Variability and change in nutrient cycling in Australian rainforests. Pp. 83-103 in The Rainforest Legacy, Australian National Rainforests Study Vol. 2- Flora and Fauna of the Rainforests ed by G. Werren and P. Kershaw. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
97. Laven, N. and Mac Nally, R., 1998. Association of birds with coarse woody debris in box-ironbark forests of central Victoria. Corella 22: 56-60.
98. Lee, P. C., Crites, S., Nietfeld, M., Van Nygen, H. and Stelfox, J. B., 1997. Characteristics and origins of deadwood material in Aspen-dominated boreal forests. Ecol. Appli. 7: 691-701.
99. Leech, J. W., 2001. Consultancy to Review of State Forests Capacity to Supply Residue Wood from the South Coast Region. Forestry Systems. April 2001.
100. Lewis, J. G., 1981. The Biology of Centipedes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
101. Lill, A., 1996. Foraging behavioural ecology of the Superb Lyrebird. Corella 20: 77-87.
102. Lindblad, I., 1998. Wood-inhabiting fungi on fallen logs of Norway spruce: Relations to forest management and substrate quality. Nordic J. Bot. 18: 243-55.
103. Lindenmayer, D. B., Cunningham, R. B., Tanton, M. T. and Smith, A. P., 1990a. The conservation of arboreal marsupials in the montane ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, south-east Australia. II. The loss of trees with hollows and its implications for the conservation of Leadbeater's Possum Gymnobelideus leadbeateri McCoy (Marsupialia: Petauridae). Biol. Cons. 54: 133-45.
104. Lindenmayer, D. B., Cunningham, R. B., Tanton, M. T. and Smith, A. P., 1990b. The conservation of arboreal marsupials in the montane ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, south-east Australia. I. Factors effecting the occupancy of trees with hollows. Biol. Cons. 54: 111-31.
105. Lindenmayer, D. B., Cunningham, R. B. and Donnelly, C. F., 1997. Decay and collapse of trees with hollows in eastern Australian forests: impacts on arboreal marsupials. Ecol. Appl. 7: 625-41.
106. Lindenmayer, D. B. and Franklin, J. F., 1997. Forest structure and sustainable temperate forestry: A case study from Australia. Cons. Biol. 11: 1053-068.
107. Lindenmayer, D. B. and Recher, H. F., 1998. Aspects of ecologically sustainable forestry in temperate eucalypt forest - beyond an expanded reserve system. Pac. Cons. Biol. 4: 4-10.
108. Lindenmayer, D. B., Lacy, R. C. and Viggers, K. L., 1998. Modelling survival and capture probabilities of the Mountain Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus caninus) in the forests of south-eastern Australia using trap-recapture data. J. Zool. 245: 1-13.
109. Lindenmayer, D. B., Incoll, R. D., Cunningham, R. B. and Donnelly, C. F., 1999a. Attributes of logs in the Mountain Ash forests in south-eastern Australia. For. Ecol. Man. 123: 195-203.
110. Lindenmayer, D. B., Cunningham, R. B., Pope, M. L. and Donnelly, C. F., 1999b. A field-based experiment to examine the response of mammals to landscape context and habitat fragmentation. Biol. Cons. 88: 387-403.
111. Lindenmayer, D. B. and Franklin, J. F., 1999. Managing unreserved forest for biodiversity conservation: The importance of matrix. Pp. 13-25 in Nature Conservation in Production Environments: Managing the Matrix ed by J. Craig, N. Mitchell and D. A. Saunders. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Sydney.
112. Lindenmayer, D. B., Cunningham, R. B. and Donnelly, C. F., 2000. Structural features of Australian old growth montane ash forests. For. Ecol. Man. 134: 189-204.
113. Lindenmayer, D. B. and Franklin, J. F., 2002. Conserving Forest Biodiversity: a Comprehensive Multi-scaled Approach. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
114. Linder, P. and Östlund, L., 1998. Structural changes in three mid-boreal Swedish forest landscapes, 1885-1996. Biol. Cons. 85: 9-19.
115. Lovett, S. and Price, P. (eds), 1999. Riparian Land Management Technical Guidelines. Volume 1: Principles of Sound Management. Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation, Canberra.
116. Luke, R. H and McArthur, A. G., 1978. Bushfires in Australia. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
117. Lunney, D., Eby, P. and O'Connell, M., 1991. Effects of logging, fire and drought on three species of lizards in Mumbulla State Forest on the south coast of New South Wales. Aus. J. Ecol. 16: 33-46.
118. MacArthur, R. H., Recher, H. F. and Cody, M. L., 1966. On the relation between habitat selection and species diversity. Amer. Nat. 100: 319-22.
119. MacEachern, S., 2001. The consequences of habitat fragmentation on the wood-dwelling cockraoch Panesthia australis (Blattaria, Blaberidea Panesthiinae). BSc. Hons thesis. La Trobe University, Melbourne.
120. McKenny, H. J. and Kirkpatrick, J. B., 1999. The role of fallen logs in the regeneration of tree species in Tasmanian mixed forest. Aust. J. Bot. 47: 745-53.
121. Mackensen, J. and Bauhus, J., 1999. The decay of coarse woody debris. National Carbon Accounting System. Technical Report No. 6. Australian Greenhouse Office. Commonwealth of Australia, November 1999.
122. Mac Nally, R., Parkinson, A., Horrocks, G., Conole, L. and Tzaros, C., 2001. Relationships between terrestrial vertebrate diversity, abundance and availability of coarse woody debris on south-eastern Australian floodplains. Biol. Cons. 99: 191-205.
123. Mac Nally, R., Horrocks, G. and Pettifer, L., 2002. Experimental evidence for potential beneficial effects of fallen timber in forests and implications for habitat restoration. Ecol. Appl. (in press).
124. Martin, P. H., Nabuurs, G., Aubinet, M., Karjalainen, T., Vine, E., Kinsman, J. and Heath, L., 2001. Carbon sinks in temperate forests. Ann. Rev. Energy Environ. 26: 435-65.
125. Maser, C. and Trappe, J. M., 1984. The Seen and Unseen World of the Fallen Tree. U.S.D.A. Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-164.
126. Maser, C., Trappe, J. M. and Li, C. Y., 1984. Large woody debris and long-term forest productivity. Pp. 1-6 in Pacific Northwest Bioenergy Systems: Policies and Applications. Proceedings of a conference held at the Portland Marriott Hotel, May 10-11 1984. United States Department of Energy and the Pacific Northwest and Alaska Bioenergy Program.
127. Maser, C. and Sedell, J. R., 1994. From the Forest to the Sea: The Ecology of Wood in Streams, Rivers, Estuaries, and Oceans. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach.
128. Meggs, J., 1996. Pilot study of the effects of modern logging practices on the decaying-log habitat in wet eucalypt forest in south-east Tasmania. Report to the Tasmanian RFA Environment and Heritage Technical Committee. Commonwealth of Australia and the State of Tasmania. November 1996.
129. Meggs, J., 1997. Logs in a state of decay. Research Note No. 2. March 1997. Forestry Tasmania, Hobart.
130. Meggs, J. and Taylor, R. J., 1999. Distribution and conservation status of the Mt. Mangana Stag Beetle Lissotes latidens (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Papers Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. 133: 23-28.
131. Mesibov, R., 1986. A Guide to Tasmanian Centipedes. Published by the author, Zeehan, Tasmania.
132. Mesibov, R. and Ruhberg, H., 1991. Ecology and conservation of Tasmanipatus barretti and T. anophthalmus, parapatric onychophorans (Onycophora: Peripatopsidae) from north-eastern Tasmania. Papers Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. 125: 11-16.
133. Melville, J. and Swain, R., 1999. Home-range characteristics of an alpine lizard, Niveoscincus microlepidotus (Scincidae), on Mt. Wellington, southern Tasmania. Wildl. Res. 26: 263-70.
134. Naiman, R. J. and Bilby, R. E., (eds), 1998. River Ecology and Management. Lessons from the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion. Springer-Verlag, New York.
135. New, T., 1995. Onychophora in invertebrate conservation: priorities, practice and prospects. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 114: 77-89.
136. New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service, 1999. Threatened Species Information. Spotted-tailed Quoll. New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville, Sydney. September 1999.
137. Niemelä, J., Haila, Y. and Puntitila, P., 1996. The importance of small-scale heterogeneity in boreal forests: variation in diversity in forest-floor invertebrates across the succession gradient. Ecography 19: 352-68.
138. Noel, J. M., Platt, W. J. and Moser, E. B., 1998. Structural characteristics of old- and second-growth stands of Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) in the Gulf Coastal region of the U.S.A. Cons. Biol. 12: 533-48.
139. Noske, R. A., 1982. Comparative Behaviour and Ecology of some Australian Bark Foraging Birds. University of New England, Armidale.
140. O'Connell, A. M., 1997. Decomposition of slash residues in thinned regrowth eucalypt forest in Western Australia. J. App. Ecol. 34: 111-22.
141. Økland, B., 1996. Unlogged forest: Important sites for preserving the diversity of Mycetophilids (Diptera: Sciaroidea). Biol. Cons. 76: 297-310.
142. Ough, K. and Ross, J., 1992. Floristics, fire and clearfelling in wet forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria. Silvicultural Systems Project Technical Report No. 11. Department of Conservation and Environment, Melbourne, Australia.
143. Ough, K. and Murphy, A., 1996. The effect of clearfell logging on tree-ferns in Victorian wet forest. Aust. For. 59: 178-88.
144. Owen, W. H. and Thompson, J. A., 1965. Notes on the comparative ecology of the common brushtail and mountain possums in eastern Australia. Vict. Nat. 82: 216-18.
145. Pearce, M. H. and Malajczuk, N., 1990. Stump colonization by Armillaria luteobubalina and other wood decay fungi in an age series of cut stumps in Karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) regrowth forests in south-western Australia. New Phytologist 115: 129-38.
146. Peet, R. K. and Christensen, N. L., 1987. Competition and tree death. BioScience 37: 586-95.
147. Perry, D. H., Watson, J. A. L., Bunn, S. E. and Black, R., 1985. Guide to the termites (Isoptera) from the extreme south-west of Western Australia. J. Roy. Soc. West. Aust. 67: 66-78.
148. Pharo, E. J. and Beattie, A. J., 2002. The association between substrate variability and bryophyte and lichen diversity in eastern Australian forests. The Bryologist (in press).
149. Rab, M. A., 1992. Impacts of timber harvesting on soil disturbance and compaction with reference to residual log harvesting in East Gippsland, Victoria - a review. VSP Technical Report No. 13. Department of Conservation and Environment, Melbourne.
150. Rab, M. A., 1998. Rehabilitation of snig tracks and landings following logging of Eucalyptus regnans forests in the Victorian Central Highlands - a review. Aust. For. 61: 103-13.
151. Rawlinson, P. A., 1975. Two new lizard species from the genus Leilopisma (Scincidae: Lygosominae) in south-eastern Australia and Tasmania. Mem. Nat. Mus. Vic. 36: 1-16.
152. Read, J. and Hill, R. S., 1983. Rainforest invasion onto Tasmanian old-fields. Aust. J. Ecol. 8: 149-61.
153. Recher, H. F., 1996. Conservation and management of eucalypt forest vertebrates. Pp. 339-88 in The Conservation of Wildlife Diversity in Forested Landscapes Around the Globe ed by R. M. DeGraaf and R. I. Miller. Chapman and Hall, London.
154. Recher, H. F., Rohan-Jones, W. and Smith, P., 1980. Effects of the Eden woodchip industry on terrestrial vertebrates with recommendations for management. For. Comm. New South Wales, Research Note No. 42.
155. Resource and Conservation Assessment Council, 2002. Terms of licence under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. http:www.racac.nsw.gov.au/rfa/ pdf/EdenL.pdf
156. Rismiller, P., 1999. The Echidna: Australia's Enigma. Hugh Lauter Levin Associates Inc. Hong Kong.
157. Robinson, D., 1998. Lowering the goals? Habitat requirements of vertebrates and other wildlife groups in Victoria's Northern Plains and how well they match up. In Down to Grass Roots: Proceedings of a Conference on the Management of Grassy Ecosystems. Victorian University, St Albans, Melbourne.
158. Robinson, R. T., 1997. Dynamics of coarse woody debris in floodplain forests: impact of forest management and flood frequency. BSc (Hons) thesis, Charles Sturt University, Wagga.
159. Robertson, P., 1981. Comparative reproduction ecology of two southeastern Australian skinks. Pp. 25-37 in Proceedings of Melbourne Herpetological Symposium ed by C. B. Banks and A. A. Martin. Zoological Board of Victoria, Melbourne.
160. Rosenzweig, M. L., 1995. Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
161. Roth, L. M. and Willis, E. R., 1960. The biotic associations of cockroaches. Smith. Misc. Coll. 141: 1-470.
162. Schodde, R. and S. C. Tiedemann (eds), 1986. Reader's Digest Complete Book of Australian Birds. Reader's Digest, Sydney.
163. Scott, I. A. and Rowell, D., 1991. Population biology of Euperipatoides leuckartii (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae). Aust. J. Zool. 39: 499-588.
164. Seebeck, J. H., Warneke, R. M. and Baxter, B.J., 1984. Diet of the Bobuck, Trichosurus caninus (Ogilby) (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) in a mountain forest in Victoria. Pp. 145-54 in Possums and Gliders ed by A. P. Smith and I. D. Hume. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton, Sydney.
165. Settle, G. and Croft, D. B., 1982. Maternal behaviour of Antechinus stuartii (Dasyuridae, Marsupialia) in captivity. Chapter 35 in Carnivorous Marsupials ed by M. Archer. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton.
166. Shine, R., 2001. Australian Snakes: A Natural History. Reed New Holland, Sydney.
167. Smith, A. P., Wellham, G. S. and Green, S. W., 1989. Seasonal foraging activity and microhabitat selection by echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus) on the New England Tablelands. Aust. J. Ecol. 14: 457-66.
168. Smith, A. P., Moore, D. M. and Andrews, S. P., 1992. Proposed Forestry Operations in the Glen Innes Forest Management Area. Fauna Impact Statement. Supplement to the Environmental Impact Statement. Report for the Forestry Commission of New South Wales by Austeco Pty. Ltd.
169. Sollins, P., Cline, S. P., Verhoeven, T., Sachs, D. and Spycher, G., 1987. Patterns of log decay in old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Can. J. For. Res. 17: 1585-595.
170. Spies, T. A., Franklin, J. F. and Thomas, T. B., 1988. Coarse woody debris in Douglas-fir forests of western Oregon and Washington. Ecology 69: 1689-702.
171. Stamps, J. A., 1977. Social behaviour and spacing patterns in lizards. Pp. 265-334 in Biology of the Reptilia, Volume 7 ed by L. Gans and D. W. Tinkle. Academic Press, New York.
172. State Forests of NSW, 1995. Casino Management Area Environmental Impact Statement. State Forests of NSW, Sydney.
173. State Forests of New South Wales Northern Region, 1996. Fuel Management Plan Casino District, Northern Region State Forests of New South Wales. Murwillumbah Management Area EIS Supporting Document No. 2. Forestry Commission of New South Wales.
174. Statham, H. L. and Harden, R. H., 1982. Habitat utilisation of Antechinus stuartii (Marsupialia) at Petroi, northern New South Wales. Pp. 165-85 in Carnivorous Marsupials ed by M. Archer. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton.
175. Sturtevant, B. R., Bissonette, J. A., Long, J. N. and Roberts, D. W., 1997. Coarse woody debris as a function of age, stand structure, and disturbance in boreal New-foundland. Ecol. Appl. 7: 702-12.
176. Sverdrup-Thygeson, A., 2001. Key habitats in the Norwegian production forest: A case study. Scandin. J. For. Res. 16 (in press).
177. Svendrup-Thyseon, A. and Lindenmayer, D. B., 2002. The use of indicator species in boreal forest management. For. Ecol. Man. (in press).
178. Swan, G., 1990. A Field Guide to the Snakes and Lizards of New South Wales. Three Sisters Productions Pty Ltd, Winmallee, New South Wales.
179. Swift, M. J., 1977. The ecology of wood decomposition. Science Progress 67: 175-99.
180. Tait, N. N., Stutchbury, R. J. and Briscoe, D. A., 1990. Review of the discovery and identification of Onychophora in Australia. Proc. Linn. Soc. NSW 112: 153-71.
181. Taylor, R., 1990. Occurence of log-dwelling invertebrates in regeneration and old-growth wet sclerophyll forest in southern Tasmania. Papers Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. 119: 7-15.
182. Taylor, R. J., 1991. The role of retained strips for fauna conservation in production forests in Tasmania. Pp. 265-70 in Conservation of Australia's Forest Fauna ed by D. Lunney. Royal Zoological Society of NSW, Sydney.
183. Triggs, B., 1997. Tracks, Scats and Other Traces. A Field Guide to Australian Mammals. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
184. Walters, J. R., Ford, H. A. and Cooper, C. B., 1999. The ecological basis of sensitivity of brown treecreepers to habitat fragmentation: a preliminary assessment. Biol. Cons. 90: 13-20.
185. Warneke, R. M., 1971. Field study of the Bush Rat (Rattus fuscipes). Wildl. Contrib., Vic., No. 14: 1-115. Fisheries and Wildlife Department, Melbourne.
186. Waters, J. R., McKelvey, K. S., Luoma, D. L. and Zabel, C. J., 1997. Truffle production in old-growth and mature fir stands in northeastern California. For. Ecol. Man. 96: 155-66.
187. Watt, A., 1991. The ecology of three species of Antechinus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in upland rainforests of north-east Queensland. PhD thesis, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville.
188. Watts, C. and Aslin, H. J., 1981. The Rodents of Australia. Angus and Robertson, Sydney.
189. Wayburn, L. A., Franklin, J. F., Gordon, J. C., Binkley, C. S., Mladenhoff, D. J. and Christensen, N. L., 2000. Forest Carbon in the United States: Opportunities and Options for Private Lands. Pacific Forest Trust, Santa Rosa, California.
190. Webb, G., 1985. Habitat use and activity patterns in some southeastern Australian skinks. Pp. 23-30 in Biology of Australiasian Frogs and Reptiles ed by G. Grigg, R. Shine and H. Ehmann. Royal Zoological Society of NSW, Sydney.
191. Wiegel, M., 1990. Australian Reptile Park's Guide to Snakes of South-east Australia. Wiegel Photoscript. Gosford, New South Wales.
192. Wilkinson, D. A., Grigg, G. C. and Beard, L. A., 1998. Shelter selection and home range of echidnas, Tachyglossus aculeatus, in the highlands of south-east Queensland. Wild. Res. 25: 219-32.
193. Williams, M. R. and Faunt, K., 1997. Factors affecting the abundance of hollows in logs in Jarrah forest of southwestern Australia. For. Ecol. Man. 95: 153-60.
194. Wilson, S. K. and Knowles, D. G., 1988. Australia's Reptiles. A Photographic Reference to the Terrestrial Reptiles of Australia. Collins Publishers, Sydney.
195. York, A., 1996. Long-term effects of repeated prescribed burning on forest invertebrates: Management implications for the conservation of biodiversity. Pp. 181-259 in Australia's Biodiversity - Responses to Fire. Plants, Birds and Invertebrates ed by A. M. Gill, J. C. Woinarski and A. York. Environment Australia Biodiversity Technical Paper 1: 1-266.
196. Williams, J. E. and Gill, A. M., 1995. The impact of fire regimes on native forests in eastern New South Wales, Environmental Heritage Monograph Series No. 2. New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney.
197. Woldendorp, J., 2000. Estimating carbon in mature eucalypt forests. BSc (Hons) thesis, Department of Geography, The Australian National University, Canberra.
198. Yoneda, T., 1986. Decomposition of wood litter in a forest. Jap. J. Ecol. 36: 117-29.
199. Young, A. M., 1986. Common Australian Fungi. New South Wales University Press, Kensington.