Long QT syndrome and anaesthesia

European Journal of Anaesthesiology

Volumn 19, Issue 12, 2002, Pages 853-859

  Wisely, N A ^a   Shipton, E A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b NONE   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Anaesthesia; Arrhythmia; General; heart diseases; Long QT syndrome

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; AMPICILLIN; ANESTHETIC AGENT; ASTEMIZOLE; ATROPINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CISAPRIDE; CLINDAMYCIN; EDROPHONIUM; ERYTHROMYCIN; FLUOXETINE; GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE; HALOPERIDOL; IMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE; INDAPAMIDE; ISOFLURANE; KETAMINE; KETANSERIN; LITHIUM; NEOSTIGMINE; NORADRENALIN; PANCURONIUM; PHENOTHIAZINE DERIVATIVE; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; RISPERIDONE; SEVOFLURANE; SODIUM CHANNEL; SUFENTANIL; SUXAMETHONIUM; THIOPENTAL; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANESTHESIA INDUCTION; ANOREXIA NERVOSA; BLOOD TRANSFUSION REACTION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CARDITIS; COMPLETE HEART BLOCK; COR PULMONALE; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; GASTROPLASTY; GENOTYPE; HEAD INJURY; HEART CONDUCTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART PACING; HEART VENTRICLE FIBRILLATION; HUMAN; HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPOMAGNESEMIA; HYPOPITUITARISM; HYPOTHERMIA; LONG QT SYNDROME; MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE; PHENOTYPE; REVIEW; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; SUDDEN DEATH; SYNCOPE; TORSADE DES POINTES;

EID: 0036898469     PISSN: 02650215     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00003643-200212000-00001     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Bazett HC. An analysis of the time-relations of electrocardiograms. Heart 1920; 7: 353-370.
2. Meissner FL. Taubstummheit und Taubstummenbildung. Heidelberg, Germany: Leipzig and Heidelberg, 1856: 119-120.
3. Latham AD, Munro TA. Familial myoclonus epilepsy associated with deaf-mutism in family showing other psychological abnormalities. Ann Eugenics 1939; 8: 166-175.
4. Jervell A, Lange-Nielsen F. Congenital deaf-mutism, functional heart disease with prolongation of the QT interval, and sudden death. Am Heart J 1957; 54: 59-68.
5. Romano C, Gemme G, Pongiglione R. Aritmie cardiache rare dell'eta pediatrica. Clin Pediatr 1963; 45: 658-683.
6. Ward, OC. A new familial cardiac syndrome in children. J Irish Med Assoc 1964; 54: 103-106.
7. Yanowitz F, Preston JB, Abildskov JA. Functional distribution of right and left stellate innervation to the ventricles. Production of neurogenic electrocardiographic changes by unilateral alteration of sympathetic tone. Circ Res 1966; 18: 416-428.
8. Moss AJ, McDonald J. Unilateral cervicothoracic sympathetic ganglionectomy for the treatment of long QT interval syndrome. N Engl J Med 1971; 285: 903-904.
9. Moss AJ, Schwartz PJ, Crampton RS, Locati E, Carleen E. The long QT syndrome: A prospective international study. Circulation 1985; 71: 17-21.
10. Keating M, Atkinson D, Dunn C, Timothy K, Vincent GM, Leppert M. Linkage of a cardiac arrhythmia, the long QT syndrome, and the Harvey ras-1 gene. Science 1991; 252: 704-706.
11. Towbin JA, Wang Z, Li H. Genotype and severity of long QT syndrome. Drug Metab Dispos 2001; 29: 574-579.
12. Munger RG, Prineas RJ, Crow RS, et al. Prolonged QT interval and risk of sudden death in South-East Asian men. Lancet 1991; 338: 280-281.
13. Schwartz PJ, Zaza A, Locati E, Moss AJ. Stress and sudden death. The case of the long QT syndrome. Circulation 1991; 83 (Suppl): II71-II80.
14. Schwartz PJ. Idiopathic long QT syndrome: Progress and questions. Am Heart J 1985; 109: 399-411.
15. Pacia SV, Devinsky O, Luciano DJ, Vazquez B. The prolonged QT syndrome presenting as epilepsy: A report of two cases and literature review. Neurology 1994; 44: 1408-1410.
16. Schwartz PJ, Periti M, Malliani A. The long QT syndrome. Am Heart J 1975; 89: 378-390.
17. Li H, Fuentes-Garcia J, Towbin JA. Current concepts in long QT syndrome. Pediatr Cardiol 2000; 21: 542-550.
18. Viskin S. Long QT syndromes and torsade de pointes. Lancet 1999; 354: 1625-1633.
19. Moss AJ, Robinson JL, Gessman L, et al. Comparison of clinical and genetic variables of cardiac events associated with loud noise versus swimming among subjects with the long QT syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84: 876-879.
20. S) cardiac potassium current. Nature 1996; 384: 78-80.
21. Wilde AA, Jongbloed RJ, Doevendans PA, et al. Auditory stimuli as a trigger for arrhythmic events differentiate HERG-related (LQTS2) patients from KVLQT1-related patients (LQTS1). J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33: 327-332.
22. Sanguinetti MC, Jiang C, Curran ME, Keating MT. A mechanistic link between an inherited and an acquired cardiac arrhythmia: HERG encodes the IKR potassium channel. Cell 1995; 81: 299-307.
23. Wang Q, Shen J, Li Z, et al. Cardiac sodium channel mutations in patients with long QT syndrome, an inherited cardiac arrhythmia. Hum Mol Genet 1995; 4: 1603-1607.
24. Vincent GM, Timothy KW, Leppert M, Keating M. The spectrum of symptoms and QT intervals in carriers of the gene for the long QT syndrome. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 846-852.
25. Viskin S, Belhassen B. Polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmias in the absence of organic heart disease: Classification, differential diagnosis, and implications for therapy. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1998; 41: 17-34.
26. Roden DM. Taking the 'idio' out of 'idiosyncratic': Predicting torsades de pointes. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998; 21: 1029-1034.
27. Kurita T, Ohe T, Marui N, et al. Bradycardia-induced abnormal QT prolongation in patients with complete atrioventricular block with torsades de pointes. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 628-633.
28. Schwartz PJ, Locati EH, Moss AJ, Crampton RS, Trazzi R, Ruberti U. Left cardiac sympathetic denervation in the therapy of congenital long QT syndrome. A worldwide report. Circulation 1991; 84: 503-511.
29. Moss AJ, Liu JE, Gottlieb S, Locati EH, Schwartz PJ, Robinson JL. Efficacy of permanent pacing in the management of high-risk patients with long QT syndrome. Circulation 1991; 84: 1524-1529.
30. Viskin S, Fish R, Roth A, Copperman Y. Prevention of torsade de pointes in the congenital long QT syndrome: Use of a pause prevention pacing algorithm. Heart 1998; 79: 417-419.
31. Kurita T. Antiarrhythmic effect of parenteral magnesium on ventricular tachycardia associated with long QT syndrome. Magnes Res 1994; 7: 155-157.
32. Reissell E, Yli-Hankala A, Orko R, Lindgren L. Sudden cardiorespiratory arrest after renal transplantation in a patient with diabetic autonomic neuropathy and prolonged QT interval. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994; 38: 406-408.
33. Adu-Gyamfi Y, Said A, Chowdhary UM, Abomelha A, Sanyal SK. Anaesthetic -induced ventricular tachyarrhythmia in Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome. Can J Anaesth 1991; 38: 345-346.
34. Moss AJ, Schwartz PJ. Delayed repotarization (QT or QTU prolongation) and malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis 1982; 51: 85-90.
35. Galloway PA, Glass PS. Anesthetic implications of prolonged QT interval syndromes. Anesth Analg 1985; 64: 612-620.
36. McConachie I, Keaveny JP, Healy TE, Vohra S, Million L. Effect of anaesthesia on the QT interval. Br J Anaesth 1989; 63:558-560.
37. Azzolini M, Ragagni M, Pfaender M, Dallape L, Gasperotti G. Idiopathic long QT syndrome. Changes in the duration of the QTC during anaesthesia with propofol. Minerva Anestesiol 1993; 59: 377-380.
38. Michaloudis D, Fraidakis O, Kanoupakis E, Flossos A, Manios E. Idiopathic prolonged QT interval and QT dispersion: The effects of propofol during implantation of cardioverter-defibrillator. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1999; 16: 842-847.
39. Kleinsasser A, Loeckinger A, Lindner KH, et al. Reversing sevoflurane-associated QTc prolongation by changing to propofol. Anaesthesia 2001; 56: 248-250.
40. Lindgren L, Yli-Hankala A, Randell T, et al. Haemodynamic and catecholamine responses to induction of anaesthesia and tracheal intubation: Comparison between propofol and thiopentone. Br J Anaesth 1993; 70: 306-310.
41. Owitz S, Pratilas V, Pratila MG, Dimich I. Anaesthetic considerations in the prolonged QT interval (LQTS): A case report. Can Anaesth Soc J 1979; 26: 50-54.
42. Freshwater JV. Anaesthesia for caesarean section and the Jervell, Lange-Nielson syndrome (prolonged QT interval syndrome). Br J Anaesth 1984; 56: 655-657.
43. Lischke V, Wilke HJ, Probst S, Behne M, Kessler P. Prolongation of the QT interval during induction of anesthesia in patients with coronary artery disease. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994; 38: 144-148.
44. Mitchell GF, Jeron A, Koren G. Measurement of heart rate and QT interval in the conscious mouse. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: H747-H751.
45. Kuenszberg E, Loeckinger A, Kleinsasser A, Lindner KH, Puehringer F, Hoermann C. Sevoflurane progressively prolongs the QT interval in unpremedicated female adults. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2000; 17: 662-664.
46. Michaloudis D, Fraidakis O, Petrou A, Gigourtsi C, Parthenakis E. Anaesthesia and the QT interval. Effects of isoflurane and halothane in unpremedicated children. Anaesthesia 1998; 53: 435-439.
47. Michaloudis D, Fraidakis O, Lefaki T, et al. Anaesthesia and the QT interval in humans. The effects of isoflurane and halothane. Anaesthesia 1996; 51: 219-224.
48. Michaloudis DG, Kanakoudis FS, Petrou AM, Konstantinidou AS, Pollard BJ. The effects of midazolam or propofol followed by suxamethonium on the QT interval in humans. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1996; 13: 364-368.
49. Saarnivaara L, Lindgren L. Prolongation of QT interval during induction of anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1983; 27: 126-130.
50. Lindgren L, Rautiainen P, Klemola UM, Saarnivaara L. Haemodynamic responses and prolongation of QT interval of ECG after suxamethonium-facilitated intubation during anaesthetic induction in children: A dose-related attenuation by alfentanil. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1991; 35: 355-358.
51. Scheinin B, Scheinin M, Vuorinen J, Lindgren L. Alfentanil obtunds the cardiovascular and sympatho adrenal responses to suxamethonium-facilitated laryngoscopy and intubation. Br J Anaesth 1989; 62: 385-392.
52. Lindgren L, Saarnivaara L, Klemola UM. Protection by fentanyl against cardiac dysrrhythmias during induction of anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1987; 4: 229-233.
53. Michaloudis DG, Kanakoudis FS, Xatzikraniotis A, Bischiniotis TS. The effects of midazolam followed by administration of either vecuronium or atracurium on the QT interval in humans. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1995; 12: 577-583.
54. Ponte J, Lurid J. Prolongation of the QT interval (Romano-Ward syndrome): Anaesthetic management. Br J Anaesth 1981; 53: 1347-1350.
55. Korpinen R, Saarnivaara L, Siren K. QT interval of the ECG, heart rate and arterial pressure during anaesthetic induction: Comparative effects of alfentanil and esmolol. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995; 39: 809-813.
56. Blair JR, Pruett JK, Crumrine RS, Balser JJ. Prolongation of QT interval in association with the administration of large doses of opiates. Anesthesiology 1987; 67: 442-443.
57. Saarnivaara L, Simola M. Effects of four anticholinesteraseanticholinergic combinations and tracheal extubation on QTc interval of the ECG, heart rate and arterial pressure. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1998; 42: 460-463.
58. Pleym H, Bathen J, Spigset O, Gisvold SE. Ventricular fibrillation related to reversal of the neuromuscular blockade in a patient with long QT syndrome. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1999; 43: 352-355.
59. Mitsutake A, Takeshita A, Kuroiwa A, Nakamura M. Usefulness of the Valsalva maneuver in management of the long QT syndrome. Circulation 1981; 63: 1029-1035.
60. Mortensen E, Berntsen R, Tveita T, Lathrop DA, Refsum H. Changes in ventricular fibrillation threshold during acute hypothermia. A model for future studies. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 1993; 4: 313-319.
61. Kulkarni P, Bhattacharya S, Petros AJ. Torsade de pointes and long QT syndrome following major blood transfusion. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 125-127.
62. Wellens HJ, Vermeulen A, Durrer D. Ventricular fibrillation occurring on arousal from sleep by auditory stimuli. Circulation 1972; 46: 661-665.