Polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmias in the absence of organic heart disease: Classification, differential diagnosis, and implications for therapy

Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 17-34

  Viskin, S ^a   Belhassen, B ^a  

^a TEL AVIV SOURASKY MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT;

ANTIARRHYTHMIC ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING; DEFIBRILLATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG CHOICE; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HEART PACING; HEART REPOLARIZATION; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HUMAN; LONG QT SYNDROME; TREATMENT PLANNING;

EID: 0031881104     PISSN: 00330620     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0033-0620(98)80020-0     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Brooks R Burgess J Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia A review. Medicine 67 1988 271 294
2. Belhassen B Viskin S Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 4 1993 356 368
3. Consensus Statement of the Joint Committees of the Unexplained Cardiac Arrest Registry of Europe and of the Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation Registry in the United States Survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with apparently normal heart. Need for definition and standardized clinical evaluation Circulation 95 1996 265 272
4. Jervell A Lange-Nielsen F Congenital deaf-mutism, functional heart disease with prolongation of the Q-T interval and sudden death Am Heart J 54 1957 59 68
5. Romano C Gemme G Pongiglione R Aritmie cardiache rare dell'eta pediatrica Clin Pediatr 45 1963 656 683
6. Ward O A new familial cardiac syndrome in children J Irish Med Assoc 54 1964 103 106
7. Leenhardt A Glaser E Burguera M Short-coupled variant of torsade de pointes. A new electrocardiographic entity in the spectrum of idiopathic ventricular tachyarrhythmias Circulation 89 1994 206 215
8. Leenhardt A Lucet V Denjoy I Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in children. A 7-year follow-up of 21 patients Circulation 91 1995 1512 1519
9. Belhassen B Shapira I Shoshani D Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation: Inducibility and beneficial effects of class I antiarrhythmic agents Circulation 75 1987 809 816
10. Brugada P Brugada J Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: A distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report J Am Coll Cardiol 20 1992 1391 1396
11. Aponte G The enigma of “Bangungut” Ann Intern Med 52 1960 1258 1263
12. Coumel P Lucet V Les syndromes de torsades de pointes. Varietes et limites Ann Cardiol Angeiol 35 1986 205 214
13. Shaw T Recurrent ventricular fibrillation associated with normal QT intervals QJM 200 1981 451 462
14. Myrianthefs M Cariolou M Eldar M Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in a family Chest 111 1997 1130 1133
15. Eisenberg S Scheinman M Dullet N Sudden cardiac death and polymorphous ventricular tachycardia in patients with normal QT intervals and normal systolic cardiac function Am J Cardiol 75 1995 687 692
16. Roden D Recent advances in the long QT syndrome Card Electrophysiol Rev 1 1997 262 263
17. Roden D Lazzara R Rosen M Multiple mechanisms in the long QT syndrome. Current knowledge, gaps, and future directions Circulation 94 1996 1996 2012
18. Tan HL Hou CJ Lauer MR Electrophysiologic mechanisms of the long QT interval syndromes and torsade de pointes Ann Intern Med 122 1995 701 714
19. Jackman WM Friday KJ Anderson JL The long QT syndromes: A critical review, new clinical observations and a unifying hypothesis Prog Cardiovasc Dis 31 1988 115 172
20. Priori SG Napolitano C Paganini V Molecular biology of the long QT syndrome: Impact on management Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 20 1997 II
21. Carmeliet E Electrophysiologic and voltage clamp analysis of the effects of sotalol on isolated cardiac muscle and Purkinje fibers J Pharmacol Exp Ther 232 1985 817 825
22. + current: Differential sensitivity to block by class III antiarrhythmic agents J Gen Physiol 96 1990 195 215
23. Yang T Roden D Extracellular potassium modulation of drug block of IKr: Implications for torsades de pointes and reverse use-dependence Circulation 93 1996 407 411
24. Antzelevitch C Sun Z Zhang Z Cellular and ionic mechanisms underlying erythromycin-induced long QT intervals and torsade de pointes J Am Coll Cardiol 28 1996 1836 1848
25. Vorperian V Zhou Z Mohammad S Torsade de pointes with an antihistamine metabolite: Potassium channel blockade with desmethylastemizole J Am Coll Cardiol 28 1996 1556 1561
26. Duggal P Vesely B Wattanasirichaigoon D Mutation of the gene for IsK associated with both Jervell and Lange Nielsen and Romano-Ward forms of long QT syndrome Circulation 97 1998 142 146
27. Drolet B Khalifa M Daleau P Block of the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current by the prokinetic agent cisapride underlies drug-related lengthening of the QT interval Circulation 97 1998 204 210
28. Martyn R Somberg J Kerin N Proarrhythmia of nonantiarrhythmic drugs Am Heart J 126 1993 201 205
29. Antzelevitch C Sicouri S Clinical relevance of cardiac arrhythmias generated by afterdepolarizations. Role of M cells in the generation of U waves, triggered activity andtorsade de pointes J Am Coll Cardiol 23 1994 259 277
30. El-Sherif N Caref E Yin H The electrophysiological mechanism of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in the long QT syndrome. Tridimentional mapping of activation and recovery patterns Circ Res 79 1996 474 492
31. Schwartz PJ Periti M Malliani A The long Q-T syndrome Am Heart J 89 1975 378 390
32. Kay GN Plumb VJ Arciniegas JG Torsade de pointes: The long-short initiating sequence and other clinical features: Observations in 32 patients J Am Coll Cardiol 2 1983 806 817
33. Locati EH Maison-Blanche P Dejode P Spontaneous sequences of onset of torsade de pointes in patients with acquired prolonged repolarization: Quantitative analysis of Holter recordings J Am Coll Cardiol 25 1995 1564 1575
34. Viskin S Alla S Barron H Mode of onset of torsade de pointes in congenital long QT syndrome J Am Coll Cardiol 28 1996 1262 1268
35. (abstr) Viskin S Fish R Zeltser D Pause-dependent vs. non pause-dependent initiation of torsade de pointes in the congenital long qt syndrome Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 21 1998 II 851
36. Gronefeld G Holtgen R Hohnloser S Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in a patient with the idiopathic long QT syndrome Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 19 1996 1260 1263
37. Moss AJ Schwartz PJ Crampton RS The long QT syndrome. Prospective longitudinal study of 328 families Circulation 84 1991 1136 1144
38. Garson A Dick M Fournier A The long QT syndrome in children. An international study of 287 patients Circulation 87 1993 1866 1872
39. Van-Hare GF Franz MR Roge C Persistent functional atrioventricular block in two patients with prolonged QT intervals: Elucidation of the mechanism of block Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 13 1990 608 618
40. Weintraub R Gow R Wilkinson J The congenital long QT syndromes in childhood J Am Coll Cardiol 16 1990 674 680
41. Scott W Dick M Two: One atrioventricular block in infants with congenital long QT syndrome Am J Cardiol 60 1987 1409 1410
42. DiSegni E David D Katzenstein M Permanent overdrive pacing for the suppression of recurrent ventricular tachycardia in a newborn with long QT syndrome J Electrocardiol 13 1980 189 192
43. (abstr) Hajj R Zareba W Rosero S Adrenergic triggers and non-adrenergic factors associated with cardiac events in long QT syndrome patients Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 20 1997 II 1072
44. Tobe T Langen C Bink-Boelkens M Late potentials in a bradycardia-dependent long QT syndrome associated with sudden death during sleep J Am Coll Cardiol 19 1992 541 549
45. Vincent GM Heterogeneity in the inherited long QT syndrome J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 6 1995 137 146
46. Priori SG Is long QT syndrome entering the era of molecular diagnosis? Heart 77 1997 5 6
47. Schwartz PJ Moss AJ Vincent GM Diagnostic criteria for the long QT syndrome. An update Circulation 88 1993 782 784
48. Broadhurst P Nathan A Cardiac arrest in a young woman with the long QT syndrome and concomitant astemizole ingestion Br Heart J 70 1993 469 470
49. Hsieh M Chen S Chiang C Drug-induced torsade de pointes in one patient with congenital long QT syndrome Int J Cardiol 54 1996 85 88
50. Garcia-Rubira J Aramburu O Romero D Syncope and long QT syndrome with an initially normal QT interval Int J Cardiol 40 1993 286 288
51. Lehmann M Suzuki F Fromm B T wave “humps” as a potential electrocardiographic marker of the long QT syndrome J Am Coll Cardiol 24 1994 746 754
52. Malfatto G Beria G Sala S Quantitative analysis of T wave abnormalities and their prognostic implications in the idiopathic long QT syndrome J Am Coll Cardiol 23 1994 296 301
53. Krahn A Klein G Yee R Hysteresis of the RT interval with exercise. A new marker for the long QT syndrome? Circulation 96 1997 1551 1556
54. Mitsutake A Takeshita A Kuroiwa A Usefulness of the valsalva maneuver in management of the long QT syndrome Circulation 63 1981 1029 1035
55. Vincent GM Jaiswal D Timothy K Effects of exercise on heart rate, QT, QTc and QT/QS2 in the Romano-Ward inherited long QT syndrome Am J Cardiol 68 1991 498 503
56. Moss AJ Zareba W Benhorin J ECG T-wave patterns in genetically distinct forms of the hereditary long QT syndrome [see comments] Circulation 92 1995 2929 2934
57. Bhandari AK Sapiro W Morady F Electrophysiologic testing in patients with the long QT syndrome Circulation 71 1985 63 71
58. Zhou JT Zheng LR Liu WY Early afterdepolarization in the familial long QTU syndrome J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 3 1993 431 436
59. Shimizu W Ohe T Kurita T Early afterdepolarizations induced by isoproterenol in patients with congenital long QT syndrome Circulation 84 1991 1915 1923
60. Kawade M Ohe T Kamiya T Provocative testing and drug response in a patient with the long QT syndrome Br Heart J 74 1995 67 70
61. Moss AJ Schwartz PJ Crampton RS The long QT syndrome: A prospective international study Circulation 71 1985 17 21
62. Epstein A Rosner M Hageman G Posterior left thoracic cardiac sympathectomy by surgical division of the sympathetic chain: An alternative approach to the treatment of the long QT syndrome Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 19 1996 1095 1104
63. Bhandari AK Scheinman MM Morady F Efficacy of left cardiac sympathectomy in the treatment of patients with the long QT syndrome Circulation 70 1984 1018 1023
64. Schwartz PJ Locati EH Moss A Left cardiac sympathetic denervation in the therapy of congenital long QT syndrome. A worldwide report Circulation 84 1991 503 511
65. Crawford MH Karliner JS O'Rourke RA Prolonged Q-T interval syndrome. Successful treatment with combined ventricular pacing and propranolol Chest 68 1975 369 371
66. Wilmer CI Stein B Morris DC Atrioventricular pacemaker placement in Romano-Ward syndrome and recurrent torsades de pointes Am J Cardiol 59 1987 171 172
67. Eldar M Griffin JC Abbott JA Permanent cardiac pacing in patients with the long QT syndrome J Am Coll Cardiol 10 1987 600 607
68. Eldar M Griffin JC Van Hare GF Combined use of beta-adrenergic blocking agents and long-term cardiac pacing for patients with the long QT syndrome J Am Coll Cardiol 20 1992 830 837
69. Moss AJ Liu JE Gottlieb S Efficacy of permanent pacing in the management of high-risk patients with long QT syndrome Circulation 84 1991 1524 1529
70. (editorial) Rosenbaum MB Acunzo RS Pseudo 2:1 atrioventricular block and T wave alternans in the long QT syndromes J Am Coll Cardiol 18 1991 1363 1366
71. Shinbane J Wood M Jensen N Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy: A review of animal models and clinical studies J Am Coll Cardiol 29 1997 709 715
72. Sclarovsky S Strasberg B Lewin R Polymorphous ventricular tachycardia: Clinical features and treatment Am J Cardiol 44 1979 339 345
73. Klein H Levi A Kaplinsky E Congenital long QT syndrome: Deleterious effect of long-term high-rate ventricular pacing and definitive treatment by cardiac transplantation Am Heart J 132 1996 1079 1081
74. Viskin S Fish R Roth A Prevention of torsade de pointes in the congenital long QT syndrome: Use of a pause-prevention pacing algorithm Heart 79 1998 417 419
75. (abstr) Viskin S Fish R Brosh D Prevention of pause-dependent torsade de pointes and malignant ventricular arrhythmias with a pause-preventing pacing algorithm Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 21 1998 II 826
76. Gran W Silka M Oliver R Use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in the congenital long QT syndrome Am J Cardiol 78 1996 703 706
77. abstr Dorostkar P Eldar M Belhassen B Long-term follow-up of patients with the idiopathic long QT syndrome treated with combined beta-blockers and chronic pacing Circulation 96 suppl I 1997 I 1172
78. Saxon L Shannon K Wetzel G Familial long QT syndrome: Electrical storm and implantable cardioverter device therapy Am Heart J 131 1996 1037 1039
79. Compton S Lux R Ramsey M Genetically defined therapy of inherited long QT syndrome. Correction of abnormal repolarization by potassium Circulation 94 1996 1018 1022
80. Priori SG Napolitano C Cantu F Differential response to Na+ channel blockade, beta-adrenergic stimulation and rapid pacing in a cellular model mimicking the SCN5A and HERG defects present in the long QT syndrome. Experimental basis for gene-specific therapy Circ Res 78 1996 1009 1015
81. Rosero S Zareba W Robinson J Gene specific therapy for long QT syndrome: QT shortening with lidocaine and tocainide in patients with mutation of the sodium channel gene Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 3 1997 274 278
82. Schwartz PJ Priori SG Locati EH Long QT syndrome patients with mutations of the SCN5A and HERG genes have differential responses to Na+ channel blockade and to increases in heart rate. Implications for gene-specific therapy [see comments] Circulation 92 1995 3381 3386
83. Strasberg B Welch W Palileo E Familial inducbile torsade de pointes with normal QT interval Eur Heart J 4 1983 383 390
84. Vincent GM Timothy KW Leppert M The spectrum of symptoms and QT intervals in carriers of the gene for the long QT syndrome N Engl J Med 327 1992 846 852
85. Viskin S Belhassen B Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation Am Heart J 120 1990 661 671
86. Viskin S Lesh M Eldar M Mode of onset of malignant ventricular arrhythmias in idiopathic ventricular fibrillation J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 8 1997 1115 1120
87. Tung R Shen W Hammill S Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 17 1994 1405 1412
88. Meissner M Lehmann M Steinman R Ventricular fibrillation in patients without significant structural heart disease: A multicenter experience with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy J Am Coll Cardiol 21 1993 1406 1412
89. (letter) Wever FD Unfavorable outcome in patients with primary electrical disease who survive ventricular fibrillation Circulation 89 1994 2456
90. Wever EFD Hauer RNW Oomen A Unfavorable outcome in patients with primary electrical disease who survived an episode of ventricular fibrillation Circulation 88 1993 1021 1029
91. Fan W Peter C The Cedars Investigators. Survival and incidence of appropriate shocks in implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients who have no detectable structural heart disease Am J Cardiol 74 1994 687 690
92. Aizawa Y Naitoh N Washizuka T Electrophysiological findings in idiopathic recurrent ventricular fibrillation: Special reference to mode of induction, drug testing and long-term outcomes Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 19 1996 929 939
93. Wellens HJJ Lemery R Smeets JL Sudden arrhythmic death without overt heart disease Circulation 85 suppl I 1992 I
94. Dock W Transitory ventricular fibrillation as a cause of syncope and its prevention by quinidine sulfate Am Heart J 4 1929 709 714
95. Bechgaard P Paroxysmal ventricular fibrillation with recovery Acta Med Scand 132 1948 9 19
96. Masrani K Cowley C Bekheit S Recurrent syncope over a decade due to idiopathic ventricular fibrillation Chest 106 1994 1601 1603
97. Bjerregaard P Gussak I Kotar SL Recurrent syncope in a patient with prominent J wave Am Heart J 127 1994 1426 1429
98. Dubner SJ Gimeno GM Elencwajg B Ventricular fibrillation with spontaneous reversion on ambulatory ECG in the absence of heart disease Am Heart J 105 1983 691 693
99. Ledwich JR Fay JE Idiopathic recurrent ventricular fibrillation Am J Cardiol 24 1969 255 257
100. Lemery R Brugada P Della Bella P Ventricular fibrillation in six adults without overt heart disease J Am Coll Cardiol 13 1989 911 916
101. Moe T Morgagni-Adams-Stokes attacks caused by transient recurrent ventricular fibrillation in a patient without apparent heart disease Am Heart J 37 1949 811 818
102. Chen P Feld G Mower M Effects of pacing rate and timing of defibrillation shock on the relation between the defibrillation threshold and the upper limit of vulnerability in open chest dogs J Am Coll Cardiol 18 1991 1555 1563
103. Chen P Feld G Kriett J Relation between the upper limit of vulnerability and defibrillation threshold in humans Circulation 88 1993 186 192
104. Saumarez R Heald S Slade A Primary ventricular fibrillation is associated with increased paced right ventricular electrogram fractionation Circulation 92 1995 2565 2571
105. The Antiarrhythmic Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias N Engl J Med 337 1997 1576 1583
106. Daoud E Kirsh M Bolling S Incidence, presentation, diagnosis, and management of malfunctioning implantable cardioverter-defibrillator rate-sensing leads Am Heart J 128 1994 892 895
107. Goyal R Harvey M Horwood L Incidence of lead system malfunction detected during implantable defibrillator generator replacement Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 19 1996 1143 1146
108. Konty F Dale J Self-terminating idiopathic ventricular fibrillation presenting as syncope: A 40-year follow-up report J Intern Med 227 1990 211 213
109. Frustaci A Bellocci F Olsen E Results of biventricular endomyocardial biopsy in survivors of cardiac arrest with apparently normal hearts Am J Cardiol 74 1994 890 895
110. Priori S Paganini V Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, primary prevention, immediate evaluation and management, long-term evaluation and management, experimental and theoretical developments Card Electrophysiol Rev 1 1997 244 247
111. Wever EFD Hauer RNW van-Capelle F Randomized study of implantable defibrillator as first-choice therapy versus conventional strategy in postinfarct sudden death survivors Circulation 91 1995 2195 2203
112. Bocker D Haverkamp W Block M Comparison of d,l-sotalol and implantable defibrillators for treatment of sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation in patients with coronary disease Circulation 94 1996 151 157
113. Viskin S Belhassen B Clinical problem solving: When you only live twice N Engl J Med 332 1995 1221 1225
114. Brugada J Brugada P Right bundle branch block and ST segment elevation in leads V1 through V3. A marker for sudden death in patients without demonstrable structuralheart disease Circulation 97 1998 457 460
115. Miyazaki T Mitamura H Miyoshi S Autonomic and antiarrhythmic drug modulation of ST segment elevation in patients with Brugada syndrome J Am Coll Cardiol 27 1996 1061 1070
116. Atarashi H Ogawa S Haruni K Characteristics of patients with right bundle branch block and ST-segment elevation in right precordial leads Am J Cardiol 78 1996 581 583
117. Kasanuki H Ohnishi S Ohtuka M Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation induced with vagal activity in patients without obvious heart disease Circulation 95 1997 2277 2285
118. Martini B Nava A Thiene G Ventricular fibrillation without apparent heart disease: Description of six cases Am Heart J 118 1989 1203 1209
119. Corrado D Nava A Buja G Familial cardiomyopathy underlies syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation and sudden death J Am Coll Cardiol 27 1996 443 448
120. Gussak I Bjerregaard P Egan TE ECG phenomenon called the J wave. History, pathophysiology and clinical significance J Electrocardiol 28 1995 49 58
121. Yan G Antzelevitch C Cellular basis for the electrocardiographic J wave Circulation 93 1996 372 379
122. Brugada J Brugada P What to do in patients with no structural heart disease and sudden arrhythmic death? Am J Cardiol 78 suppl 5A 1996 69 75
123. Nademanee K Veerakul G Nimmannit S Arrhythmogenic marker for the sudden unexpected death syndrome in Thai men Circulation 96 1997 2595 2600
124. Chen Q Kirsch G Zhang D Genetic basis and molecular mechanism for idopathic ventricular fibrillation Nature 392 1998 293
125. Corrado D Basso C Thiene G Spectrum of clinicopathologic manifestations of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: A multicenter study J Am Coll Cardiol 30 1997 1512 1520
126. Scheinman M Is the Brugada syndrome a distinct clinical entity? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 8 1997 332 336
127. Fontaine G Aouate P Fontaliran F Repolarization and genesis of cardiac arrhythmias. Role of body surface mapping Circulation 95 1997 2600 2602
128. Leclerq JF Potenza S Maisonblanche P Determinants of spontaneous occurrence of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in right ventricular dysplasia J Am Coll Cardiol 28 1996 720 724
129. Link M Wang P Haugh C Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: clinical results with implantable cardioverter defibrillators J Intervent Card Electrophysiol 1 1997 41 48
130. Kobayshi T Ito Y Kahijara T Acute cardiac death of unknown etiology. A preliminary report Jpn Heart J 3 1962 442 454
131. Tungsanga K Sriboonlue P Sudden unexplained death syndrome in North-Eastern Thailand Int J Epidemiol 22 1993 81 87
132. Baron R Thacker S Gorelkin L Sudden death among Southeast Asian refugees. An unexplained nocturnal phenomenon JAMA 250 1983 2947 2951
133. Munger R Prineas R Crow R Prolonged QT interval and risk of sudden death in South-East Asian men Lancet 338 1991 280 281
134. Makkar R Fromm B Steinman R Female gender as a risk factor for torsade de pointes associated with cardiovascular drugs JAMA 270 1993 2590 2597
135. Hayashi M Murata M Satoh M Sudden nocturnal death in young males from ventricular flutter Jpn Heart J 26 1983 585 591
136. Otto C Tauxe R Cobb L Venticular fibrillation causes sudden death in Southeast Asian immigrants Ann Intern Med 100 1984 45 47
137. Gilbert J Gold R Haffajee C Sudden cardiac death in a Southeast Asian immigrant: Clinical, electrophysiologic and biopsy characteristics Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 9 1986 912 914
138. Myerburg R Kessler K Mallon S Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients with silent myocardial ischemia due to coronary-artery spasm N Engl J Med 326 1992 1451 1455
139. (letter) Morgera T Sinagra G Viel E The syndrome of right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death.Which is the histological substrate? Eur Heart J 18 1997 1190 1191
140. Wang Y Griffin J Lesh M Patients with supraventricular tachycardia presenting with aborted sudden death: Incidence, mechanism and long-term follow-up J Am Coll Cardiol 18 1991 1720 1721
141. Robinson K Rowland E Krikler D Latent preexcitation: Exposure of anterograde accessory pathway conduction during atrial fibrillation Br Heart J 59 1988 53 55
142. Wesley R Taylor R Nadamnee K Catecholamine-sensitive right ventricular tachycardia in the absence of structural heart disease: A mechanism of exercise-induced cardiac arrest Cardiology 79 1991 237 243