메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 293-300

A comparative review of cutaneous pH

Author keywords

Animal; Comparative; Cutaneous; Human; Review; Skin pH

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; MICROBIOTA;

EID: 0036885891     PISSN: 09594493     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.2002.00312.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (112)

References (68)
  • 1
    • 0028839650 scopus 로고
    • The concept of the acid mantle of the skin. Its relevance for the choice of skin cleansers
    • Schmid, M.H., Korting, H.C. The concept of the acid mantle of the skin. Its relevance for the choice of skin cleansers. Dermatology 1995; 191: 276-80.
    • (1995) Dermatology , vol.191 , pp. 276-280
    • Schmid, M.H.1    Korting, H.C.2
  • 2
    • 0001105896 scopus 로고
    • Changes in skin pH and resident flora by washing with synthetic detergent preparations at pH 5.5 and 8.5
    • Korting, H.C., Greiner, K., Hubner, K. et al. Changes in skin pH and resident flora by washing with synthetic detergent preparations at pH 5.5 and 8.5. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 1991; 42: 147-58.
    • (1991) Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists , vol.42 , pp. 147-158
    • Korting, H.C.1    Greiner, K.2    Hubner, K.3
  • 3
    • 0029960179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of detergents on skin pH and its consequences
    • Korting, H.C., Braun-Falco, O. The effect of detergents on skin pH and its consequences. Clinics in Dermatology 1996; 14: 23-7.
    • (1996) Clinics in Dermatology , vol.14 , pp. 23-27
    • Korting, H.C.1    Braun-Falco, O.2
  • 5
    • 0028829183 scopus 로고
    • Peptides as weapons against microorganisms in the chemical defense system of vertebrates
    • Nicolas, P., Mor, A. Peptides as weapons against microorganisms in the chemical defense system of vertebrates. Annual Reviews in Microbiology 1995; 49: 277-304.
    • (1995) Annual Reviews in Microbiology , vol.49 , pp. 277-304
    • Nicolas, P.1    Mor, A.2
  • 6
    • 0347239502 scopus 로고
    • The hydrogen ion concentration of the skin
    • Goodman, H. The hydrogen ion concentration of the skin. Urologic and Cutaneous Review 1943; 47: 470-7.
    • (1943) Urologic and Cutaneous Review , vol.47 , pp. 470-477
    • Goodman, H.1
  • 8
    • 0031744403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barrier recovery is impeded at neutral pH, independent of ionic effects: Implications for extracellular lipid processing
    • Mauro, T., Grayson, S., Gao, W.N. et al. Barrier recovery is impeded at neutral pH, independent of ionic effects: implications for extracellular lipid processing. Archives of Dermatological Research 1998; 290: 215-22.
    • (1998) Archives of Dermatological Research , vol.290 , pp. 215-222
    • Mauro, T.1    Grayson, S.2    Gao, W.N.3
  • 9
    • 0028094570 scopus 로고
    • In vivo studies concerning a pH gradient in human stratum corneum and upper epidermis
    • Öhman, H., Vahlquist, A. In vivo studies concerning a pH gradient in human stratum corneum and upper epidermis. Acta Dermato-Venereologica Stockholm 1994; 74: 375-9.
    • (1994) Acta Dermato-Venereologica Stockholm , vol.74 , pp. 375-379
    • Öhman, H.1    Vahlquist, A.2
  • 10
    • 0012137382 scopus 로고
    • Measurement and control of pH values
    • Norris, J.R., Ribbons, D.W., eds. London: Academic Press
    • Munro, A.L.S. Measurement and control of pH values. In: Norris, J.R., Ribbons, D.W., eds. Methods in Microbiology, Vol. 2. London: Academic Press, 1970: 39-89.
    • (1970) Methods in Microbiology , vol.2 , pp. 39-89
    • Munro, A.L.S.1
  • 11
    • 0347870102 scopus 로고
    • The hydrogen-ion concentration of the surface of the healthy intact skin
    • Sharlit, H., Scheer, M. The hydrogen-ion concentration of the surface of the healthy intact skin. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology 1923; 7: 592-8.
    • (1923) Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology , vol.7 , pp. 592-598
    • Sharlit, H.1    Scheer, M.2
  • 12
    • 0025064042 scopus 로고
    • Transepidermal potassium ion, chloride ion, and water flux across delipidized and cellophane tape-stripped skin
    • Lo, J.S., Oriba, H.A., Maibach, H.A. et al. Transepidermal potassium ion, chloride ion, and water flux across delipidized and cellophane tape-stripped skin. Dermatologica 1990; 180: 66-8.
    • (1990) Dermatologica , vol.180 , pp. 66-68
    • Lo, J.S.1    Oriba, H.A.2    Maibach, H.A.3
  • 13
    • 0031687460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pH gradient over the stratum corneum differs in X-linked recessive and autosomal dominant ichthyosis: A clue to the molecular origin of the 'acid skin mantle'?
    • Öhman, H., Vahlquist, A. The pH gradient over the stratum corneum differs in X-linked recessive and autosomal dominant ichthyosis: a clue to the molecular origin of the 'acid skin mantle'? Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998; 111: 674-7.
    • (1998) Journal of Investigative Dermatology , vol.111 , pp. 674-677
    • Öhman, H.1    Vahlquist, A.2
  • 15
    • 0032113186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The timing of skin acidification in very low birth weight infants
    • Fox, C., Nelson, D., Wareham, J. The timing of skin acidification in very low birth weight infants. Journal of Perinatology 1998; 18: 272-5.
    • (1998) Journal of Perinatology , vol.18 , pp. 272-275
    • Fox, C.1    Nelson, D.2    Wareham, J.3
  • 18
    • 0033832585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for the existence of a self-regulated enzymatic process within the human stratum corneum - An unexpected role for urocanic acid
    • Krein, P.M., Kermici, M. Evidence for the existence of a self-regulated enzymatic process within the human stratum corneum - An unexpected role for urocanic acid. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2000; 115: 414-20.
    • (2000) Journal of Investigative Dermatology , vol.115 , pp. 414-420
    • Krein, P.M.1    Kermici, M.2
  • 19
    • 0034932649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation of free fatty acids from phospholipid regulates stratum corneum acidification and integrity
    • Fluhr, J.W., Kao, J., Jain, M. et al. Generation of free fatty acids from phospholipid regulates stratum corneum acidification and integrity. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2001; 177: 44-51.
    • (2001) Journal of Investigative Dermatology , vol.177 , pp. 44-51
    • Fluhr, J.W.1    Kao, J.2    Jain, M.3
  • 20
    • 0023789153 scopus 로고
    • The water barrier function of the skin in relation to the water content of stratum corneum, pH and skin lipids
    • Thune, P., Nilsen, T., Hanstad, I.K. et al. The water barrier function of the skin in relation to the water content of stratum corneum, pH and skin lipids. Acta DermatoVenereologica Stockholm 1988; 68: 277-83.
    • (1988) Acta DermatoVenereologica Stockholm , vol.68 , pp. 277-283
    • Thune, P.1    Nilsen, T.2    Hanstad, I.K.3
  • 24
    • 0029557765 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of skin pH and its significance in cutaneous diseases
    • Chikakane, K., Takahashi, H. Measurement of skin pH and its significance in cutaneous diseases. Clinics in Dermatology 1995; 13: 299-306.
    • (1995) Clinics in Dermatology , vol.13 , pp. 299-306
    • Chikakane, K.1    Takahashi, H.2
  • 25
    • 0002842876 scopus 로고
    • The determination of the pH of the skin of man and common laboratory animals
    • Draize, J.H. The determination of the pH of the skin of man and common laboratory animals. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1942; 5: 77-85.
    • (1942) Journal of Investigative Dermatology , vol.5 , pp. 77-85
    • Draize, J.H.1
  • 27
    • 0014289991 scopus 로고
    • Observations on the surface flora of the skin and on the skin pH
    • Noble, W.C. Observations on the surface flora of the skin and on the skin pH. British Journal of Dermatology 1968; 80:279-81.
    • (1968) British Journal of Dermatology , vol.80 , pp. 279-281
    • Noble, W.C.1
  • 28
    • 85047693041 scopus 로고
    • Skin aging. Effect on transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and casual sebum content
    • Wilhelm, K.P., Cua, A.B., Maibach, H.I. Skin aging. Effect on transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and casual sebum content. Archives of Dermatology 1991; 127: 1806-9.
    • (1991) Archives of Dermatology , vol.127 , pp. 1806-1809
    • Wilhelm, K.P.1    Cua, A.B.2    Maibach, H.I.3
  • 29
    • 0031951231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time-dependent variations of the skin barrier function in humans: Transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and skin temperature
    • Yosipovitch, G., Xiong, G.L., Haus, E. et al. Time-dependent variations of the skin barrier function in humans: transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and skin temperature. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998; 110: 20-3.
    • (1998) Journal of Investigative Dermatology , vol.110 , pp. 20-23
    • Yosipovitch, G.1    Xiong, G.L.2    Haus, E.3
  • 31
    • 0030773662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of soap and detergents on skin surface pH, stratum corneum hydration and fat content in infants
    • Gfatter, R., Hackl, P., Braun, F. Effects of soap and detergents on skin surface pH, stratum corneum hydration and fat content in infants. Dermatology 1997; 195: 258-62.
    • (1997) Dermatology , vol.195 , pp. 258-262
    • Gfatter, R.1    Hackl, P.2    Braun, F.3
  • 32
    • 0033917685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skin barrier properties in different body areas in neonates
    • Yosipovitch, G., Maayan-Metzger, A., Merlob, P. et al. Skin barrier properties in different body areas in neonates. Pediatrics 2000; 106: 105-8.
    • (2000) Pediatrics , vol.106 , pp. 105-108
    • Yosipovitch, G.1    Maayan-Metzger, A.2    Merlob, P.3
  • 33
    • 0034034288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in diapered and nondiapered infant skin over the first month of life
    • Visscher, M.O., Chatterjee, R., Munson, K.A. et al. Changes in diapered and nondiapered infant skin over the first month of life. Pediatric Dermatology 2000; 17: 45-51.
    • (2000) Pediatric Dermatology , vol.17 , pp. 45-51
    • Visscher, M.O.1    Chatterjee, R.2    Munson, K.A.3
  • 34
    • 0037819162 scopus 로고
    • The effect of age on the pH of the skin surface in the first week of life
    • Beare, J.M., Cheeseman, E.A., Gailey, A.A.H. et al. The effect of age on the pH of the skin surface in the first week of life. British Journal of Dermatology 1960; 72: 62-6.
    • (1960) British Journal of Dermatology , vol.72 , pp. 62-66
    • Beare, J.M.1    Cheeseman, E.A.2    Gailey, A.A.H.3
  • 36
    • 0014237315 scopus 로고
    • Physiologic skin pH patterns in infants of low birth weight. The onset of surface acidification
    • Green, M., Carol, B., Behrendt, H. Physiologic skin pH patterns in infants of low birth weight. The onset of surface acidification. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1968; 115: 9-16.
    • (1968) American Journal of Diseases of Children , vol.115 , pp. 9-16
    • Green, M.1    Carol, B.2    Behrendt, H.3
  • 37
    • 0023212904 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of skin surface pH on the forehead and cheeks of adults
    • Zlotogorski, A. Distribution of skin surface pH on the forehead and cheeks of adults. Archives of Dermatological Research 1987; 279: 398-401.
    • (1987) Archives of Dermatological Research , vol.279 , pp. 398-401
    • Zlotogorski, A.1
  • 38
    • 0035032637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Females have lower skin surface pH than men. A study on the influence of gender, forearm site variation, right/left difference and time of the day on the skin surface pH
    • Ehlers, C., Ivens, U.I., Moller, M.L. et al. Females have lower skin surface pH than men. A study on the influence of gender, forearm site variation, right/left difference and time of the day on the skin surface pH. Skin Research and Technology 2001; 7: 90-4.
    • (2001) Skin Research and Technology , vol.7 , pp. 90-94
    • Ehlers, C.1    Ivens, U.I.2    Moller, M.L.3
  • 39
    • 0031744094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in stratum corneum pH gradient when comparing white Caucasian and black African-American skin
    • Berardesca, E., Pirot, E, Singh, M. et al. Differences in stratum corneum pH gradient when comparing white Caucasian and black African-American skin. British Journal of Dermatology 1998; 139: 855-7.
    • (1998) British Journal of Dermatology , vol.139 , pp. 855-857
    • Berardesca, E.1    Pirot, E.2    Singh, M.3
  • 40
    • 0025136681 scopus 로고
    • The effect of prolonged drying on transepidermal water loss, capacitance and pH of human vulvar and forearm skin
    • Elsner, P., Maibach, H.I. The effect of prolonged drying on transepidermal water loss, capacitance and pH of human vulvar and forearm skin. Acta Dermato-Venereologica Stockholm 1990; 70: 105-9.
    • (1990) Acta Dermato-Venereologica Stockholm , vol.70 , pp. 105-109
    • Elsner, P.1    Maibach, H.I.2
  • 41
    • 0000838885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biology of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands
    • Freedburg, I.M., Eisen, A.Z., Eolff, K. et al., eds. New York: McGraw-Hill
    • Goldsmith, L.A. Biology of eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. In: Freedburg, I.M., Eisen, A.Z., Eolff, K. et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 5th edn, Vol. 1. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999: 155-64.
    • (1999) Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 5th Edn , vol.1 , pp. 155-164
    • Goldsmith, L.A.1
  • 42
    • 0018979962 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variations in skin temperature, skin pH, evaporative water loss and skin surface lipid values on human skin
    • Abe, T., Mayuzumi, J., Kikuchi, N. et al. Seasonal variations in skin temperature, skin pH, evaporative water loss and skin surface lipid values on human skin. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1980; 28: 387-92.
    • (1980) Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin , vol.28 , pp. 387-392
    • Abe, T.1    Mayuzumi, J.2    Kikuchi, N.3
  • 43
    • 0025845622 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of skin pH in domesticated and laboratory mammals
    • Meyer, W., Neurand, K. Comparison of skin pH in domesticated and laboratory mammals. Archives of Dermatological Research 1991; 283: 16-18.
    • (1991) Archives of Dermatological Research , vol.283 , pp. 16-18
    • Meyer, W.1    Neurand, K.2
  • 45
    • 0000987085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The measurement of skin pH in normal dogs of different breeds
    • Kwochka, K. W., Willemse, T., Von Tscharner, C., eds. Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman
    • Ruedisueli, F.L., Eastwood, N.J., Gunn, N.K. et al. The measurement of skin pH in normal dogs of different breeds. In: Kwochka, K. W., Willemse, T., Von Tscharner, C., eds. Advances in Veterinary Dermatology, Vol. 3. Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman, 1998: 521-2.
    • (1998) Advances in Veterinary Dermatology , vol.3 , pp. 521-522
    • Ruedisueli, F.L.1    Eastwood, N.J.2    Gunn, N.K.3
  • 47
    • 0015801415 scopus 로고
    • The effect of temperature and humidity on skin surface pH and the ionic composition of skin secretions in Ayrshire cattle
    • Jenkinson, D.M., Mabon, R.M. The effect of temperature and humidity on skin surface pH and the ionic composition of skin secretions in Ayrshire cattle. British Veterinary Journal 1973; 129: 282-94.
    • (1973) British Veterinary Journal , vol.129 , pp. 282-294
    • Jenkinson, D.M.1    Mabon, R.M.2
  • 48
    • 0034935169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General antimicrobial properties of the integument in fleece producing sheep and goats
    • Meyer, W., Neurand, K., Tanyolac, A. General antimicrobial properties of the integument in fleece producing sheep and goats. Small Ruminant Research 2001; 41: 181-90.
    • (2001) Small Ruminant Research , vol.41 , pp. 181-190
    • Meyer, W.1    Neurand, K.2    Tanyolac, A.3
  • 50
    • 0030516001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of the biology of canine skin with respect to the commensals Staphylococcus intermedius, Demodex canis and Malassezia pachydermatis
    • Mason, I.S., Mason, K.V., Lloyd, D.H. A review of the biology of canine skin with respect to the commensals Staphylococcus intermedius, Demodex canis and Malassezia pachydermatis. Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7: 119-32.
    • (1996) Veterinary Dermatology , vol.7 , pp. 119-132
    • Mason, I.S.1    Mason, K.V.2    Lloyd, D.H.3
  • 51
    • 0019995235 scopus 로고
    • Epidermal structure and surface topography of canine skin
    • Lloyd, D.H., Garthwaite, G. Epidermal structure and surface topography of canine skin. Research in Veterinary Science 1982; 33: 99-104.
    • (1982) Research in Veterinary Science , vol.33 , pp. 99-104
    • Lloyd, D.H.1    Garthwaite, G.2
  • 52
    • 0347239494 scopus 로고
    • Scanning electron microscopical studies of the living epidermis and stratum corneum in dogs
    • Irhke, P.J., Mason, I.S., White, S.D., eds. Oxford: Pergamon Press
    • Mason, I.S., Lloyd, D.H. Scanning electron microscopical studies of the living epidermis and stratum corneum in dogs. In: Irhke, P.J., Mason, I.S., White, S.D., eds. Advances in Veterinary Dermatology, Vol. 2. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1993: 131-9.
    • (1993) Advances in Veterinary Dermatology , vol.2 , pp. 131-139
    • Mason, I.S.1    Lloyd, D.H.2
  • 53
    • 0016997795 scopus 로고
    • A study of skin diseases in dogs and cats, II. Microflora of the normal skin of dogs and cats
    • Krogh, H.V., Kristensen, S. A study of skin diseases in dogs and cats, II. Microflora of the normal skin of dogs and cats. Nordisk Veterinaermedicin 1976; 28: 459-63.
    • (1976) Nordisk Veterinaermedicin , vol.28 , pp. 459-463
    • Krogh, H.V.1    Kristensen, S.2
  • 55
    • 0026872656 scopus 로고
    • Influence of the pH-value on the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Proprionibacterium acnes in continuous culture
    • Korting, H.C., Lukacs, A., Vogt, N. et al. Influence of the pH-value on the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Proprionibacterium acnes in continuous culture. Zentralblatt Fur Hygiene und Umweltmedizin (Stuttgart) 1992; 193: 78-90.
    • (1992) Zentralblatt fur Hygiene und Umweltmedizin (Stuttgart) , vol.193 , pp. 78-90
    • Korting, H.C.1    Lukacs, A.2    Vogt, N.3
  • 56
    • 0025184575 scopus 로고
    • Differences in the skin surface pH and bacterial microflora due to the long term application of synthetic detergent preparations of pH 5.5 and pH 7.0
    • Korting, H.C., Hübner, K., Greiner, K. et al. Differences in the skin surface pH and bacterial microflora due to the long term application of synthetic detergent preparations of pH 5.5 and pH 7.0. Acta Dermato-Venereologica Stockholm 1990; 70: 429-57.
    • (1990) Acta Dermato-Venereologica Stockholm , vol.70 , pp. 429-457
    • Korting, H.C.1    Hübner, K.2    Greiner, K.3
  • 57
    • 0023152180 scopus 로고
    • Influence of repeated washings with soap and synthetic detergents on pH and resident flora of the skin of forehead and forearm
    • Korting, H.C., Kober, M., Mueller, M. et al. Influence of repeated washings with soap and synthetic detergents on pH and resident flora of the skin of forehead and forearm. Acta Dermato-Venereologica Stockholm 1987; 67: 41-7.
    • (1987) Acta Dermato-Venereologica Stockholm , vol.67 , pp. 41-47
    • Korting, H.C.1    Kober, M.2    Mueller, M.3
  • 59
    • 0020532960 scopus 로고
    • Skin vapour loss as a method for measuring the influence of soaps and detergents on human skin
    • van der Valk, P.G.M., Nater, J.P., Bleumink, E. Skin vapour loss as a method for measuring the influence of soaps and detergents on human skin. Dermatosen 1983; 31: 58-60.
    • (1983) Dermatosen , vol.31 , pp. 58-60
    • Van Der Valk, P.G.M.1    Nater, J.P.2    Bleumink, E.3
  • 60
    • 0021172792 scopus 로고
    • Skin irritancy of commercially available soap and detergent bars as measured by water vapour loss
    • van der Valk, P.G.M., Crijns, M.C., Nater, J.P. et al. Skin irritancy of commercially available soap and detergent bars as measured by water vapour loss. Dermatosen 1984; 32: 87-90.
    • (1984) Dermatosen , vol.32 , pp. 87-90
    • Van Der Valk, P.G.M.1    Crijns, M.C.2    Nater, J.P.3
  • 62
    • 0020050358 scopus 로고
    • Irritancy of low concentrations of soap and synthetic detergents as measured by skin water loss
    • Hassing, J.H., Nater, J.P., Bleumink, E. Irritancy of low concentrations of soap and synthetic detergents as measured by skin water loss. Dermatologica 1982; 164: 314-21.
    • (1982) Dermatologica , vol.164 , pp. 314-321
    • Hassing, J.H.1    Nater, J.P.2    Bleumink, E.3
  • 63
    • 0034488717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental Candida albicans lesions in healthy humans: Dependence on skin pH
    • Runeman, B., Faergemann, J., Larko, O. Experimental Candida albicans lesions in healthy humans: dependence on skin pH. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 2000; 80: 421-4.
    • (2000) Acta Dermato-Venereologica , vol.80 , pp. 421-424
    • Runeman, B.1    Faergemann, J.2    Larko, O.3
  • 65
    • 0025636037 scopus 로고
    • Micelles, microemulsions, liquid crystals, and the structure of stratum corneum lipids
    • Friberg, S.E. Micelles, microemulsions, liquid crystals, and the structure of stratum corneum lipids. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 1990; 41: 155-71.
    • (1990) Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists , vol.41 , pp. 155-171
    • Friberg, S.E.1
  • 66
    • 0016505220 scopus 로고
    • +, Cl and pH ion-specific electrodes in the study of the electrolyte contents of epidermal transudate and sweat
    • +, Cl and pH ion-specific electrodes in the study of the electrolyte contents of epidermal transudate and sweat. British Journal of Dermatology 1975; 92: 511-18.
    • (1975) British Journal of Dermatology , vol.92 , pp. 511-518
    • Grice, K.1    Sattar, H.2    Casey, T.3    Baker, H.4
  • 67
    • 0002286140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure and development of skin
    • Freedberg, I.M., Eisen, A.Z., Wolff, K. et al., eds. New York: McGraw-Hill
    • Haake, A.R., Holbrook, K. The structure and development of skin. In: Freedberg, I.M., Eisen, A.Z., Wolff, K. et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 5th edn, Vol. 1. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999: 70-114.
    • (1999) Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 5th Edn , vol.1 , pp. 70-114
    • Haake, A.R.1    Holbrook, K.2
  • 68
    • 0001642478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidermal cell kinetics, epidermal differentiation, and keratinization
    • Freedburg, I.M., Eisen, A.Z., Wolff, K.W. et al., eds. New York: McGraw-Hill
    • Latkowski, J.M., Freedberg, I.M. Epidermal cell kinetics, epidermal differentiation, and keratinization. In: Freedburg, I.M., Eisen, A.Z., Wolff, K.W. et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 5th edn, Vol. 1. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999: 133-44.
    • (1999) Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 5th Edn , vol.1 , pp. 133-144
    • Latkowski, J.M.1    Freedberg, I.M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.