메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 30, Issue 11, 2002, Pages 2468-2472

Characteristics associated with analgesia ordering in the intensive care unit and relationships with outcome

Author keywords

Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; Analgesia; Intensive care unit; Mortality; Neuromuscular blockers; Sedatives

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; KETAMINE; MORPHINE; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT; NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENT; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OPIATE AGONIST; OPIATE ANTAGONIST; OXYCODONE; PARACETAMOL; PETHIDINE; SEDATIVE AGENT;

EID: 0036852041     PISSN: 00903493     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200211000-00011     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (46)

References (55)
  • 1
    • 0036152552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult
    • Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, et al: Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. Crit Care Med 2002; 2002:119-141
    • (2002) Crit Care Med , vol.2002 , pp. 119-141
    • Jacobi, J.1    Fraser, G.L.2    Coursin, D.B.3
  • 2
    • 0029372153 scopus 로고
    • Practice parameters for intravenous analgesia and sedation for adult patients in the intensive care unit: An executive summary
    • Society of Critical Care Medicine
    • Shapiro BA, Warren J, Egol AB, et al: Practice parameters for intravenous analgesia and sedation for adult patients in the intensive care unit: An executive summary. Society of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 1995; 23:1596-1600
    • (1995) Crit Care Med , vol.23 , pp. 1596-1600
    • Shapiro, B.A.1    Warren, J.2    Egol, A.B.3
  • 3
    • 0034026779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sedation in the intensive care unit
    • Young C, Knudsen N, Hilton A, et al: Sedation in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:854-866
    • (2000) Crit Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 854-866
    • Young, C.1    Knudsen, N.2    Hilton, A.3
  • 4
    • 0034653987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sedation in the intensive care unit: A systematic review
    • Ostermann ME, Keenan SP, Seiferling RA, et al: Sedation in the intensive care unit: A systematic review. JAMA 2000; 283:1451-1459
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.283 , pp. 1451-1459
    • Ostermann, M.E.1    Keenan, S.P.2    Seiferling, R.A.3
  • 5
    • 0028318251 scopus 로고
    • Beyond the Ramsay scale: Need for a validated measure of sedating drug efficacy in the intensive care unit
    • Hansen-Flaschen J, Cowen J, Polomano RC: Beyond the Ramsay scale: Need for a validated measure of sedating drug efficacy in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1994; 22:732-733
    • (1994) Crit Care Med , vol.22 , pp. 732-733
    • Hansen-Flaschen, J.1    Cowen, J.2    Polomano, R.C.3
  • 6
    • 0032818782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing sedation during intensive care unit mechanical ventilation with the bispectral index and the sedation-agitation scale
    • Simmons LE, Riker RR, Prato BS, et al: Assessing sedation during intensive care unit mechanical ventilation with the bispectral index and the sedation-agitation scale. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:1499-1504
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 1499-1504
    • Simmons, L.E.1    Riker, R.R.2    Prato, B.S.3
  • 7
    • 0034682246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation
    • Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O'Connor MF, et al: Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1471-1477
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.342 , pp. 1471-1477
    • Kress, J.P.1    Pohlman, A.S.2    O'Connor, M.F.3
  • 8
    • 0031596438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of continuous i.v. sedation is associated with prolongation of mechanical ventilation
    • Kollef MH, Levy NT, Ahrens TS, et al: The use of continuous i.v. sedation is associated with prolongation of mechanical ventilation. Chest 1998; 114:541-548
    • (1998) Chest , vol.114 , pp. 541-548
    • Kollef, M.H.1    Levy, N.T.2    Ahrens, T.S.3
  • 9
    • 0032931122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of pain in the critically ill patient
    • Hamill-Ruth RJ, Marohn ML: Evaluation of pain in the critically ill patient. Crit Care Clin 1999; 15:35-54, v-vi
    • (1999) Crit Care Clin , vol.15 , pp. 35-54
    • Hamill-Ruth, R.J.1    Marohn, M.L.2
  • 10
    • 0032964678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of pain in intensive care settings
    • Stevens DS, Edwards WT: Management of pain in intensive care settings. Surg Clin North Am 1999; 79:371-386
    • (1999) Surg Clin North Am , vol.79 , pp. 371-386
    • Stevens, D.S.1    Edwards, W.T.2
  • 11
    • 0027195525 scopus 로고
    • Optimal pain control in the intensive care unit
    • Bernauer EA, Yeager MP: Optimal pain control in the intensive care unit. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1993; 31:201-221
    • (1993) Int Anesthesiol Clin , vol.31 , pp. 201-221
    • Bernauer, E.A.1    Yeager, M.P.2
  • 12
    • 0025052079 scopus 로고
    • Midazolam acts synergistically with fentanyl for induction of anaesthesia
    • Ben-Shlomo I, abd-el-Khalim H, Ezry J, et al: Midazolam acts synergistically with fentanyl for induction of anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1990; 64:45-47
    • (1990) Br J Anaesth , vol.64 , pp. 45-47
    • Ben-Shlomo, I.1    Abd-el-Khalim, H.2    Ezry, J.3
  • 13
    • 0021839312 scopus 로고
    • GABA in morphine analgesia and tolerance
    • Sivam SP, Ho IK: GABA in morphine analgesia and tolerance. Life Sci 1985; 37:199-208
    • (1985) Life Sci , vol.37 , pp. 199-208
    • Sivam, S.P.1    Ho, I.K.2
  • 14
    • 0027245997 scopus 로고
    • Pupillary response to noxious stimulation during isoflurane and propofol anesthesia
    • Larson MD, Sessler DI, Washington DE, et al: Pupillary response to noxious stimulation during isoflurane and propofol anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1993; 76:1072-1078
    • (1993) Anesth Analg , vol.76 , pp. 1072-1078
    • Larson, M.D.1    Sessler, D.I.2    Washington, D.E.3
  • 15
    • 0029856038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pain and satisfaction with pain control in seriously ill hospitalized adults: Findings from the SUPPORT research investigations
    • For the SUPPORT investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment
    • Desbiens NA, Wu AW, Broste SK, et al: Pain and satisfaction with pain control in seriously ill hospitalized adults: Findings from the SUPPORT research investigations. For the SUPPORT investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment. Crit Care Med 1996; 24:1953-1961
    • (1996) Crit Care Med , vol.24 , pp. 1953-1961
    • Desbiens, N.A.1    Wu, A.W.2    Broste, S.K.3
  • 16
    • 0015579302 scopus 로고
    • Undertreatment of medical inpatients with narcotic analgesics
    • Marks RM, Sachar EJ: Undertreatment of medical inpatients with narcotic analgesics. Ann Intern Med 1973; 78:173-181
    • (1973) Ann Intern Med , vol.78 , pp. 173-181
    • Marks, R.M.1    Sachar, E.J.2
  • 17
    • 0025180562 scopus 로고
    • Pain experiences of intensive care unit patients
    • Puntillo KA: Pain experiences of intensive care unit patients. Heart Lung 1990; 19:526-533
    • (1990) Heart Lung , vol.19 , pp. 526-533
    • Puntillo, K.A.1
  • 18
    • 0031018538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptions by family members of the dying experience of older and seriously ill patients
    • SUPPORT Investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments
    • Lynn J, Teno JM, Phillips RS, et al: Perceptions by family members of the dying experience of older and seriously ill patients. SUPPORT Investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126:97-106
    • (1997) Ann Intern Med , vol.126 , pp. 97-106
    • Lynn, J.1    Teno, J.M.2    Phillips, R.S.3
  • 19
    • 0035113367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-reported symptom experience of critically ill cancer patients receiving intensive care
    • Nelson JE, Meier DE, Oei EJ, et al: Self-reported symptom experience of critically ill cancer patients receiving intensive care. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:277-282
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , pp. 277-282
    • Nelson, J.E.1    Meier, D.E.2    Oei, E.J.3
  • 20
    • 0024996131 scopus 로고
    • Patients' recollection of intensive care unit experience
    • Turner JS, Briggs SJ, Springhorn HE, et al: Patients' recollection of intensive care unit experience. Crit Care Med 1990; 18:966-968
    • (1990) Crit Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 966-968
    • Turner, J.S.1    Briggs, S.J.2    Springhorn, H.E.3
  • 21
    • 0024436915 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of patients' experience of discomforts during respirator therapy
    • Bergbom-Engberg I, Haljamae H: Assessment of patients' experience of discomforts during respirator therapy. Crit Care Med 1989; 17:1068-1072
    • (1989) Crit Care Med , vol.17 , pp. 1068-1072
    • Bergbom-Engberg, I.1    Haljamae, H.2
  • 22
    • 85036862654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MEMPHIS score: Means of evaluating & monitoring pain in a hospital ICU setting. A pain estimation tool in the medical intensive care unit
    • Abstr.
    • Freire AX, Cawley P, Phelps S, et al. MEMPHIS score: Means of evaluating & monitoring pain in a hospital ICU setting. A pain estimation tool in the medical intensive care unit. Abstr. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163(Suppl):A899
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.163 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Freire, A.X.1    Cawley, P.2    Phelps, S.3
  • 23
    • 84945753206 scopus 로고
    • Inferences of physical pain and psychological stress. I. In relation to verbal and nonverbal patient communication
    • Baer E, Davitz LJ, Lieb R: Inferences of physical pain and psychological stress. I. In relation to verbal and nonverbal patient communication. Nurs Res 1970; 19:388-392
    • (1970) Nurs Res , vol.19 , pp. 388-392
    • Baer, E.1    Davitz, L.J.2    Lieb, R.3
  • 24
    • 0033861716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacoeconomic impact of rational use guidelines on the provision of analgesia, sedation, and neuromuscular blockade in critical care
    • Mascia MF, Koch M, Medicis JJ: Pharmacoeconomic impact of rational use guidelines on the provision of analgesia, sedation, and neuromuscular blockade in critical care. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:2300-2306
    • (2000) Crit Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 2300-2306
    • Mascia, M.F.1    Koch, M.2    Medicis, J.J.3
  • 25
    • 0032881132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative reliability and validity of chronic pain intensity measures
    • Jensen MP, Turner JA, Romano JM, et al: Comparative reliability and validity of chronic pain intensity measures. Pain 1999; 83:157-162
    • (1999) Pain , vol.83 , pp. 157-162
    • Jensen, M.P.1    Turner, J.A.2    Romano, J.M.3
  • 26
    • 0029958844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of pain-measurement tools
    • Ho K, Spence J, Murphy MF: Review of pain-measurement tools. Ann Emerg Med 1996; 27:427-432
    • (1996) Ann Emerg Med , vol.27 , pp. 427-432
    • Ho, K.1    Spence, J.2    Murphy, M.F.3
  • 27
    • 0025234389 scopus 로고
    • A comparison between bupivacaine instillation versus ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block for postoperative analgesia following inguinal herniorrhaphy in children
    • Casey WF, Rice LJ, Hannallah RS, et al: A comparison between bupivacaine instillation versus ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block for postoperative analgesia following inguinal herniorrhaphy in children. Anesthesiology 1990; 72:637-639
    • (1990) Anesthesiology , vol.72 , pp. 637-639
    • Casey, W.F.1    Rice, L.J.2    Hannallah, R.S.3
  • 28
    • 0021244830 scopus 로고
    • Assessing children's responses to pain
    • Abu-Saad H: Assessing children's responses to pain. Pain 1984; 19:163-171
    • (1984) Pain , vol.19 , pp. 163-171
    • Abu-Saad, H.1
  • 29
    • 0022404598 scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting nurses' decisions to medicate pediatric patients after surgery
    • Burokas L: Factors affecting nurses' decisions to medicate pediatric patients after surgery. Heart Lung 1985; 14:373-379
    • (1985) Heart Lung , vol.14 , pp. 373-379
    • Burokas, L.1
  • 30
    • 0030130985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of children's vocal expressions, age, medical diagnosis and information obtained from parents on nurses' pain assessments and decisions regarding interventions
    • Hamers JP, Abu-Saad HH, van den Hout MA, et al: The influence of children's vocal expressions, age, medical diagnosis and information obtained from parents on nurses' pain assessments and decisions regarding interventions. Pain 1996; 65:53-61
    • (1996) Pain , vol.65 , pp. 53-61
    • Hamers, J.P.1    Abu-Saad, H.H.2    Van den Hout, M.A.3
  • 31
    • 0031657204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of pain assessment tools: Is there a preference?
    • Gordon M, Greenfield E, Marvin J, et al: Use of pain assessment tools: Is there a preference? J Burn Care Rehabil 1998; 19:451-454
    • (1998) J Burn Care Rehabil , vol.19 , pp. 451-454
    • Gordon, M.1    Greenfield, E.2    Marvin, J.3
  • 32
    • 0034025752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An audit of patient perception compared with medical and nursing staff estimation of pain during burn dressing changes
    • Rae CP, Gallagher G, Watson S, et al: An audit of patient perception compared with medical and nursing staff estimation of pain during burn dressing changes. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2000; 17:43-45
    • (2000) Eur J Anaesthesiol , vol.17 , pp. 43-45
    • Rae, C.P.1    Gallagher, G.2    Watson, S.3
  • 33
    • 0025020732 scopus 로고
    • Comparisons between patients' and nurses' assessment of pain and medication efficacy in severe burn injuries
    • Choiniere M, Melzack R, Girard N, et al: Comparisons between patients' and nurses' assessment of pain and medication efficacy in severe burn injuries. Pain 1990; 40:143-152
    • (1990) Pain , vol.40 , pp. 143-152
    • Choiniere, M.1    Melzack, R.2    Girard, N.3
  • 34
    • 0024420587 scopus 로고
    • Patients' and nurses' ratings of pain and anxiety during burn wound care
    • Van der Does AJ: Patients' and nurses' ratings of pain and anxiety during burn wound care. Pain 1989; 39:95-101
    • (1989) Pain , vol.39 , pp. 95-101
    • Van der Does, A.J.1
  • 35
    • 0028394369 scopus 로고
    • Dimensions of procedural pain and its analgesic management in critically ill surgical patients
    • Puntillo KA: Dimensions of procedural pain and its analgesic management in critically ill surgical patients. Am J Crit Care 1994; 3:116-122
    • (1994) Am J Crit Care , vol.3 , pp. 116-122
    • Puntillo, K.A.1
  • 36
    • 0029400704 scopus 로고
    • Analgesic administration, pain intensity, and patient satisfaction in cardiac surgical patients
    • Meehan DA, McRae ME, Rourke DA, et al: Analgesic administration, pain intensity, and patient satisfaction in cardiac surgical patients. Am J Crit Care 1995; 4:435-442
    • (1995) Am J Crit Care , vol.4 , pp. 435-442
    • Meehan, D.A.1    McRae, M.E.2    Rourke, D.A.3
  • 37
    • 0035674980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale
    • Payen JF, Bru O, Bosson JL, et al: Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:2258-2263
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , pp. 2258-2263
    • Payen, J.F.1    Bru, O.2    Bosson, J.L.3
  • 38
    • 0026787367 scopus 로고
    • The pivotal role of tumour necrosis factor alpha in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia
    • Cunha FQ, Poole S, Lorenzetti BB, et al: The pivotal role of tumour necrosis factor alpha in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. Br J Pharmacol 1992; 107:660-664
    • (1992) Br J Pharmacol , vol.107 , pp. 660-664
    • Cunha, F.Q.1    Poole, S.2    Lorenzetti, B.B.3
  • 39
    • 0029081831 scopus 로고
    • Inflammatory mediators of pain
    • Dray A: Inflammatory mediators of pain. Br J Anaesth 1995; 75:125-131
    • (1995) Br J Anaesth , vol.75 , pp. 125-131
    • Dray, A.1
  • 40
    • 0030745056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between behavioral and physiological indicators of pain, critical care patients' self-reports of pain, and opioid administration
    • Puntillo KA, Miaskowski C, Kehrle K, et al: Relationship between behavioral and physiological indicators of pain, critical care patients' self-reports of pain, and opioid administration. Crit Care Med 1997; 25:1159-1166
    • (1997) Crit Care Med , vol.25 , pp. 1159-1166
    • Puntillo, K.A.1    Miaskowski, C.2    Kehrle, K.3
  • 41
    • 0031308351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimensions of pain and analgesic administration associated with coronary artery bypass grafting in an Australian intensive care unit
    • Ferguson J, Gilroy D, Puntillo K: Dimensions of pain and analgesic administration associated with coronary artery bypass grafting in an Australian intensive care unit. J Adv Nurs 1997; 26:1065-1072
    • (1997) J Adv Nurs , vol.26 , pp. 1065-1072
    • Ferguson, J.1    Gilroy, D.2    Puntillo, K.3
  • 42
    • 0026815887 scopus 로고
    • A pilot study to assess the relationship between behavioral manifestations and self-report of pain in postanesthesia care unit patients
    • Mateo OM, Krenzischek DA: A pilot study to assess the relationship between behavioral manifestations and self-report of pain in postanesthesia care unit patients. J Post Anesth Nurs 1992; 7:15-21
    • (1992) J Post Anesth Nurs , vol.7 , pp. 15-21
    • Mateo, O.M.1    Krenzischek, D.A.2
  • 43
    • 0034022534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction of sedative, analgesic, and neuromuscular blocking agent guidelines in a medical intensive care unit: Physician and nurse adherence
    • Bair N, Bobek MB, Hoffman-Hogg L, et al: Introduction of sedative, analgesic, and neuromuscular blocking agent guidelines in a medical intensive care unit: Physician and nurse adherence. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:707-713
    • (2000) Crit Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 707-713
    • Bair, N.1    Bobek, M.B.2    Hoffman-Hogg, L.3
  • 44
    • 0026750585 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of sedation and analgesia in the postoperative ICU patient
    • Sun X, Quinn T, Weissman C: Patterns of sedation and analgesia in the postoperative ICU patient. Chest 1992; 101:1625-1632
    • (1992) Chest , vol.101 , pp. 1625-1632
    • Sun, X.1    Quinn, T.2    Weissman, C.3
  • 45
    • 85036893310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient characteristics & analgesia ordering behavior in medical intensive care patients and influence in outcome
    • Abstr.
    • Freire AX, Cawley P, Phelps S, et al. Patient characteristics & analgesia ordering behavior in medical intensive care patients and influence in outcome. Abstr. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163(Suppl):A954
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.163 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Freire, A.X.1    Cawley, P.2    Phelps, S.3
  • 46
    • 0029898011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simplified therapeutic intervention scoring system: The TISS-28 items - Results from a multicenter study
    • Miranda DR, de Rijk A, Schaufeli W: Simplified therapeutic intervention scoring system: The TISS-28 items - Results from a multicenter study. Crit Care Med 1996; 24:64-73
    • (1996) Crit Care Med , vol.24 , pp. 64-73
    • Miranda, D.R.1    De Rijk, A.2    Schaufeli, W.3
  • 47
    • 0029782755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The logistic organ dysfunction system. A new way to assess organ dysfunction in the intensive care unit
    • ICU Scoring Group
    • Le Gall JR, Klar J, Lemeshow S, et al: The logistic organ dysfunction system. A new way to assess organ dysfunction in the intensive care unit. ICU Scoring Group. JAMA 1996; 276:802-810
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.276 , pp. 802-810
    • Le Gall, J.R.1    Klar, J.2    Lemeshow, S.3
  • 48
    • 0022256529 scopus 로고
    • APACHE II: A severity of disease classification system
    • Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, et al: APACHE II: A severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 1985; 13:818-829
    • (1985) Crit Care Med , vol.13 , pp. 818-829
    • Knaus, W.A.1    Draper, E.A.2    Wagner, D.P.3
  • 49
    • 0032783880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes research in critical care: Results of the American Thoracic Society critical care assembly workshop on outcomes research
    • The members of the Outcomes Research Workshop
    • Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC, Pinsky MR, et al: Outcomes research in critical care: Results of the American Thoracic Society critical care assembly workshop on outcomes research. The members of the Outcomes Research Workshop. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:358-367
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.160 , pp. 358-367
    • Rubenfeld, G.D.1    Angus, D.C.2    Pinsky, M.R.3
  • 50
    • 0018953365 scopus 로고
    • Postsurgical pain relief: Patients' status and nurses' medication choices
    • Cohen FL: Postsurgical pain relief: Patients' status and nurses' medication choices. Pain 1980; 9:265-274
    • (1980) Pain , vol.9 , pp. 265-274
    • Cohen, F.L.1
  • 51
    • 0035190922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring sedation, agitation, analgesia, and delirium in critically ill adult patients
    • Fraser GL, Riker RR: Monitoring sedation, agitation, analgesia, and delirium in critically ill adult patients. Crit Care Clin 2001; 17:967-987
    • (2001) Crit Care Clin , vol.17 , pp. 967-987
    • Fraser, G.L.1    Riker, R.R.2
  • 52
    • 85036876452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MEMPHIS score validation: Inter-observer analysis
    • Abstr.
    • Freire AX, Cawley P, Phelps S, et al: MEMPHIS score validation: Inter-observer analysis. Abstr. Chest 2001; 120(Suppl 4):255S
    • (2001) Chest , vol.120 , Issue.SUPPL. 4
    • Freire, A.X.1    Cawley, P.2    Phelps, S.3
  • 53
    • 0026570345 scopus 로고
    • Ordering and administration of sedatives and analgesics during the withholding and withdrawal of life support from critically ill patients
    • Wilson WC, Smedira NG, Fink C, et al: Ordering and administration of sedatives and analgesics during the withholding and withdrawal of life support from critically ill patients. JAMA 1992; 267:949-953
    • (1992) JAMA , vol.267 , pp. 949-953
    • Wilson, W.C.1    Smedira, N.G.2    Fink, C.3
  • 54
    • 0024780560 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of nurses' and patients' perceptions of intensive care unit stressors
    • Cochran J, Ganong LH: A comparison of nurses' and patients' perceptions of intensive care unit stressors. J Adv Nurs 1989; 14:1038-1043
    • (1989) J Adv Nurs , vol.14 , pp. 1038-1043
    • Cochran, J.1    Ganong, L.H.2
  • 55
    • 0029088185 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of pain management in critically ill patients
    • Whipple JK, Lewis KS, Quebbeman EJ, et al: Analysis of pain management in critically ill patients. Pharmacotherapy 1995; 15:592-599
    • (1995) Pharmacotherapy , vol.15 , pp. 592-599
    • Whipple, J.K.1    Lewis, K.S.2    Quebbeman, E.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.