Three-dimensional imaging of proton gradients at microelectrode surfaces using confocal laser scanning microscopy

Electrochemistry Communications

Volumn 4, Issue 11, 2002, Pages 886-892

  Cannan, Susan ^a   Douglas Macklam, I ^a   Unwin, Patrick R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Confocal laser scanning microscopy; Diffusion; Fluorescence; Microelectrode; Proton gradient

Indexed keywords

BENZOQUINONE;

ARTICLE; CONFOCAL LASER MICROSCOPY; DIFFUSION; ELECTRODE; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; PH MEASUREMENT; SIGNAL PROCESSING; SIMULATION; SURFACE PROPERTY; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING;

EID: 0036849132     PISSN: 13882481     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1388-2481(02)00482-4     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. J. Pawliszyn, Anal. Chem. 64 (1992) 1552.
2. X. Yu, X. Yue, H. Gao, H. Chen, J. Crystal Growth 106 (1990) 690.
3. J.C. Van Dam, F.H. Mischgofsky, J. Crystal Growth 84 (1987) 539.
4. T. Ozeki, D.E. Irish, J. Electroanal. Chem. 280 (1990) 451.
5. C. Amatore, F. Bonhomme, J.-L. Bruneel, L. Servant, Electrochem. Commun. 2 (2000) 235.
6. C. Jan, R.L. McCreery, Anal. Chem. 58 (1986) 2771.
7. H.J. Kragt, C.P. Smith, H.S. White, J. Electroanal. Chem. 278 (1990) 403.
8. J. Pawliszyn, M.F. Weber, M.J. Dignam, A. Mandelis, R.D. Venter, S.-M. Park, Anal. Chem. 58 (1986) 236.
9. J. Pawliszyn, M.F. Weber, M.J. Dignam, A. Mandelis, R.D. Venter, S.-M. Park, Anal. Chem. 58 (1986) 239.
10. R.E. Russo, F.R. McLarnon, J.D. Spear, E.J. Cairns, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134 (1987) 2783.
11. C. Barbero, M.C. Miras, R. Kotz, Electrochim. Acta 37 (1992) 429.
12. M. Vilas-Boas, M.J. Henderson, C. Freire, A.R. Hillman, E. Vieil, Chem. Eur. J. 6 (2000) 1160.
13. A.L. Deputy, R.L. McCreery, J. Electroanal. Chem. 257 (1988) 57.
14. A.L. Deputy, R.L. McCreery, J. Electroanal. Chem. 285 (1989) 1.
15. A.L. Deputy, H.-P. Wu, R.L. McCreery, J. Phys. Chem. 94 (1990) 3620.
16. X. Li, D.J. Harrison, Anal. Chem. 63 (1991) 2168.
17. R.C. Engstrom, M. Weber, D.J. Wunder, R. Burgess, S. Winquist, Anal. Chem. 58 (1986) 844.
18. R.C. Engstrom, T. Meaney, R. Tople, R.M. Wightman, Anal. Chem. 59 (1987) 2005.
19. J. Zhang, C.J. Slevin, P.R. Unwin, Chem. Commun. (1999) 1501.
20. C.J. Slevin, P.R. Unwin, Langmuir 13 (1997) 4799.
21. C. Amatore, S. Szunerits, L. Thouin, Electrochem. Commun. 2 (2000) 248.
22. C. Wei, A.J. Bard, G. Nagy, K. Toth, Anal. Chem. 67 (1995) 1346.
23. C. Amatore, S. Szunerits, L. Thouin, J.-S. Warkocz, Electrochem. Commun. 2 (2000) 353.
24. B.D. Bath, R.D. Lee, H.S. White, E.R. Scott, Anal. Chem. 70 (1998) 1047.
25. S. Fiedler, R. Hagedorn, T. Schnelle, E. Richter, B. Wagner, G. Fuhr, Anal. Chem. 67 (1995) 820.
26. R.C. Engstrom, K.W. Johnson, S. DesJarlais, Anal. Chem. 59 (1987) 670.
27. R.J. Bowling, R.L. McCreery, C.M. Pharr, R.C. Engstrom, Anal. Chem. 61 (1989) 2763.
28. J.E. Vitt, R.C. Engstrom, Anal. Chem. 69 (1997) 1070.
29. R.C. Engstrom, S. Ghaffari, H. Qu, Anal. Chem. 64 (1992) 2525.
30. W.J. Bowyer, J. Xie, R.C. Engstrom, Anal. Chem. 68 (1996) 2005.
31. C.J.R. Sheppard, D.M. Shotton, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd, 1997.
32. R.M. Wightman, D.O. Wipf, in: A.J. Bard (Ed.), Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 15, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1989, p. 328.
33. D.S. Burnett, Finite Element Analysis, Addison-Wesley, USA, 1987.
34. J. Slavik, in: O.S. Wolfbeis (Ed.), Fluorescence Spectroscopy: New Methods and Applications, Springer, Berlin, 1993, pp. 173-185.
35. J.N. Butler, D.R. Cogley, in: Ionic Equilibrium, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1998, p. 67.
36. M.A. Alodan, W.H. Smyrl, J. Electrochem. Soc. 144 (1997) L282.
37. J. Zhang, P.R. Unwin, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 4 (2002) 3814.
38. J. Zhang, P.R. Unwin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 2379.
39. C.J. Slevin, P.R. Unwin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 2597.