Thoreau's country: A historical-ecological perspective on 1 conservation in the New England landscape

Journal of Biogeography

Volumn 29, Issue 10-11, 2002, Pages 1537-1555

  Foster, David R ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Conservation; Cultural landscape; Harvesting; History; New England; Regional planning; Reserves; Restoration; Sustainability; Wildlands

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL LANDSCAPE; HABITAT RESTORATION; HISTORICAL ECOLOGY; LANDSCAPE HISTORY; NATURE CONSERVATION; SUSTAINABILITY;

UNITED STATES;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0036816051     PISSN: 03050270     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00786.x     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Allen, F.H. (ed.) (1936) Men of Concord and Some Others as Portrayed in the journal of Henry David Thoreau. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
2. Allen, S. (1999) Bring back mother nature. Boston Globe, October 17, 10-17.
3. Anderson, M.G. (1999) Variability and Spatial Assessment of Ecological Communities in the Northern Appalachian Ecoregion. PhD Thesis, University of New Hampshire, Durham NH, USA.
4. Askins, R.A. (1993) Population trends in grassland, shrubland, and forest birds in eastern North America. Current Ornithology, 11, 1-34.
5. Askins, R.A. (1997) History of grasslands in the northeastern United States: Implications for bird conservation. Grasslands of Northeastern North America: Ecology and Conservation of Native and Agricultural Landscapes (eds P.D. Vickery and P.W. Dunwiddie), pp. 119-136. Massachusetts Audubon Society, Lincoln, MA.
6. Askins, R.A. (2000) Restoring North America's Birds: Lessons from Landscape Ecology. Yale University Press, New Haven.
7. Barbour, H., Simmons, T., Swain, P. & Woolsey, H. (1998) Our Irreplaceable Heritage - Protecting Biodiversity in Massachusetts. Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program and the Massachusetts chapter of The Nature Conservancy, Boston.
8. Bateson, E. & Smith, N. (2001) Making it happen: Protecting wilderness on the ground. Wilderness Comes Home. Rewilding the Northeast (ed. C. Klyza), pp. 182-210. Middlebury College Press and University Press of New England, Hanover.
9. Bellemare, J., Motzkin, G. & Foster, D.R. (2002) Legacies of the agricultural past in the forested present: An assessment of historical land-use effects on rich mesic forests. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1401-1420.
10. Berlik, M.M., Kittredge, D.B. & Foster, D.R. (2002) The illusion of preservation: A global environmental argument for the local production of natural resources. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1557-1568.
11. BioMap (2001) BioMap. Guiding Land Conservation for Biodiversity in Massachusetts. Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program, Boston, MA.
12. Birks, H.J.B. (1996) Contributions of quaternary palaeoecology to nature conservation. Journal of Vegetation Science, 7, 89-98.
13. Birks, H.H., Birks, H.J.B., Kaland, P.E. & Moe, D. (eds) (1988) The Cultural Landscape: Past, Present, and Future. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
14. Budd, B. (2000) Cows and conservation. Newsletter of the Ecological Society of America, 71, 2.
15. Buell, L. (1995) The Environmental Imagination. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
16. Cronon, W. (1983) Changes in the Land. Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England. Hill and Wang, New York.
17. Davis, M.B. (ed.) (1996) Eastern Old-Growth Forest. Prospects for Rediscovery and Recovery. Island Press, New York.
18. DeGraaf, R.M. & Miller, R.I. (1996) The importance of disturbance and land-use history in New England: Implications for forested landscapes and wildlife conservation. Conservation of Faunal Diversity in Forested Landscapes (eds R.M. DeGraaf and R.L Miller), pp. 3-35. Chapman & Hall, New York.
19. DeGraaf, R.M. & Yamasaki, M. (2001) New England Wildlife. Habitats, Natural History and Distribution. University Press of New England, Hanover, NH.
20. Dobbs, D. & Ober, R. (1996) The Northern Forest. Chelsea Green Publications Co., New York.
21. Donahue, B. (2001) Reclaiming the Commons: Community Farms and Forests in a New England Town. Yale University Press, New Haven.
22. Donohue, K., Foster, D.R. & Motzkin, G. (2000) Effects of the past and the present on species distributions: The influence of land-use history on the demography of Gaultheria procurehens. Journal of Ecology, 88, 303-316.
23. Dunwiddie, P.W. (1989) Forest and heath: The shaping of the vegetation on Nantucket Island. Journal of Forest History, July, 126-133.
24. Dunwiddie, P.W. (1999) Ecological management of sandplain grasslands and coastal heathlands in southeastern Massachusetts. Fire in ecosystem management: shifting the paradigm from suppression to prescription (eds T.L. Pruden and L.A. Brennan), pp. 83-93. Proceedings of the 20th Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference. Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, FL.
25. Dunwiddie, P.W. & Sferra, N. (1991) Loss of rare butterfly and plant species in coastal grasslands. Natural Areas Journal, 11, 119-120.
26. Eberhardt, R., Foster, D.R., Motzkin, G. & Hall, B. (2003) Conservation of changing landscapes: Vegetation and land-use history of Cape Cod National Seashore. Ecological Applications, in press.
27. Foss, C.R. (1992) Wildlife in a changing landscape. At What Cost? Shaping the Land We Call New Hampshire (ed. R. Ober), pp. 14-22. Historical Society and Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests, Concord, NH.
28. Foster, D.R. (1999) Thoreau's Country. Journey through a Transformed Landscape. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
29. Foster, D.R. & Motzkin, G. (1998) Ecology and conservation in the cultural landscape of New England: Lessons from nature's history. Northeastern Naturalist, 5, 111-126.
30. Foster, D.R. & Motzkin, G. (1999) Historical influences on the landscape of Martha's Vineyard - Perspectives on the management of Manuel F. Correllus state forest. Harvard Forest Paper no. 23. Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA.
31. Foster, D.R. & O'Keefe, J.F. (2000) New England Forests through Time: Insights from the Harvard Forest Dioramas. Harvard Forest and Harvard University Press, Petersham and Cambridge.
32. Foster, D.R. & Zebryk, T.M. (1993) Long-term vegetation dynamics and disturbance history of a Tsuga-dominated forest in New England. Ecology, 74, 982-998.
33. Foster, D.R., Orwig, D.A. & McLachlan, J. (1996) Ecological and conservation insights from retrospective studies of old-growth forests. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 419-424.
34. Foster, D.R., Motzkin, G. & Slater, B. (1998) Land-use history as long-term broad-scale disturbance: Regional forest dynamics in central New England. Ecosystems, 1, 96-119.
35. Foster, D.R., Clayden, S., Orwig, D.A., Hall, B. & Barry, S. (2002a) Oak, chestnut and fire: Climatic and cultural controls of long-term forest dynamics in New England, USA. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1359-1379.
36. Foster, D.R., Hall, B., Barry, S., Clayden, S. & Parshall, T. (2002b) Cultural, environmental and historical controls of vegetation patterns and the modern conservation setting on the island of Martha's Vineyard, USA. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1381-1400.
37. Foster, D.R., Motzkin, G.M., Bernardos, D. & Cardoza, J. (2002c) Wildlife dynamics in a changing New England landscape. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1337-1357.
38. Foster, D.R., Swanson, F., Aber, J., Burke, I., Brokaw, N., Tilman, D. & Knapp, A. (2003) The importance of land-use and its legacies to ecology and environmental management. BioScience (in press).
39. Fuller, J.L., Foster, D.R., McLachlan, J.S. & Drake, N. (1998) Impact of human activity on regional forest composition and dynamics in central New England. Ecosystems, 1, 76-95.
40. Gerhardt, F. & Foster, D.R. (2002) Physiographic and historical effects on forest vegetation in central New England, USA. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1421-1437.
41. Gimingham, C. (1972) Ecology of Heathlands. Chapman & Hall, New York.
42. Gleason, H.W. (1917) Through the Year with Henry D. Thoreau: Sketches of Nature from the Writings of Henry D. Thoreau, with Corresponding Photographic Illustrations. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
43. Golodetz, A. & Foster, D. (1996) Land protection in central New England: Historical development and ecological consequences. Conservation Biology, 11, 227-235.
44. Hall, B., Motzkin, G., Foster, D., Syfert, M. & Burk, J. (2002) Three hundred years of forest and land-use change in Massachusetts, USA. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 13191335.
45. Irland, L.C. (1999) The Northeast's Changing Forest. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
46. Jones, A. & Vickery, P. (1995) Conserving Grassland Birds. Managing Large Grasslands Including Conservation Lands, Airports, and Landfills Over 75 Acres for Grassland Birds. Massachusetts Audubon Society, Lincoln, MA.
47. Jones, A. & Vickery, P.D. (1997) Distribution and population status of grassland birds in Massachusetts. Grasslands of Northeastern North America (ed. by P.D. Vickery and P.W. Dunwiddie). Massachusetts Audubon Society, Lincoln, MA.
48. Klyza, C.M. (ed.) (2001) Wilderness Comes Home: Rewilding the Northeast. Middlebury College Press and University Press of New England, Hanover, NH.
49. Lansky, M. (1992) Beyond the Beauty Strip: Saving What's Left of our Forests. Tilbury Publishing, Gardiner, ME.
50. Leahy, C., Mitchell, J.H. & Conuel, T. (1996) The Nature of Massachusetts. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York.
51. Litvaitis, J.A. (2001) Importance of early-successional habitats to mammals in eastern forests. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29, 466-473.
52. McKibben, W. (1995) An explosion of green. The Atlantic Monthly April, 61-83.
53. McLachlan, J., Foster, D.R. & Menalled, F. (2000) Anthropogenic origins of late-successional structure and composition in four New England hemlock stands. Ecology, 81, 717-733.
54. Merchant, C. (1989) Ecological Revolutions: Nature, Gender, and Science in New England. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
55. Motzkin, G. & Foster, D.R. (2002) Grasslands, heathlands, shrublands in coastal New England: Historical interpretation and approaches to conservation. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1569-1590.
56. Motzkin, G., Foster, D., Allen, A., Harrod, J. & Boone, R. (1996) Controlling site to evaluate history: Vegetation patterns of a New England sand plain. Ecological Monographs, 66, 345-365.
57. Motzkin, G.M., Foster, D.R., Eberhardt, R., Hall, B., Harrod, J. & MacDonald, D. (2002b) Vegetation variation across Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Environmental and historical determinants. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1439-1454.
58. Motzkin, G., Foster, D. & Hall, B. (2003) Forest landscape patterns, structure, and composition. Forests in Time. The Environmental Consequences of 1000 Years of Change in New England. (ed. by D. Foster and J. Aber). Yale University Press, New Haven (in press).
59. Motzkin, G., Patterson, W.A. III & Foster, D.R. (1999a) A historical perspective on pitch pine-scrub oak communities in the Connecticut Valley of Massachusetts. Ecosystem, 2, 255273.
60. Motzkin, G.M., Wilson, P., Foster, D.R. & Allen, A. (1999b) Vegetation patterns in heterogeneous landscapes: The importance of history and environmental variation. Journal of Vegetation Science, 10, 903-920.
61. Norment, C. (2002) On grassland bird conservation in the Northeast. The Auk, 119, 271-279.
62. Oliver, C.D. & Stephens, E.P. (1977) Reconstruction of a mixed-species forest in central New England. Ecology, 58, 562-572.
63. Orwig, D.A., Cogbill, C.V., Foster, D.R. & O'Keefe, J.F. (2001) Variations in old-growth structure and definitions: Forest dynamics on Wachusett Mountain, Massachusetts. Ecological Applications, 1, 437-452.
64. Parshall, T. & Foster, D.R. (2002) Fire in the New England landscape: Regional and temporal variation, cultural and environmental controls. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1305-1317.
65. Parshall, T., Foster, D.R., Faison, E., MacDonald, D. & Hansen, B.S.C. (2003) Long-term vegetation and fire dynamics of pitch pine-oak forests on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Ecology (in press).
66. Patterson, W.A. III & Backman, A.E. (1988) Fire and disease history of forests. Vegetation History (eds B. Huntley and T. Webb III), pp. 603-632. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
67. Patterson, W.A. & Foster, D.R. (1990) Tabernacle pines: The rest of the story. Journal of Forestry, 88, 23-26.
68. Patterson, W.A. & Sassaman, K.E. (1988) Indian fires in the prehistory of New England. Holocene Human Ecology in Northeastern North America (ed. G.P. Nicholas), pp. 107135. Plenum Publishing Co., New York.
69. Peterken, G.F. (1977) Habitat conservation priorities in British and European woodlands. Biological Conservation, 1, 223236.
70. Peterken, G.F. (1996) Natural Woodland - Ecology and Conservation in Northern Temperate Regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
71. Rackham, O. (2000) The History of the Countryside. Phoenix Press, London.
72. Rackham, O. (2001) Trees and Woodland in the British Landscape. Phoenix Press, London.
73. Raup, H.M. (1966) The view from John Sanderson's farm: A perspective for the use of the land. Forest History, 10, 2-11.
74. RESTORE (2000) RESTORE: The North Woods. Fall/Winter Issue, p. 10.
75. Robinson, W. (1976) Abandoned New England. New York Graphic Society, New York.
76. Rolde, N. (2001) The Interrupted Forest: A History of Maine's Wildlands. Tilbury House, Gardiner, ME.
77. Russell, H.S. (1982) A Long Deep Furrow: Three Centuries of Farming in New England. University Press of New England, Hanover, NH.
78. Sayen, J. (2001) An opportunity for big wilderness in the northern Appalachians. Wilderness Comes Home. Rewilding the Northeast (eds C. Klyza), pp. 124-156. Middlebury College Press and University Press of New England, Hanover.
79. Steel, L. (1999) Losing Ground: An Analysis of Recent Rates and Patterns of Development and their Effects on Open Space in Massachusetts, 2nd Edn. Massachusetts Audubon Society, Lincoln, MA.
80. Sutherland, W.J. & Hill, D.A. (1995) Managing Habitats for Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
81. The Trustees of Reservations (TTOR) (1999) Conserving our Common Wealth - A Vision for the Massachusetts Landscape. The Trustees of Reservations, Beverly, MA.
82. Tiffney, W. (1992) The role of nutrient-level control in maintaining and restoring lowland heaths: British and northern European techniques of potential application to northeastern North America. Grasslands of Northeastern North America (ed. P.D. Vickery and P.W. Dunwiddie), pp. 69-78. Massachusetts Audubon Society, Lincoln, MA.
83. The Nature Conservancy (TNC) (2002a) State Success Stories - Fire Management, http://www.tncfire.org/sites.htm.
84. TNC (2002b) Islands Program. Revised Management Plan for the Katama Plains Conservation Area. The Nature Conservancy, Vineyard Haven, MA.
85. Trombulak, S. (2001) Ecological reserve design in the Northeast. Wilderness Comes Home. Rewilding the Northeast (eds C. Klyza), pp. 107-123. Middlebury College Press and University Press of New England, Hanover.
86. Vickery, P.D. & Dunwiddie, P.W. (eds) (1997) Grasslands of Northeastern North America. Massachusetts Audubon Society, Lincoln, MA.
87. Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R., Wylie, B.K. & Van Driel, N. (2001) Completion of the 1990s national land cover data set for the conterminous United States from landsat thematic mapper data and ancillary data sources. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 67, 650-662.
88. Wessels, T. (1999) Reading the Forested Landscape: A Natural History of New England. Countryman Press, Burlington, VT.
89. Westveld, M., Ashman, R.I., Baldwin, H.I., Holdsworth, R.P., Johnson, R.S., Lambert, J.H., Lutz, H.J., Swain, J. & Standish, M. (1956) Natural forest vegetation zones of New England. Journal of Forestry, 54, 332-338.
90. Whitney, G.G. (1994)From Coastal Wilderness to Fruited Plain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.