The immune response to infection with Treponema pallidum, the stealth pathogen

Microbes and Infection

Volumn 4, Issue 11, 2002, Pages 1133-1140

  Salazar, Juan C ^a,b   Hazlett, Karsten R O ^a   Radolf, Justin D ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Farmington   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT HEALTH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Adaptive immunity; Innate immunity; Spirochetes; Syphilis; Treponema pallidum

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 2;

BACTERIAL INFECTION; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOBIOLOGY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPIROCHETE; TREPONEMA PALLIDUM;

ANTIBODY FORMATION; BLISTER; GENOME; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, CELLULAR; LIPOPROTEINS; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; SYPHILIS; TREPONEMA PALLIDUM;

TREPONEMA; TREPONEMA PALLIDUM;

EID: 0036753733     PISSN: 12864579     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01638-6     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Dennie C.C. A History of Syphilis. Charles C., 1962;Thomas, Springfield.
2. Singh A.E., Romanowski B. Syphilis: review with emphasis on clinical, epidemiologic, and some biologic features. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12:(2):1999;187-209.
3. St Louis M.E., Wasserheit J.N. Elimination of syphilis in the United States. Science. 281:(5375):1998;353-354.
4. Lukehart S.A., Holmes K.K. Syphilis. Braunwald E., Isselbacher K.J., Petersdorf R.G., Wilson J.D., Martin J.B., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 1998;1023-1033 McGraw Hill Book Company, New York.
5. Thomas D.D., Navab M., Haake D.A., Fogelman A.M., Miller J.N., Lovett M.A. Treponema palliduminvades intercellular junctions of endothelial cell monolayers. 85:1988;3608-3612 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA.
6. Riley B.S., Oppenheimer-Marks N., Hansen E.J., Radolf J.D., Norgard M.V. Virulent Treponema pallidum activates human vascular endothelial cells. J. Infect. Dis. 165:1992;484-493.
7. Clark E.G., Danbolt N., The. Oslo study of the natural course of untreated syphilis. An epidemiologic investigation based on a re-study of the Boeck-Bruusgaard material. Med. Clin. North Am. 48:1964;613-623.
8. Thomas S.R., Quinn S.C. The Tuskegee syphilis study, 1932 to 1972: implications for HIV education and AIDS risk education programs in the black community. Am. J. Public Health. 81:1991;1498-1505.
9. McBroom R.L., Styles A.R., Chiu M.J., Clegg C., Cockerell C.J., Radolf J.D. Secondary syphilis in persons infected with and not infected with HIV-1: a comparative immunohistological study. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 21:1999;432-441.
10. Cox D.L., Chang P., McDowall A., Radolf J.D. The outer membrane, not a coat of host proteins, limits the antigenicity of virulent Treponema pallidum. Infect. Immun. 60:(3):1992;1076-1083.
11. Radolf J.D. Treponema pallidum and the quest for outer membrane proteins. Mol. Microbiol. 16:1995;1067-1073.
12. Radolf J.D. Role of outer membrane architecture in immune evasion by Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi. Trends Microbiol. 2:1994;307-311.
13. Fraser C.M., Norris S.J., Weinstock G.M., White O., Sutton G.G., Dodson R., et al. Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete. Science. 281:(5375):1998;375-388.
14. Centurion-Lara A., Castro C., Barrett L., Cameron C., Mostowfi M., Van Voorhis W.C., et al. Treponema pallidum major sheath protein homolog Tpr K is a target of opsonic antibody and the protective immune response. J. Exp. M. 189:1999;647-656.
15. Hazlett K.R.O., Sellati T.J., Nguyen T.T., Cox D.L., Clawson M.L., Caimano M.J., et al. The TprK protein of Treponema pallidum is periplasmic and is not a target of opsonic antibody or protective immunity. J. Exp. M. 193:2001;1015-1026.
16. Pillay A., Liu H., Chen C.Y., Holloway B., Sturm A.W., Steiner B., et al. Molecular subtyping of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. Sex Transm. Dis. 25:1998;408-414.
17. Lukehart S.A. Immunology and pathogenesis of syphilis. Quinn T.C., Advances in Host Defense Mechanisms. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1992;141-163 Raven Press, New York.
18. Radolf J.D., Chamberlain N.R., Clausell A., Norgard M.V. Identification and localization of integral membrane proteins of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum by phase partitioning with the nonionic detergent Triton X-114. Infect. Immun. 56:1988;490-498.
19. Bishop N.H., Miller J.N. Humoral immunity in experimental syphilis. I. The demonstration of resistance conferred by passive immunization. J. Immunol. 117:1976;191-196.
20. Nelson Jr R.A., Mayer M.M. Immobilization of Treponema pallidum in vitro by antibody produced in syphilitic infection. J. Exp. M. 89:1949;369-383.
21. Bishop N.H., Miller J.N. Humoral immunity in experimental syphilis. II. The relationship of neutralizing factors in immune sera to acquired resistance. J. Immunol. 117:1976;197-207.
22. Lukehart S.A., Miller J.N. Demonstration of the in vitro phagocytosis of Treponema pallidum by rabbit peritoneal macrophages. J. Immunol. 121:1978;2014-2024.
23. Hayes N.S., Muse K.E., Collier A.M., Baseman J.B. Parasitism by virulent Treponema pallidum of host cell surfaces. Infect. Immun. 17:1977;174-186.
24. Blanco D.R., Radolf J.D., Lovett M.A., Miller J.N. The antigenic interrelationship between the endoflagella of Treponema phagedenis biotype Reiter and Treponema pallidum, Nichols strain. I. Treponemicidal activity of cross-reactive endoflagellar antibodies against T. pallidum. J. Immunol. 137:1986;2973-2979.
25. Lukehart S.A., Baker-Zander S.A., Cheri Lloyd R.M., Sell S. Characterization of lymphocyte responsiveness in early experimental syphilis. II. Nature of cellular infiltration and Treponema pallidum distribution in testicular lesions. J. Immunol. 124:1980;461-467.
26. Magnuson H.J., Thomas E.W., Olansky S., Kaplan B.I., de Mello L., Cutler J.C. Inoculation syphilis in human volunteers. Medicine. 35:1956;33-82.
27. Miller J.N. Immunity in experimental syphilis VI. Successful vaccination of rabbits with Treponema pallidum, Nichols strain, attenuated by gamma-irradiation. J. Immunol. 110:1973;1206-1215.
28. Hanff P.A., Fehniger T.E., Miller J.N., Lovett M.A. Humoral immune response in human syphilis to polypeptides of Treponema pallidum. J. Immunol. 129:1982;1287-1291.
29. Bishop N.H., Miller J.N. Humoral immune mechanisms in experimental syphilis. Schell R.F., Musher D.M., Pathogenesis and Immunology of Treponemal Infection. 1983;241-270 Marcel Dekker, New York.
30. Fearon D.T., Locksley R.M. The instructive role of innate immunity in the acquired immune response. Science. 272:1996;50-53.
31. Bessler W.G., Cox M., Lex A., Suhr B., Wiesmuller K.H., Jung G. Synthetic lipopeptide analogs of bacterial lipoprotein are potent polyclonal activators for murine B lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 135:1985;1900-1905.
32. Hauschildt S., Hoffmann P., Beuscher H.U., Dufhues G., Heinrich P., Wiesmuller K.H., et al. Activation of bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages by bacterial lipopeptide: cytokine production, phagocytosis, and Ia expression. Eur. J. Immunol. 20:1990;63-68.
33. Hoffmann P., Heinle S., Schade U.F., Loppnow H., Ulmer A.J., Flad H.D., et al. Stimulation of human and murine adherent cells by bacterial lipoprotein and synthetic lipopeptide analogs. Immunobiology. 177:1988;158-170.
34. Radolf J.D., Norgard M.V., Brandt M.E., Isaacs R.D., Thompson P.A., Beutler B. Lipoproteins of Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponema pallidum activate cachectin/tumor necrosis factor synthesis: analysis using a CAT reporter construct. J. Immunol. 147:1991;1968-1974.
35. Akins D.R., Purcell B.K., Mitra M., Norgard M.V., Radolf J.D. Lipid modification of the 17-kilodalton membrane immunogen of Treponema pallidum determines macrophage activation as well as amphiphilicity. Infect. Immun. 61:1993;1202-1210.
36. Radolf J.D., Arndt L.L., Akins D.R., Curetty L.L., Levi M.E., Shen Y., et al. Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins and synthetic lipopeptides activate monocytes/macrophages. J. Immunol. 154:1995;2866-2877.
37. Norgard M.V., Arndt L.L., Akins D.R., Curetty L.L., Harrich D.A., Radolf J.D. Activation of human monocytic cells by Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins and synthetic lipopeptides proceeds via a pathway distinct from that of lipopolysaccharide but involves the transcriptional activator NF-kappa B. Infect. Immun. 64:(9):1996;3845-3852.
38. Sellati T.J., Bouis D.A., Kitchens R.L., Darveau R.P., Pugin J., Ulevitch R.J., et al. Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins and synthetic lipopeptides activate monocytic cells via a CD14-dependent pathway distinct from that utilized by lipopolysaccharide. J. Immunol. 160:1998;5455-5464.
39. Lien E., Sellati T.J., Yoshimura A., Flo T.H., Rawadi G., Finberg R.W., et al. Toll-like receptor 2 functions as a pattern recognition receptor for diverse bacterial products. J. Biol. Chem. 274:(47):1999;33419-33425.
40. Brightbill H.D., Libraty D.H., Krutzik S.R., Yang R.B., Belisle J.T., Bleharski J.R., et al. Host defense mechanisms triggered by microbial lipoproteins through toll-like receptors. Science. 285:1999;732-736.
41. Poltorak A., He X., Smirnova I., Liu M.Y., Van Huffel C., Du X., et al. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57Bl/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science. 282:1998;2085-2088.
42. Sellati T.J., Bouis D.A., Caimano M.J., Feulner A.J., Ayers C., Lien E., et al. Activation of human monocytic cells by Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponema pallidum is facilitated by CD14 and correlates with surface exposure of spirochetal lipoproteins. J. Immunol. 163:1999;2049-2056.
43. Underhill D.M., Ozinsky A., Hajjar A.M., Stevens A., Wilson C.B., Bassetti M., et al. The Toll-like receptor 2 is recruited to macrophage phagosomes and discriminates between pathogens. Nature. 401:(6755):1999;811-815.
44. Norgard M.V., Riley B.S., Richardson J.A., Radolf J.D. Dermal inflammation elicited by synthetic analogs of Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins. Infect. Immun. 63:1995;1507-1515.
45. Sellati T.J., Waldrop S.L., Salazar J.C., Bergstresser P.R., Picker L.J., Radolf J.D. The cutaneous response in humans to Treponema pallidum lipoproteins involves cellular elements of both innate and adaptive immunity. J. Immunol. 166:2001;4131-4140.
46. Tosca A., Lehou J., Hatjivasiliou M., Varelzidis A., Stratigos J.D. Infiltrate of syphilitic lesions before and after treatment. Genitourin. M. 64:1988;289-293.
47. Van Voorhis W.C., Barrett L.K., Koelle D.M., Nasio J.M., Plummer F.A., Lukehart S.A. Primary and secondary syphilis lesions contain mRNA for Th1 cytokines. J. Infect. Dis. 173:1996;491-495.
48. Arroll T.W., Centurion-Lara A., Lukehart S.A., Van Voorhis W.C. T-Cell responses to Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum antigens during the course of experimental syphilis infection. Infect. Immun. 67:1999;4757-4763.