Secondary syphilis in persons infected with and not infected with HIV-1: A comparative immunohistologic study

American Journal of Dermatopathology

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 432-441

  McBroom, Robert L ^a   Styles, Angela R ^a   Chiu, Michael J ^a   Clegg, Cynthia ^a   Cockerell, Clay J ^a   Radolf, Justin D ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT HEALTH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

HIV 1 infection; Immunohistology; Secondary syphilis

Indexed keywords

CD14 ANTIGEN; CD3 ANTIGEN; CD4 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN; HLA DR ANTIGEN;

ADULT; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN TISSUE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SECONDARY SYPHILIS; SKIN BIOPSY;

ADULT; ANTIGENS, CD14; ANTIGENS, CD3; ANTIGENS, CD4; ANTIGENS, CD8; BIOPSY; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SKIN; SYPHILIS, CUTANEOUS;

EID: 0032836886     PISSN: 01931091     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00000372-199910000-00005     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Hook EW III, Marra CM. Acquired syphilis in adults. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1060-9.
2. Centers for Disease Control. Primary and secondary syphilis - United States, 1981-1990. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1991; 40:314-5, 321-3.
3. Dunn RA, Rolfs RT. The resurgence of syphilis in the United States. Curr Opin Infect Dis 1991;4:3-11.
4. Hutchinson CM, Rompalo AM, Reichart CA, Hook EW. Characteristics of patients with syphilis attending Baltimore STD clinics. Multiple high-risk subgroups and interactions with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:511-6.
5. Wasserheit JN. Epidemiological synergy. Interrelationships between human immunodeficiency virus infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. Sex Transm Dis 1992;19:61-77.
6. Lukehart SA. Syphilis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 1990;3:3-9.
7. Radolf JD. Syphilis in the setting of HIV disease: opportunistic infection or fellow traveler? Opportun Compl HIV Dis 1998;4:13-24.
8. Musher DM, Hamill RJ, Baughn RE. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the course of syphilis and on the response to treatment. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:872-81.
9. Felman YM. Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases: infectious syphilis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Cutis 1989;44:288-90.
10. Lukehart SA, Holmes KK. Syphilis. In: Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Petersdorf RG, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Fauci AS, eds. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. NY: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1994:726-37.
11. Abell E, Marks R, Jones EW. Secondary syphilis: a clinicopathological review. Br J Dermatol 1975;93:53-61.
12. Jeerapaet P, Ackerman AB. Histologic patterns of secondary syphilis. Arch Dermatol 1973;107:373-7.
13. Jordaan HF. Secondary syphilis. A clinicopathological study. Am J Dermatopathol 1988;10:399-409.
14. Tosca A, Lehou J, Hatjivasiliou M, Varelzidis A, Stratigos JD. Infiltrate of syphilitic lesions before and after treatment. Genitourin Med 1988;64:289-93.
15. Engelkens HJH, ten Kate FJW, Judanarso J, et al. The localisation of treponemes and characterisation of the inflammatory infiltrate in skin biopsies from patients with primary or secondary syphilis, or early infectious yaws. Genitourin Med 1993;69:102-7.
16. Norris SJ. Syphilis. In: Wright DJM, ed. Immunology of sexually transmitted diseases. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988: 1-31.
17. Lukehart SA. Immunology and pathogenesis of syphilis. In: Quinn TC, ed. Advances in host defense mechanisms. Sexually transmitted diseases. NY: Raven Press, 1992:141-63.
18. Picker LJ, Michie SA, Rott LS, Butcher EC. A unique phenotype of skin-associated lymphocytes in humans. Preferential expression of the HECA-452 epitope by benign and malignant T cells at cutaneous sites. Am J Pathol 1990;136:1053-68.
19. Gelb AB, Smoller BR, Warnke RA, Picker LJ. Lymphocytes infiltrating primary cutaneous neoplasms selectively express the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA). Am J Pathol 1993; 142:1556-64.
20. Schoen FJ. Blood vessels. In: Cotran RS, Kumar V, Robbins SL, Schoen FJ, eds. Pathologic basis of disease. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1994:467-516.
21. Cid MC, Campo E, Ercilla G, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of lymphoid and macrophage cell subsets and their immunologic activation markers in temporal arteritis. Influence of corticosteroid treatment. Arthritis Rheum 1989;32:884-93.
22. Hume DA, Allan W, Hogan PG, Doe WF. Immunohistochemical characterisation of macrophages in human liver and gastrointestinal tract: expression of CD4, HLA-DR, OKM1, and the mature macrophage marker 25F9 in normal and diseased tissue. J Leukoc Biol 1987;42:474-84.
23. McLennan IS. Degenerating and regenerating skeletal muscles contain several subpopulations of macrophages with distinct spatial and temporal distributions. J Anat 1996;188:17-28.
24. Baughn RE, McNeely MC, Jorizzo JL, Musher DM. Characterization of the antigenic determinants and host components in immune complexes from patients with secondary syphilis. J Immunol 1986; 136:1406-14.
25. Baughn RE, Jorizzo JL, Adams CB, Musher DM. Ig class and IgG subclass responses to Treponema pallidum in patients with syphilis. J Clin Immunol 1988;8:128-39.
26. Jorizzo JL, McNeely MC, Baughn RE, Solomon AR, Cavallo T, Smith EB. The role of circulating immune complexes in human secondary syphilis. J Infect Dis 1986;153:1014-22.
27. Bos JD. Skin immune system: cutaneous immunology and clinical immunodermatology. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1997.
28. Barker JNWN, Mitra RS, Griffiths CEM, Dixit VM, Nickoloff BJ. Keratinocytes as initiators of inflammation. Lancet 1991;337: 211-4.
29. Geppert TD, Lipsky PE. Dissection of the antigen presenting function of tissue cells induced to express HLA-DR by gamma interferon. J Rheumatol 1987;14 (Suppl 13):59-62.
30. Wikner NE, Huff JC, Norris DA, et al. Study of HLA-DR synthesis in cultured human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1986;87:559-64.
31. Pober JS, Cotran RS. Cytokines and endothelial cell biology. Physiol Rev 1990;70:427-51.
32. Van Voorhis WC, Barrett LK, Koelle DM, Nasio JM, Plummer FA, Lukehart SA. Primary and secondary syphilis lesions contain mRNA for Th1 cytokines. J Infect Dis 1996;173:491-5.
33. Thomas DD, Navab M, Haake DA, Fogelman AM, Miller JN, Lovett MA. Treponema pallidum invades intercellular junctions of endothelial cell monolayers. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 1988;85: 3608-12.
34. Riley BS, Oppenheimer-Marks N, Hansen EJ, Radolf JD, Norgard MV. Virulent Treponema pallidum activates human vascular endothelial cells. J Infect Dis 1992;165:484-93.
35. Riley BS, Oppenheimer-Marks N, Radolf JD, Norgard MV. Virulent Treponema pallidum promotes adhesion of leukocytes to human vascular endothelial cells. Infect Immunol 1994;62:4622-5.
36. Henry M, Tschachler E. The skin immune system in the course of HIV-1 infection. Photochemistry & Photobiology 1996;64:275-9.
37. Bjerke JR, Krogh HK, Matre R. In situ identification of mononuclear cells in cutaneous infiltrates in discoid lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis and secondary syphilis. Acta Dermatologica Venereologica 1981;61:371-80.
38. + lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1995;25:644-8.
39. De Jong R, Brouwer M, Miedema F, Van Lier RA. Human CD8+ T lymphocytes can be divided into CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ cells with different requirements for activation and differentiation. J Immunol 1991;146:2088-94.
40. Van Voorhis WC, Barrett LK, Nasio JM, Plummer FA, Lukehart SA. Lesions of primary and secondary syphilis contain activated cytolytic T cells. Infect Immunol 1996;64:1048-50.
41. Radolf JD, Norgard MV, Brandt ME, Isaacs RD, Thompson PA, Beutler B. Lipoproteins of Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponema pallidum activate cachectin/tumor necrosis factor synthesis: analysis using a CAT reporter construct. J Immunol 1991;147:1968-74.
42. Radolf JD, Arndt LL, Akins DR, et al. Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins and synthetic lipopeptides activate monocytes/macrophages. J Immunol 1995;154:2866-77.
43. Norgard MV, Arndt LL, Akins DR, Curetty LL, Harrich DA, Radolf JD. Activation of human monocytic cells by Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins and synthetic lipopeptides proceeds via a pathway distinct from that of lipopolysaccharide but involves the transcriptional activator NF-kB. Infect Immunol 1996;64:3845-52.
44. Sellati TJ, Bouis DA, Kitchens RL, et al. Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins and synthetic lipopeptides activate monocytic cells via a CD14-dependent pathway distinct from that utilized by lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 1998;160:5455-64.
45. Theus SA, Harrich DA, Gaynor R, Radolf JD, Norgard MV. Virulent Treponema pallidum, treponemal lipoproteins, and synthetic lipoprotein analogs (lipopeptides) induce human immunodeficiency virus-1 gene expression in monocyte/macrophages via nuclear translocation of NF-kB. J Infect Dis 1997;177:941-50.
46. Zaitseva M, Blauvelt A, Lee S, Lapham CK, Klaus-Kovtun V, Mostowski H, Manischewitz J, Golding H. Expression and function of CCR5 and CXCR4 on human Langerhans cells and macrophages: implications for HIV primary infection. Nature Med 1997;3:1369-75.
47. Wu L, Paxton WA, Kassam N, et al. CCR5 levels and expression pattern correlate with infectability by macrophage-tropic HIV-1, in vitro. J Exp Med 1997;185:1681-91.
48. Wilson CB. The cellular immune system and its role in host defense. In: Mandell GL, Douglas RG, Bennett JE, eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. NY: Churcill Livingtone, Inc., 1990:101-38.
49. Kaufmann SHE. Immunity to intracellular bacteria. Annu Rev Immunol 1993;11:129-63.
50. Butcher EC, Picker LJ. Lymphocyte homing and homeostasis. Science 1998;272:60-6.
51. Azar HA, Pham TD, Kurban AK. An electron microscopic study of a syphilitic chancre. Arch Pathol 1970;90:143-50.
52. Sykes JA, Miller JN, Kalan AJ. Treponema pallidum within cells of a primary chancre from a human female. Br J Vener Dis 1974; 50:40-4.
53. Lauderdale V, Goldman JN. Serial ultrathin sectioning demonstrating the intracellularity of T. pallidum. Br J Vener Dis 1972;48:87-96.
54. Harding CV, Song R, Griffin J, France J, Wick MJ, Pfeifer JD, Geuze HJ. Processing of bacterial antigens for presentation to class I and II MHC-restricted T lymphocytes. Infect Agents Dis 1995; 4:1-12.
55. Rock KL, Rothstein L, Gamble S, Fleischacker C. Characterization of antigen-presenting cells that present exogenous antigens in association with class I MHC molecules. J Immunol 1993;150:438-46.
56. Bevan MJ. Antigen presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo. J Exp Med 1995;182:639-41.
57. Shen Z, Reznikoff G, Dranoff G, Rock KL. Cloned dendritic cells can present exogneous antigens on both MHC class I and class II molecules. J Immunol 1997;158:2723-30.
58. Sell S, Hsu P-L. Delayed hypersensitivity, immune deviation, antigen processing, and T-cell subset selection in syphilis pathogenesis and vaccine design. Immunol Today 1993;14:576-82.
59. Fitzgerald TJ. The Th1/Th2-like switch in syphilitic infection: is it detrimental? Infect Immunol 1992;60:3475-9.
60. Mosmann TR, Sad S. The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2, and more. Immunol Today 1996;17:138-46.
61. Gordon SM, Eaton ME, George R, et al. The response of symptomatic neurosyphilis to high-dose intravenous penicillin G in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1469-73.
62. Hutchinson CM, Hook EW3, Sheperd M, Verley J, Rompalo A. Altered clinical presentation of early syphilis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ann Intern Med 1994;121: 94-9.
63. Gourevitch MN, Selwyn PA, Davenny K, et al. Effects of HIV infection on the serologic manifestations and response to treatment of syphilis in intravenous drug users. Ann Intern Med 1993;118: 350-5.
64. Rolfs RT, Joesoef R, Rompalo AM, et al. Early syphilis in HIV infected and uninfected persons: results of the syphilis and HIV study. N Engl J Med 1997;337:307-14.
65. Orenstein JM, Fox C, Wahl SM. Macrophages as a source of HIV during opportunistic infections. Science 1997;276:1857-61.
66. Pantaleo G, De Maria A, Koenig S, et al. CD8+ T lymphocytes of patients with AIDS maintain normal broad cytolytic function despite the loss of human immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 1990;87:4818-22.