Mice deficient in small leucine-rich proteoglycans: Novel in vivo models for osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, muscular dystrophy, and corneal diseases

Glycobiology

Volumn 12, Issue 9, 2002, Pages

  Ameye, Laurent ^a   Young, Marian F ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DENTAL AND CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Biglycan; Collagen; Decorin; Fibromodulin; Lumican

Indexed keywords

BIGLYCAN; COLLAGEN; COLLAGEN FIBRIL; DECORIN; FIBROMODULIN; LEUCINE; LUMICAN; PROTEOGLYCAN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORNEA DISEASE; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE MODEL; EHLERS DANLOS SYNDROME; ENZYME DEFICIENCY; FEMALE; GENE MUTATION; HEREDITY; HUMAN; IN VIVO STUDY; MOUSE; MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY; NONHUMAN; OSTEOARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; SHORT SURVEY; TISSUE REPAIR;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0036744260     PISSN: 09596658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwf065     Document Type: Short Survey

References (100)

1. Ameye, L., Aria, D., Jepsen, K., Oldberg, A., Xu, T., and Young, M. (2002a) Abnormal collagen fibrils in tendons of biglycan/fibromodulin deficient mice lead to gait impairment, ectopic ossification and osteoarthritis. FASEB J., 16, 673-680.
2. Ameye, L., Young, M.F., and Chen, X.D. (2002b) Decorin. In: Creighton, T. (ed.), Wiley encyclopedia of molecular medecine. Wiley, New York, pp.1008-1010.
3. Antonsson, P., Heinegärd, D., and Oldberg, Å. (1993) Structure and deduced amino acid sequence of the human fibromodulin gene. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1174, 204-206.
4. Bech-Hansen, N.T., Naylor, M.J., Maybaum, T.A., Sparkes, R.L., Koop, B., Birch, D.G., Bergen, A.A., Prinsen, C.F., Polomeno, R.C., Gal, A., and others. (2000) Mutations in NYX, encoding the leucine-rich proteoglycan nyctalopin, cause X-linked complete congenital stationary night blindness. Nature Genet., 26, 319-323.
5. Bengtsson, E., Neame, P., Heinegärd, D., and Sommarin, Y. (1995) The primary structure of a basic leucine-rich repeat protein, PRELP, found in connective tissues. J. Biol. Chem., 270, 25639-25644.
6. Bianco, P., Fisher, L., Young, M., Termine, J., and Gehron Robey, P. (1990) Expression and localization of the two small proteoglycans biglycan and decorin in developing human skeletal and non-skeletal tissues. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 38, 1549-1563.
7. Bidanset, D.J., Guidry, C., Rosenberg, L.C., Choi, H.U., Timpl, R., and Höök, M. (1992) Binding of the proteoglycan decorin to collagen type VI. J. Biol. Chem., 267, 5250-5256.
8. Border, W.A., Noble, N.A., Yamamoto, T., Harper, J.R., Yamaguchi, Y., Pierschbacher, M.D., and Ruoslahti, E. (1992) Natural inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta protects against scarring in experimental kidney disease. Nature, 360, 361-364.
9. Bowe, M.A., Mendis, D.B., and Fallon, J.R. (2000) The small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan biglycan binds to alpha-dystroglycan and is upregulated in dystrophic muscle. J. Cell Biol., 148, 801-810.
10. Brown, E.L., Wooten, R.M., Johnson, B.J., Iozzo, R.V., Smith, A., Dolan, M.C., Guo, B.P., Weis, J.J., and Höök, M. (2001) Resistance to Lyme disease in decorin-deficient mice. J. Clin. Invest., 107, 845-852.
11. Chakravarti, S., Magnuson, T., Lass, J., Jepsen, K., LaMantia, C., and Carroll, H. (1998) Lumican regulates collagen fibril assembly: skin fragility and corneal opacity in the absence of lumican. J. Cell Biol., 141, 1277-1286.
12. Chakravarti, S., Petroll, W.M., Hassell, J.R., Jester, J.V., Lass, J.H., Paul, J., and Birk, D.E. (2000) Corneal opacity in lumican-null mice: defects in collagen fibril structure and packing in the posterior stroma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, 3365-3373.
13. Chen, X.-D., Shi, S., Xu, T., Gehron-Robey, P., and Young, M. (2002) Age-related osteoporosis in biglycan deficient mice is related to defects in bone marrow stromal cells. J. Bone Min. Res. (in press).
14. Corsi, A., Xu, T., Chen, X.-D., Boyde, A., Liang, J., Mankani, M., Sommer, B., Iozzo, R.V., Eichstetter, I., Gehron Robey, P., and others. (2002) Phenotypic effects of biglcyan deficiency are linked to collagen fibril abnormalities, are synergized by decorin deficiency, an mimic Ehlers-Danlos-like changes in bone and other connective tissues. J. Bone Min. Res. (in press).
15. Danielson, K., Baribault, H., Holmes, D., Graham, H., Kadler, K., and Iozzo, R. (1997) Targeted disruption of decorin leads to abnormal collagen fibril morphology and skin fragility. J. Cell Biol., 136, 729-749.
16. Danielson, K., Fazzio, A., Cohen, I., Cannizzaro, L., Eichstetter, I., and Iozzo, R. (1993) The human decorin gene: intron-exon organization, discovery of two alternatively spliced exons in the 5′ untranslated region, and mapping of the gene to chromosome 12q23. Genomics, 15, 146-160.
17. Danielson, K.G., Siracusa, L.D., Donovan, P.J., and Iozzo, R.V. (1999) Decorin, epiphycan, and lumican genes are closely linked on murine chromosome 10 and are deleted in lethal steel mutants. Mamm. Gen., 10, 201-203.
18. Deere, M., Johnson, J., Garza, S., Harrison, W.R., Yoon, S.J., Elder, F.F., Kucherlapati, R., Höök, M., and Hecht, J.T. (1996) Characterization of human DSPG3, a small dermatan sulfate proteoglycan. Genomics, 38, 399-404.
19. Dombi, G.W., Haut, R.C., and Sullivan, W.G. (1993) Correlation of high-speed tensile strength with collagen content in control and lathyritic rat skin. J. Surg. Res., 54, 21-28.
20. Ezura, Y., Chakravarti, S., Oldberg, A., Chervoneva, I., and Birk, D.E. (2000) Differential expression of lumican and fibromodulin regulate collagen fibrillogenesis in developing mouse tendons. J. Cell Biol., 151, 779-787.
21. Fisher, L.W., Heegaard, A.M., Vetter, U., Vogel, W., Just, W., Termine, J.D., and Young, M.F. (1991) Human biglycan gene. Putative promoter, intronexon junctions, and chromosomal localization. J. Biol. Chem., 266, 14371-14377.
22. Fisher, L.W., Termine, J.D., and Young, M.F. (1989) Deduced protein sequence of bone small proteoglycan I (biglycan) shows homology with proteoglycan II (decorin) and several nonconnective tissue proteins in a variety of species. J. Biol. Chem., 264, 4571-4576.
23. Font, B., Aubert-Foucher, E., Goldschmidt, D., Eichenberger, D., and van der Rest, M. (1993) Binding of collagen XIV with the dermatan sulfate side chain of decorin. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 25015-25018.
24. Font, B., Eichenberger, D., Rosenberg, L.M., and van der Rest, M. (1996) Characterization of the interactions of type XII collagen with two small proteoglycans from fetal bovine tendon, decorin and fibromodulin. Matrix Biol., 15, 341-348.
25. Friedman, J.S., Ducharme, R., Raymond, V., and Walter, M.A. (2000) Isolation of a novel iris-specific and leucine-rich repeat protein (oculoglycan) using differential selection. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, 2059-2066.
26. Funderburgh, J.L., Corpuz, L.M., Roth, M.R., Funderburgh, M.L., Tasheva, E.S., and Conrad, G.W. (1997) Mimecan, the 25-kDa corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan, is a product of the gene producing osteoglycin. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 28089-28095.
27. Goldberg, M., Rapoport, O., Septier, D., Palmier, K., R, H., embery, G., Young, M., and Ameye, L. (2002) Proteoglycans in predentin: the last 15 micrometers before mineralization. Conn. Tiss. Res. (in press).
28. Grover, J., Chen, X., Korenberg, J., and Roughley, P. (1995) The human lumican gene: organization, chromosomal location and expression in articular cartilage. J. Biol. Chem., 270, 21942-21949.
29. Grover, J., Chen, X.N., Korenberg, J.R., Recklies, A.D., and Roughley, P.J. (1996) The gene organization, chromosome location, and expression of a 55-kDa matrix protein (PRELP) of human articular cartilage. Genomics, 38, 109-117.
30. Grover, J., Chen, X.N., Korenberg, J.R., and Roughley, P.J. (1997) The structure and chromosome location of the human chondroadherin gene (CHAD). Genomics, 45, 379-385.
31. Guo, B.P., Norris, S.J., Rosenberg, L.C., and Höök, M. (1995) Adherence of Borrelia burgdorferi to the proteoglycan decorin. Infect. Immun., 63, 3467-3472.
32. Hakkinen, L., Strassburger, S., Kahari, V.M., Scott, P.G., Eichstetter, I., Lozzo, R.V., and Larjava, H. (2000) A role for decorin in the structural organization of periodontal ligament. Lab. Invest., 80, 1869-1880.
33. Hassell, J.R., Rada, J., Cornuet, P., Vergnes, J.P., and Kinchington, P.R. (1998) Gene structure of chick lumican and identification of the first exon. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1397, 119-125.
34. Hausser, H., Groning, A., Hasilik, A., Schönherr, E., and Kresse, H. (1994) Selective inactivity of TGF-beta/decorin complexes. FEBS Lett., 353, 243-245.
35. Hedbom, E. and Heinegärd, D. (1993) Binding of fibromodulin and decorin to separate sites on fibrillar collagens. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 27307-273112.
36. Henry, S.P., Takanosu, M., Boyd, T.C., Mayne, P.M., Eberspaecher, H., Zhou, W., de Crombrugghe, B., Höök, M., and Mayne, R. (2001) Expression pattern and gene characterization of asporin, a newly discovered member of the leucine-rich repeat protein family. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 12212-12221.
37. Hildebrand, A., Romaris, M., Rasmussen, L., Heinegärd, D., Twardzik, D., Borders, W., and Ruoslathi, E. (1994) Interaction of the small interstitial proteoglycans, decorin and fibromodulin with transforming growth factor b. Biochem. J., 302, 527-534.
38. Hobby, P., Wyatt, M.K., Gan, W., Bernstein, S., Tomarev, S., Slingsby, C., and Wistow, G. (2000) Cloning, modeling, and chromosomal localization for a small leucine- rich repeat proteoglycan (SLRP) family member expressed in human eye. Mol. Vis., 6, 72-78.
39. Hocking, A.M., Shinomura, T., and McQuillan, D.J. (1998) Leucine-rich repeat glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix. Matrix Biol., 17, 1-19.
40. Iozzo, R. (1999) The biology of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 18843-18846.
41. Iozzo, R.V. (1998) Matrix proteoglycans: from molecular design to cellular function. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 67, 609-652.
42. Iozzo, R. and Murdoch, A. (1996) Proteoglycans of the extracellular environment: clues from the gene and protein side offer novel perspectives in molecular diversity and function. FASEB J., 10, 598-614.
43. Iozzo, R.V., Moscatello, D.K., McQuillan, D.J., and Eichstetter, I. (1999a) Decorin is a biological ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 4489-4492.
44. Iozzo, R.V., Chakrani, F., Perrotti, D., McQuillan, D.J., Skorski, T., Calabretta, B., and Eichstetter, I. (1999b) Cooperative action of germ-line mutations in decorin and p53 accelerates lymphoma tumorigenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 3092-3097.
45. Isaka, Y., Brees, D.K., Ikegaya, K., Kaneda, Y., Imai, E., Noble, N.A., and Border, W.A. (1996) Gene therapy by skeletal muscle expression of decorin prevents fibrotic disease in rat kidney. Nat. Med., 2, 418-423.
46. Jester, J.V., Ghee Lee, Y., Li, J., Chakravarti, S., Paul, J., Petroll, W.M., and Dwight Cavanagh, H. (2001) Measurement of corneal sublayer thickness and transparency in transgenic mice with altered corneal clarity using in vivo confocal microscopy. Vis. Res., 41, 1283-1290.
47. Johnson, H.J., Rosenberg, L., Choi, H.U., Garza, S., Höök, M., and Neame, P.J. (1997) Characterization of epiphycan, a small proteoglycan with a leucine-rich repeat core protein. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 18709-18717.
48. Keene, D.R., San Antonio, J.D., Mayne, R., McQuillan, D.J., Sarris, G., Santoro, S.A., and Iozzo, R.V. (2000) Decorin binds near the C terminus of type I collagen. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 21801-21804.
49. Kobe, B. and Deisenhofer, J. (1994) The leucine-rich repeat: a versatile binding motif. Trends Biochem. Sci., 19, 415-421.
50. Kresse, H. and E. Schönherr (2001) Proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix and growth control. J. Cell Physiol., 189, 266-274
51. Krusius, T. and Ruoslahti, E. (1986) Primary structure of an extracellular matrix proteoglycan core protein deduced from cloned cDNA. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 83, 7683-7687.
52. Landgren, C., Beier, D.R., Fassler, R., Heinegärd, D., and Sommarin, Y. (1998) The mouse chondroadherin gene: characterization and chromosomal localization. Genomics, 47, 84-91.
53. Liu, C.Y., Shiraishi, A., Kao, C.W., Converse, R.L., Funderburgh, J.L., Corpuz, L.M., Conrad, G.W., and Kan, W.W. (1998) The cloning of mouse keratocan cDNA and genomic DNA and the characterization of its expression during eye development. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 22584-22588.
54. Lorenzo, P., Aspberg, A., Onnerfjord, P., Bayliss, M.T., Neame, P.J., and Heinegärd, D. (2001) Identification and characterization of asporin. a novel member of the leucine-rich repeat protein family closely related to decorin and biglycan. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 12201-12211.
55. Mao, J.R. and Bristow, J. (2001) The Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: on beyond collagens. J. Clin. Invest., 107, 1063-1069.
56. Markmann, A., Hausser, H., Schönherr, E., and Kresse, H. (2000) Influence of decorin expression on transforming growth factor-beta-mediated collagen gel retraction and biglycan induction. Matrix Biol., 19, 631-636.
57. Maurice, D. (1957) The structure and transparency of the cornea. J. Physiol., 136, 268-286.
58. Neame, P.J., Sommarin, Y., Boynton, R.E., and Heinegärd, D. (1994) The structure of a 38-kDa leucine-rich protein (chondroadherin) isolated from bovine cartilage. J. Biol. Chem., 269, 21547-21554.
59. Oldberg, A., antonsonn, P., Lindblom, K., and Heinegärd, D. (1989) A collagen-binding 59-kd protein is structurally related to the small proteoglycans PG-S1 and PG-S2. EMBO J., 8, 2601-2604.
60. Pellegata, N.S., Dieguez-Lucena, J.L., Joensuu, T., Lau, S., Montgomery, K.T., Krahe, R., Kivela, T., Kucherlapati, R., Forsius, H., and de la Chapelle, A. (2000) Mutations in KERA, encoding keratocan, cause cornea plana. Nature Genet., 25, 91-95.
61. Pick, E., Heldin, C.H., and Ten Dijke, P. (1999) Specificity, diversity, and regulation in TGF-beta superfamily signaling. FASEB J., 13, 2105-2124.
62. Pusch, C.M., Zeitz, C., Brandau, O., Pesch, K., Achatz, H., Feil, S., Scharfe, C., Maurer, J., Jacobi, F.K., Pinckers, A., and others. (2000) The complete form of X-linked congenital stationary night blindness is caused by mutations in a gene encoding a leucine-rich repeat protein. Nature Genet., 26, 324-327.
63. Quantock, A.J., Meek, K.M., and Chakravarti, S. (2001) An x-ray diffraction investigation of corneal structure in lumican-deficient mice. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 42, 1750-1756.
64. Quentin, E., Gladen, A., Roden, L., and Kresse, H. (1990) A genetic defect in the biosynthesis of dermatan sulfate proteoglycan: galactosyltransferase I deficiency in fibroblasts from a patient with a progeroid syndrome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 1342-1346.
65. Rafii, M., Creely, H., McKechnie, B., Ferri, R., Seo, N., Young, M., McQuillan, D., and Fallon, J.R. (2000) Interactions of the protoeglycan biglycan with the distrophin-associated protein complex and its roles in muscular distrophy and synaptogenesis. Mol. Biol. Cell, 11(suppl), 146a.
66. Reardon, A.J., Le Goff, M., Briggs, M.D., McLeod, D., Sheehan, J.K., Thornton, D.J., and Bishop, P.N. (2000) Identification in vitreous and molecular cloning of opticin, a novel member of the family of leucine-rich repeat proteins of the extracellular matrix. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 2123-2129.
67. Säämanen, A.-M., Salminen, H.J., Rantakokko, A.J., Heinegärd, D., and Vuorio, E.I. (2001) Murine fibromodulin: cDNA and genomic structure, and age-related expression and distribution in the knee joint. Biochem. J., 355, 577-585.
68. Santra, M., Mann, D.M., Mercer, E.W., Skorski, T., Calabretta, B., and Iozzo, R.V. (1997) Ectopic expression of decorin protein core causes a generalized growth suppression in neoplastic cells of various histogenetic origin and requires endogenous p21, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. J. Clin. Invest., 100, 149-157.
69. Schaefer, L., Macakova, K. Raslik, I., Micegova, M., Girone, H.J., Schönherr, E., Robenek, H., Echtermeyer, F.G., Grässel, S., Bruckner, P., and others. (2002) Absence of decorin adversely influences tubulointerstitial fibrosis of the obstructed kidney by enhanced apoptosis and increased inflammatory reaction. Am. J. Pathol., 160, 1181-1191.
70. Scholzen,T., Solursh, M., Suzuki, S., Reiter, R., Morgan, J., Buchberg, A., Siracusa, L., and Iozzo, R. (1994) The murine decorin. Complete cDNA cloning, genomic organization, chromosomal assignment, and expression during organogenesis and tissue differentiation. J. Biol. Chem., 269, 28270-28281.
71. Schönherr, E., Levkau, B., Schaefer, L., Kresse, H., and Walsh, K. (2001) Decorin-mediated signal transduction in endothelial cells. Involvement of Akt/protein kinase B in up-regulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) but not p27(KIP1). J. Biol. Chem., 276, 40687-40692.
72. Schönherr, E., Broszat, M., Brandan, E., Bruckner, P., and Kresse, H. (1998) Decorin core protein fragment Lcu155-Val260 interacts with TGF-beta but does not compete for decorin binding to type I collagen. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 355, 241-248.
73. Schönherr, E., Hausser, H., Beavan, L., and Kresse, H. (1995a) Decorin-type I collagen interaction. J. Biol. Chem., 270, 8877-8883.
74. Schönherr, E., Witsch-Prehm, P., Harrach, B., Robenek, H., Rauterberg, J., and Kresse, H. (1995b) Interaction of biglycan with type I collagen. J. Biol. Chem., 270, 2776-2783.
75. Scott, I.C., Imamura, Y., Pappano, W.N., Troedel, J.M., Recklies, A.D., Roughley, P.J., and Greenspan, D.S. (2000) Bone morphogenetic protein-1 processes probiglycan. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 30504-30511.
76. Scott, J. (1996) Proteodermatan and proteokeratan sulfate (decorin, lumican/ fibromodulin) proteins are horseshoe shaped. Implications for their interaction with collagen. Biochemistry, 35, 8795-9799.
77. Sommarin, Y., Wendel, M., Shen, Z., Hellman, U., and Heinegärd, D. (1998) Osteoadherin, a cell-binding keratan sulfate proteoglycan in bone, belongs to the family of leucine-rich repeat proteins of the extracellular matrix. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 16723-16729.
78. Steere, A.C. (2001) Lyme disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 345, 115-125.
79. Svensson, L., Heinegärd, D., and Oldberg, Å. (1995) Decorin-binding sites for collagen type I are mainly located in leucine-rich repeats 4-5. J. Biol. Chem., 270, 20712-20716.
80. Svensson, L., Aszodi, A., Reinholt, F., Fassler, R., Heinegärd, D., and Oldberg, A. (1999) Fibromodulin-null mice have abnormal collagen fibrils, tissue organization, and altered lumican deposition in tendon. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 9636-9647.
81. Svensson, L., Narlid, I., and Oldberg, A. (2000) Fibromodulin and lumican bind to the same region on collagen type I fibrils. FEBS Lett., 470, 178-182.
82. Sztrolovics, R., Chen, X.N., Grover, J., Roughley, P.J., and Korenberg, J.R. (1994) Localization of the human fibromodulin gene (FMOD) to chromosome 1q32 and completion of the cDNA sequence. Genomics, 23, 715-717.
83. Takanosu, M., Boyd, T.C., Le Goff, M., Henry, S.P., Zhang, Y., Bishop, P.N., and Mayne, R. (2001) Structure, chromosomal location, and tissue-specific expression of the mouse opticin gene. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 42, 2202-2210.
84. Tasheva, E.S., Corpuz, L.M., Funderburgh, J.L., and Conrad, G.W. (1997) Differential splicing and alternative polyadenylation generate multiple mimecan mRNA transcripts. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 32551-32556.
85. Tasheva, E.S., Funderburgh, J.L., Corpuz, L.M., and Conrad, G.W. (1998) Cloning, characterization and tissue-specific expression of the gene encoding bovine keratocan, a corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan. Gene, 218, 63-68.
86. Tasheva, E.S., Funderburgh, J.L., Funderburgh, M.L., Corpuz, L.M., and Conrad, G.W. (1999) Structure and sequence of the gene encoding human keratocan. DNA Seq., 10, 67-74.
87. Tasheva, E.S., Pettenati, M., Von Kap-Her, C., and Conrad, G.W. (2000a) Assignment of keratocan gene (KERA) to human chromosome band 12q22 by in situ hybridization. Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 88, 244-245.
88. Tasheva, E.S., Pettenati, M., Von Kap-Her, C., and Conrad, G.W. (2000b) Assignment of mimecan gene (OGN) to human chromosome band 9q22 by in situ hybridization. Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 88, 326-327.
89. Ujita, M., Shinomura, T., and Kimata, K. (1995) Molecular cloning of the mouse osteoglycin-encoding gene. Gene, 158, 237-240.
90. Vetter, U., Vogel, W., Just, W., Young, M.F., and Fisher, L.W. (1993) Human decorin gene: intron-exon junctions and chromosomal localization. Genomics, 15, 161-168.
91. Weber, L, Harrison, R., and Iozzo, R. (1996) Model structure of decorin and implications for collagen fibrillogenesis. J Biol. Chem., 271, 31767-31770.
92. Wegrowski, Y., Pillarisetti, J., Danielson, K.G., Suzuki, S., and Iozzo, R.V. (1995) The murine biglycan: complete cDNA cloning, genomic organization, promotor function, and expression. Genomics, 30, 8-17.
93. Whinna, H.C., Choi, H.U., Rosenberg, L.C., and Church, F.C. (1993) Interaction of heparin cofactor II with biglycan and decorin. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 3920-3924.
94. Wiberg, C., Hedbom, E., Khairullina, A., Lamande, S.R., Oldberg, A., Timpl, R., Morgelin, M., and Heinegärd, D. (2001) Biglycan and decorin bind close to the n-terminal region of the collagen VI triple helix. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 18947-18952.
95. Witsch-Prehm, H.E.P., Harrach, B., Robenek, H., Rauterberg, J., and Kresse, H. (1995) Interaction of biglycan with type I collagen. J Biol. Chem., 270, 2776-2783.
96. Xaus, J., Comalada, M., Cardo, M., Valledor, A.F., and Celada, A. (2001) Decorin inhibits macrophage colony-stimulating factor proliferation of macrophages and enhances cell survival through induction of p27(Kip1) and p21 (Waf1). Blood, 98, 2124-2133.
97. Xu, T., Bianco, P., Fisher, L., Longenecker, G., Smith, E., Goldstein, S., Bonadio, J., Boskey, A., Heegaard, A., Sommer, B., and others. (1998) Targeted disruption of the biglycan gene leads to an osteoporosis-like phenotype in mice. Nature Genet., 20, 78-82.
98. Yamada, S., Murakami, S., Matoba, R., Ozawa, Y., Yokokoji, T., Nakahira, Y., Ikezawa, K., Takayama, S., Matsubara, K., and Okada, H. (2001) Expression profile of active genes in human periodontal ligament and isolation of PLAP-1, a novel SLRP family gene. Gene, 275, 279-286.
99. Ying, S., Shiraishi, A., Kao, C.W.-C., Converse, R.L., Funderburgh, J.L., Swiergel, J., Roth, M.R., Comrad, G.W., and Kao, W.W.-Y. (1997) Characterization and expression of the mouse lumican gene. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 30306-30313.
100. Young, M.F. and Chen, X.D. (2002). Biglycan. In: Creighton, T. (ed.), Wiley encyclopedia of molecular medicine. Wiley, New York, pp. 363-364.