Defining the therapeutic role of local anesthetic sympathetic blockade in complex regional pain syndrome: A narrative and systematic review

Clinical Journal of Pain

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 216-233

  Cepeda, M Soledad ^a   Lau, Joseph ^a   Carr, Daniel B ^a  

^a TUFTS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Causalgia; Meta analysis; Reflex sympathetic dystrophy

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BACLOFEN; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCITONIN; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CAPSAICIN; CORTICOSTEROID; GUANETHIDINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; PLACEBO;

ADULT; AGED; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; CAUSALGIA; COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NERVE EXCITABILITY; NERVE FUNCTION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SPINAL CORD STIMULATION; SYMPATHETIC BLOCKING;

COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROMES; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; MEDLINE; MODELS, ANIMAL; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; SYMPATHOLYTICS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0036325515     PISSN: 07498047     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00002508-200207000-00002     Document Type: Article

References (173)

1. Multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary pain programs
2. The history of neural blockade and pain management
3. The puzzle of "reflex sympathetic dystrophy": Mechanisms, hypothesis, open questions
4. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy
5. Sympathetic nerve blocks: In search of a role
6. Spinal cord stimulation for complex regional pain syndrome I (RSD): A retrospective multicenter experience from 1995 to 1998 of 101 patients
7. Acute pain
8. Neuropathic pain: Etiology, symptoms, mechanisms, and management
9. Complex regional pain syndromes: Including "reflex sympathetic dystrophy" and "causalgla."
10. Complex regional pain syndromes-reflex sympathetic dystrophy and causalgia
11. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Changing concepts and taxonomy
12. Causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Does the sympathetic nervous system contribute to the generation of pain?
13. Towards a mechanism-based classification of pain?
14. External validation of IASP diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome and proposed research diagnostic criteria
15. Signs and symptoms of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Prospective study of 829 patients
16. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: A review
17. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in children: Clinical characteristics and follow-up of seventy patients
18. Management of post-traumatic pain syndromes: Report of 113 cases
19. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome of the upper extremity: Analysis of total outcome of management of 125 cases
20. New treatments for reflex sympathetic dystrophy
21. Intrathecal baclofen for the treatment of dystonia in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy
22. Five-phase scintigraphy supports the pathophysiological concept of a subclinical inflammatory process in reflex sympathetic dystrophy
23. The role of bone scintigraphy in diagnosing reflex sympathetic dystrophy
24. The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS): III. Scintigraphic studies, further evidence for the therapeutic efficacy of systemic corticosteroids, and proposed diagnostic criteria
25. Value of autonomic testing in reflex sympathetic dystrophy
26. Use and misuse of conventional electrodiagnosis, quantitative sensory testing, thermography and nerve blocks in the evaluation of painful neuropathic syndromes
27. Quantitative sensory testing in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) I and II
28. Limitations of quantitative sensory testing when patients are biased toward a bad outcome
29. Quantitative sensory testing: A consensus report from the peripheral neuropathy association
30. Clonidine
31. Analysis of abnormal touch, pain and temperature sensation in patients
32. Clinical characteristics of patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy (sympathetically mediated pain) in the USA
33. Controlled randomized trials failed to demonstrate that sympathetic blocks (SB) are more effective than placebo for relieving complex regional pain syndromes (CRPS)
34. Animal models and their contributions to our understanding of complex regional pain syndromes I and II
35. Effects of sympathectomy on a rat model of peripheral neuropathy
36. Comparison of three rodent neuropathic pain models
37. An animal model of neuropathic pain: A review
38. Sciatic cryoneurolysis in rats: A model of sympathetically independent pain: I. Effects of sympathectomy
39. Abnormalities of sympathetic innervation in the area of an injured peripheral nerve in a rat model of neuropatic pain
40. Analysis of drug interaction between intrathecai clonidine and MK-801 in peripheral neuropathic pain rat model
41. Abnormal spontaneous activity and responses to norepinephrine in dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells after chronic nerve constriction
42. Adrenergic excitation of cutaneous pain receptors induced by peripheral nerve injury
43. 2-adrenoreceptors on post-ganglionic sympathetic terminals
44. Peripheral nerve injury triggers noradrenergic sprouting within dorsal root ganglia
45. Autonomic nervous system and pain
46. 2-adrenoreceptor agonists
47. 2-adrenergic antinociception from sedation following microinjection of medetomidine into the locus coeruleus in rats
48. 2-adrenergic agonist analgesia: Dexmedetomidine versus clonidine
49. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: The significance of differing plasma catecholamine concentrations in affected and unaffected limbs
50. Success rates in producing sympathetic blockade by paratracheal injection
51. Anatomy of lumbar sympathetic chain
52. Treatment of sympathetically maintained pain: Quo erat demonstrandum
53. An unsympathetic view of pain
54. Capsaicin and the cause of causalgia
55. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the hand: An excessive inflammatory response?
56. Alterations in neuropeptide Y, tyrosine hydroxylase, and Y-receptor subtype distribution following spinal nerve injury in rats
57. Peripheral hyperalgesia in experimental neuropathy: Exacerbation by neuropeptide Y
58. Nerve growth factor and nociception
59. Sensory and sympathetic contributions to nerve injury-induced sensory abnormalities in the rat
60. Abnormal discharge originates at the site of nerve injury in experimental constriction neuropathy (CCI) in the rat
61. Descending influence on dorsal horn neuronal hyperactivity in a rat model of neuropathic pain
62. Spontaneous action potential activity in isolated dorsal root ganglion neurons from rats with painful neuropathy
63. Prolonged alleviation of tactile allodynia by intravenous lidocaine in neuropathic rats
64. The effect of novel anti-epileptic drugs in rat experimental models of acute and chronic pain
65. Effect of local methylprednisolone on pain in a nerve injury model: A pilot study
66. The pharmacology of excitatory and inhibitory amino acid-mediated events in the transmission and modulation of pain in the spinal cord
67. Wind-up and the NMDA receptor: From animal studies to humans
68. Involvement of increased excitatory amino acids and intracellular Ca concentration in the spinal dorsal horn in an animal model of neuropathic pain
69. Signs of neuropathic pain depend of signals from injured nerve fibers in a rat model
70. Time-dependent effect of morphine and time-independent effect of MK-801, an NMDA antagonist, on the thermal hyperesthesia induced by unilateral constriction injury to the sciatic nerve in the rat
71. Pain mechanisms in neuropathy
72. Interleukin-6-mediated hyperalgesia/allodynia and increased spinal IL-6 expression in a rat mononeuropathy model
73. Does a neuroimmune interaction contribute to the genesis of painful peripheral neuropathies?
74. Neuronal differentiation factors/cytokines and synaptic plasticity
75. Psychological aspects of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: A review of the adult and pediatric literature
76. Psychological differences between reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and non-RSD chronic pain patients
77. Complex regional pain syndrome type I (RSD) or peripheral mononeuropathy: A discussion of three cases
78. The triple cold syndrome: Cold hyperalgesia, cold hypoaesthesia and cold skin in peripheral nerve disease
79. Interactions between sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow and C nociceptor-induced antidromic vasodilatation
80. A critical review of controlled clinical trials for peripheral neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndromes
81. Case reports and hypothesis: A neglect-like syndrome may be responsible for the motor disturbance in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (complex regional pain syndrome-1)
82. What makes treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy successful?
83. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: The clinical perspective
84. The effect of adding calcitonin to physical treatment on reflex sympathetic dystrophy
85. The use of nasal calcitonin in the treatment of post-traumatic algodystrophy
86. The shoulder hand syndrome after stroke: A prospective clinical trial
87. The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome response to treatment with systemic corticosteroids
88. Adjuvant analgesics in pain management
89. Bisphosphonate therapy of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome
90. What does "not significant" really mean?
91. Size is everything - Large amounts of information are needed to overcome random effects in estimating direction and magnitude of treatment effects
92. A systematic review of antidepressants in neuropathic pain
93. Anticonvulsant drugs for management of pain: A systematic review
94. Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: A randomized controlled trial
95. Gabapentin for the symptomatic treatment of painful neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial
96. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy treated with gabapentin
97. Calcium and sodium channel antagonists for the treatment of pain
98. Response of chronic neuropathic pain syndromes to ketamine: A preliminary study
99. Relief of postherpectic neuralgia with the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist ketamine: A double-blind, cross-over comparison with morphine and placebo
100. Double blind, placebo-controlled study of the application of capsaicin cream in chronic distal painful polyneuropathy
101. Spinal cord stimulation in patients with chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy
102. Sympathetic neural blockade of upper and lower extremity
103. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Review of 140 cases
104. Intravenous regional guanethidine in the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy/causaigia: A randomized, double-blind study
105. Systemic α-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine: A diagnostic test for sympathetically maintained pain
106. Phentolamine sympathetic block in painful polyneuropathies: II. Further questioning of the concept of "sympathetically maintained pain."
107. "Sympathetically maintained pain": 1. Phentolamine block questions the concept
108. Radiofrequency lumbar sympatholysis: The evolution of a technique for managing sympathetically maintained pain
109. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in the lower extremity treated with chemical lumbar sympathectomy utilizing computerized tomography
110. The treatment of causalgia arising from gunshot wounds of the peripheral nerves
111. Are we paying a high price for surgical sympathectomy: A systematic literature review of late complications
112. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: A common clinical avenue for somatoform expression
113. Intravenous regional sympathetic blockade for pain relief in reflex sympathetic dystrophy: A systematic review and a randomized, double-blind crossover study
114. Slowly developing placebo responses confound tests of intravenous phentolamine to determine mechanisms underlying idiopathic chronic low back pain
115. Meta-analysis in medicine: Putting experiences together
116. Meta-analysis in clinical research
117. Cumulative meta-analysis of therapeutic trials for miocardial infarction
118. Rationale for systematic reviews
119. Synthesis of best evidence for clinical decisions
120. Estimating relative effectiveness
121. Rules of evidence and clinical recommendations
122. From individual trials to group of trials: Reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines
123. Meta-analysis of clinical trials
124. Regional intravenous guanethidine vs. stellate ganglion block in reflex sympathetic dystrophies: A randomized trial
125. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy affecting the knee
126. Causalgia
127. The problem of minor and major causalgias
128. Planning the measurements: Precision and accuracy
129. Stellate ganglion block in reflex sympathetic dystrophy: A double-blind crossover study
130. Rare disease
131. The importance of placebo effects in pain treatment and research
132. Harnessing the power of the placebo effect and renaming it remembered wellness
133. Is there logic in the placebo?
134. Fail-safe mechanisms that perpetuate neuropathic pain
135. Intrathecal catheterization alone reduces autotomy after sciatic cryoneurolysis in the rat
136. A passion of the soul: An introduction to pain for consciousness researchers
137. State of the evidence: Current status and prospects of meta-analysis in infectious diseases
138. Cumulative meta-analysis of clinical trials builds evidence for exemplary medical care
139. Anticonvulsant drugs for acute and chronic pain
140. Ten challenges at the intersection of clinical research, evidence-based medicine, pain relief
141. Health status and chronic pain in managed care: Instruments and assessment
142. Assessing individual outcomes during outpatient, multidisciplinary chronic pain treatment by means of an augmented SF-36
143. Using the "TOPS," an outcomes instrument for multidisciplinary outpatient pain treatment
144. Mechanical hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain patients: Dynamic and static subtypes
145. Call for comments on a proposal to improve reporting of clinical trials in the biomedical literature
146. Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials. The CONSORT statement
147. Patient controlled analgesia in the postoperative patient: Meta-analysis of initial randomized controlled trials
148. Efficacy of multidisciplinary pain centers: A review
149. Efficacy and safety of non-esteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for cancer pain: A meta-analysis
150. Neurolytic celiac plexus block for cancer pain: A meta-analysis
151. The WHO ladder for cancer pain management: Stepping up the quality of its evaluation
152. Neural blockade for diagnosis and prognosis
153. Nerve blocks in the evaluation of chronic pain: A plea for caution in their use and interpretation
154. Causalgia secondary to injury of the major peripheral nerves: Treatment by sympathectomy
155. Causalgia: A review of twenty-eight treated cases
156. The role of sympathectomy in the treatment of causalgia
157. The interpretation of pain relief and sensory changes following sympathetic blockade
158. Observations on "major" and "minor" causalgia
159. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy; report on 57 cases
160. Sympathetic dystrophy
161. Post-traumatic sympathetic dystrophy
162. Causalgia
163. Treatment of causalgia: An analysis of 100 cases
164. Causalgia: III. A general discussion
165. The role of sympathetic interruption in treatment
166. The treatment of the shoulder-hand syndrome (reflex dystrophy of the upper extremity), with special reference to sympathetic block: A preliminary report
167. Shoulder and hand syndrome: Sympathetic block compared with corticotropin and cortisone therapy
168. Occurrence and management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (causalgia of the extremities)
169. Causalgia: A study of 75 cases
170. Sympathetic blocks for reflex sympathetic dystrophy
171. Causalgia following gunshot injuries of nerves: Role of emotional stimuli and surgical cure through interruption of diencephalic efferent discharge by sympathectomy