Elite attitudes and democratic stability: Analysing legislators' attitudes towards the separation of powers in Ukraine

Europe - Asia Studies

Volumn 54, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 87-107

  Pigenko, Vladimir ^b   Wise, Charles R ^b   Brown, Trevor L ^b  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRATIZATION; ELITE POLITICS; INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT; POLITICAL POWER;

UKRAINE;

EID: 0036143041     PISSN: 09668136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09668130120098250     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Juan Linz & Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
2. Linz & Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, p. 4.
3. See for example Philip Roeder, 'Varieties of Post-Soviet Authoritarian Regimes', Post-Soviet Affairs, 10, 1, 1994, pp. 61-101; Jan Zielonka, 'New Institutions in the Old East Bloc', Journal of Democracy, 5, 1, 1994, pp. 87-104.; Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Delegative Democracy', in Larry Diamond & Marc F. Plattner (eds), The Global Resurgence of Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 94-108.
4. See for example Philip Roeder, 'Varieties of Post-Soviet Authoritarian Regimes', Post-Soviet Affairs, 10, 1, 1994, pp. 61-101; Jan Zielonka, 'New Institutions in the Old East Bloc', Journal of Democracy, 5, 1, 1994, pp. 87-104.; Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Delegative Democracy', in Larry Diamond & Marc F. Plattner (eds), The Global Resurgence of Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 94-108.
5. See for example Philip Roeder, 'Varieties of Post-Soviet Authoritarian Regimes', Post-Soviet Affairs, 10, 1, 1994, pp. 61-101; Jan Zielonka, 'New Institutions in the Old East Bloc', Journal of Democracy, 5, 1, 1994, pp. 87-104.; Guillermo O'Donnell, 'Delegative Democracy', in Larry Diamond & Marc F. Plattner (eds), The Global Resurgence of Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 94-108.
6. See for example Thomas Remington, 'Introduction: Parliamentary Elections and the Transition from Communism', in Thomas Remington (ed.), Parliaments in Transition (Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 1994); Joel M. Ostrow, 'Institutional Design and Legislative Conflict: The Russian Supreme Soviet - A Well-Oiled Machine, Out of Control', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 29, 4, 1996, pp. 413-434.
7. See for example Thomas Remington, 'Introduction: Parliamentary Elections and the Transition from Communism', in Thomas Remington (ed.), Parliaments in Transition (Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 1994); Joel M. Ostrow, 'Institutional Design and Legislative Conflict: The Russian Supreme Soviet - A Well-Oiled Machine, Out of Control', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 29, 4, 1996, pp. 413-434.
8. See for example Zielonka, 'New Institutions in the Old East Bloc'; Adam Przeworski, Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1995).
9. See for example Zielonka, 'New Institutions in the Old East Bloc'; Adam Przeworski, Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1995).
10. Charles Wise & Trevor Brown, 'Democratization and the Separation of Powers in Ukraine', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 32, 1, 1999, pp. 23-44; Taras Kuzio, Ukraine under Kuchma (New York, St Martin's Press, 1997); Alexander Motyl, 'State, Nation, and Elites in Independent Ukraine', in Taras Kuzio (ed.), Contemporary Ukraine (New York, M.E. Sharp, 1998).
11. Charles Wise & Trevor Brown, 'Democratization and the Separation of Powers in Ukraine', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 32, 1, 1999, pp. 23-44; Taras Kuzio, Ukraine under Kuchma (New York, St Martin's Press, 1997); Alexander Motyl, 'State, Nation, and Elites in Independent Ukraine', in Taras Kuzio (ed.), Contemporary Ukraine (New York, M.E. Sharp, 1998).
12. Charles Wise & Trevor Brown, 'Democratization and the Separation of Powers in Ukraine', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 32, 1, 1999, pp. 23-44; Taras Kuzio, Ukraine under Kuchma (New York, St Martin's Press, 1997); Alexander Motyl, 'State, Nation, and Elites in Independent Ukraine', in Taras Kuzio (ed.), Contemporary Ukraine (New York, M.E. Sharp, 1998).
13. The Parliamentary Development Project is sponsored by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), cooperative agreement #121-A-00-97-09003-00.
14. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York, Harper and Brothers, 1947); C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (London, Oxford University Press, 1956); Robert Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1961), and Pluralist Democracy in the United States: Conflict and Consent (Chicago, Rand McNally, 1967); Theodore Lowi, 'American Business, Public Policy, Case-Studies, and Political Theory', World Politics, 16, 4, 1964, pp. 677-715.
15. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York, Harper and Brothers, 1947); C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (London, Oxford University Press, 1956); Robert Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1961), and Pluralist Democracy in the United States: Conflict and Consent (Chicago, Rand McNally, 1967); Theodore Lowi, 'American Business, Public Policy, Case-Studies, and Political Theory', World Politics, 16, 4, 1964, pp. 677-715.
16. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York, Harper and Brothers, 1947); C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (London, Oxford University Press, 1956); Robert Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1961), and Pluralist Democracy in the United States: Conflict and Consent (Chicago, Rand McNally, 1967); Theodore Lowi, 'American Business, Public Policy, Case-Studies, and Political Theory', World Politics, 16, 4, 1964, pp. 677-715.
17. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York, Harper and Brothers, 1947); C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (London, Oxford University Press, 1956); Robert Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1961), and Pluralist Democracy in the United States: Conflict and Consent (Chicago, Rand McNally, 1967); Theodore Lowi, 'American Business, Public Policy, Case-Studies, and Political Theory', World Politics, 16, 4, 1964, pp. 677-715.
18. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York, Harper and Brothers, 1947); C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (London, Oxford University Press, 1956); Robert Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1961), and Pluralist Democracy in the United States: Conflict and Consent (Chicago, Rand McNally, 1967); Theodore Lowi, 'American Business, Public Policy, Case-Studies, and Political Theory', World Politics, 16, 4, 1964, pp. 677-715.
19. See for example Juan Linz & Alfred Stepan, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Guillermo O'Donnell & Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
20. See for example Juan Linz & Alfred Stepan, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Guillermo O'Donnell & Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
21. Doh Shin, 'On the Third Wave of Democratization', World Politics, 47, 1, 1994, pp. 135-170.
22. See for example Vladimir Shlapentokh, 'Social Inequality in Post-communist Russia: The Attitudes of the Political Elite and the Masses (1991-1998)', Europe-Asia Studies, 51, 7, 1999, pp. 1167-1181; Paul Kubicek, 'Regional Polarisation in Ukraine: Public Opinion, Voting and Legislative Behaviour', Europe-Asia Studies, 52, 2, 2000, pp. 273-294; and Sharon Werning Rivera, 'Elites in Post-communist Russia: A Changing of the Guard?', Europe-Asia Studies, 52, 3, 2000, pp. 413-432.
23. See for example Vladimir Shlapentokh, 'Social Inequality in Post-communist Russia: The Attitudes of the Political Elite and the Masses (1991-1998)', Europe-Asia Studies, 51, 7, 1999, pp. 1167-1181; Paul Kubicek, 'Regional Polarisation in Ukraine: Public Opinion, Voting and Legislative Behaviour', Europe-Asia Studies, 52, 2, 2000, pp. 273-294; and Sharon Werning Rivera, 'Elites in Post-communist Russia: A Changing of the Guard?', Europe-Asia Studies, 52, 3, 2000, pp. 413-432.
24. See for example Vladimir Shlapentokh, 'Social Inequality in Post-communist Russia: The Attitudes of the Political Elite and the Masses (1991-1998)', Europe-Asia Studies, 51, 7, 1999, pp. 1167-1181; Paul Kubicek, 'Regional Polarisation in Ukraine: Public Opinion, Voting and Legislative Behaviour', Europe-Asia Studies, 52, 2, 2000, pp. 273-294; and Sharon Werning Rivera, 'Elites in Post-communist Russia: A Changing of the Guard?', Europe-Asia Studies, 52, 3, 2000, pp. 413-432.
25. See for example Michael McFaul, 'Lessons from Russia's Protracted Transition from Communist Rule', Political Science Quarterly, 114, 1, 1999, pp. 103-131.
26. Linz & Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, p. 4.
27. Adam Przeworski, Capitalism and Social Democracy (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1986), Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991), Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995).
28. Adam Przeworski, Capitalism and Social Democracy (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1986), Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991), Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995).
29. Adam Przeworski, Capitalism and Social Democracy (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1986), Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991), Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995).
30. John Higley & Richard Gunther, Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992).
31. See for example P. David, Technical Choice, Innovation and Economic Growth (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1975); and R. Tucker, 'Conclusion', in T. Colton & R. Tucker (eds), Patterns in Post-Soviet Leadership (San Francisco, Westview Press, 1995), pp. 235-240.
32. See for example P. David, Technical Choice, Innovation and Economic Growth (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1975); and R. Tucker, 'Conclusion', in T. Colton & R. Tucker (eds), Patterns in Post-Soviet Leadership (San Francisco, Westview Press, 1995), pp. 235-240.
33. Robert Rohrschneider, 'Institutional Learning Versus Value Diffusion: The Evolution of Democratic Values among Parliamentarians in Eastern and Western Germany', The Journal of Politics, 58, 2, 1996, pp. 422-456: Valerie Bunce, 'Presidents and the Transition in Eastern Europe', in Kurt Von Mettenheim (ed.), Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 161-176.
34. Robert Rohrschneider, 'Institutional Learning Versus Value Diffusion: The Evolution of Democratic Values among Parliamentarians in Eastern and Western Germany', The Journal of Politics, 58, 2, 1996, pp. 422-456: Valerie Bunce, 'Presidents and the Transition in Eastern Europe', in Kurt Von Mettenheim (ed.), Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 161-176.
35. Barbara Geddes, 'A Comparative Perspective on the Leninist Legacy in Eastern Europe', Comparative Political Studies, 28, 2, 1995, pp. 239-274.
36. Donald Horowitz, 'Comparing Democratic Systems', Journal of Democracy, 1, 2, 1990, pp. 73-79; Matthew Soberg Shugart & John M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1992); Scott Mainwaring, 'Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy', Comparative Political Studies, 26, 2, 1993, pp. 198-229; Alfred Stepan & Cindy Skach, 'Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation', World Politics, 46, 1, 1993, pp. 1-21; A. Przeworski, M. Alvarez, J. Cheibub & F. Limongi, 'What Makes Democracies Endure?', Journal of Democracy, 7, 1, 1996, pp. 39-55; and Arend Lijphart, 'Constitutional Choices for New Democracies', in Larry Diamond & Marc F. Plattner (eds), The Global Resurgence of Democracy (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 162-174.
37. Donald Horowitz, 'Comparing Democratic Systems', Journal of Democracy, 1, 2, 1990, pp. 73-79; Matthew Soberg Shugart & John M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1992); Scott Mainwaring, 'Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy', Comparative Political Studies, 26, 2, 1993, pp. 198-229; Alfred Stepan & Cindy Skach, 'Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation', World Politics, 46, 1, 1993, pp. 1-21; A. Przeworski, M. Alvarez, J. Cheibub & F. Limongi, 'What Makes Democracies Endure?', Journal of Democracy, 7, 1, 1996, pp. 39-55; and Arend Lijphart, 'Constitutional Choices for New Democracies', in Larry Diamond & Marc F. Plattner (eds), The Global Resurgence of Democracy (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 162-174.
38. Donald Horowitz, 'Comparing Democratic Systems', Journal of Democracy, 1, 2, 1990, pp. 73-79; Matthew Soberg Shugart & John M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1992); Scott Mainwaring, 'Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy', Comparative Political Studies, 26, 2, 1993, pp. 198-229; Alfred Stepan & Cindy Skach, 'Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation', World Politics, 46, 1, 1993, pp. 1-21; A. Przeworski, M. Alvarez, J. Cheibub & F. Limongi, 'What Makes Democracies Endure?', Journal of Democracy, 7, 1, 1996, pp. 39-55; and Arend Lijphart, 'Constitutional Choices for New Democracies', in Larry Diamond & Marc F. Plattner (eds), The Global Resurgence of Democracy (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 162-174.
39. Donald Horowitz, 'Comparing Democratic Systems', Journal of Democracy, 1, 2, 1990, pp. 73-79; Matthew Soberg Shugart & John M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1992); Scott Mainwaring, 'Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy', Comparative Political Studies, 26, 2, 1993, pp. 198-229; Alfred Stepan & Cindy Skach, 'Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation', World Politics, 46, 1, 1993, pp. 1-21; A. Przeworski, M. Alvarez, J. Cheibub & F. Limongi, 'What Makes Democracies Endure?', Journal of Democracy, 7, 1, 1996, pp. 39-55; and Arend Lijphart, 'Constitutional Choices for New Democracies', in Larry Diamond & Marc F. Plattner (eds), The Global Resurgence of Democracy (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 162-174.
40. Donald Horowitz, 'Comparing Democratic Systems', Journal of Democracy, 1, 2, 1990, pp. 73-79; Matthew Soberg Shugart & John M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1992); Scott Mainwaring, 'Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy', Comparative Political Studies, 26, 2, 1993, pp. 198-229; Alfred Stepan & Cindy Skach, 'Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation', World Politics, 46, 1, 1993, pp. 1-21; A. Przeworski, M. Alvarez, J. Cheibub & F. Limongi, 'What Makes Democracies Endure?', Journal of Democracy, 7, 1, 1996, pp. 39-55; and Arend Lijphart, 'Constitutional Choices for New Democracies', in Larry Diamond & Marc F. Plattner (eds), The Global Resurgence of Democracy (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 162-174.
41. Donald Horowitz, 'Comparing Democratic Systems', Journal of Democracy, 1, 2, 1990, pp. 73-79; Matthew Soberg Shugart & John M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1992); Scott Mainwaring, 'Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy', Comparative Political Studies, 26, 2, 1993, pp. 198-229; Alfred Stepan & Cindy Skach, 'Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation', World Politics, 46, 1, 1993, pp. 1-21; A. Przeworski, M. Alvarez, J. Cheibub& F. Limongi, 'What Makes Democracies Endure?', Journal of Democracy, 7, 1, 1996, pp. 39-55; and Arend Lijphart, 'Constitutional Choices for New Democracies', in Larry Diamond & Marc F. Plattner (eds), The Global Resurgence of Democracy (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 162-174.
42. See for example Donald Horowitz, 'Comparing Democratic Systems', Journal of Democracy, 1, 1, 1990, pp. 73-79; and Kurt Von Mettenheim, Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).
43. See for example Donald Horowitz, 'Comparing Democratic Systems', Journal of Democracy, 1, 1, 1990, pp. 73-79; and Kurt Von Mettenheim, Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).
44. Giovanni Sartori, 'Neither Presidentialism nor Parliamentarism', in J. Linz & A. Valenzuela (eds), The Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).
45. James McGregor, 'The Presidency in East Central Europe', Politics, 3, 2, 1994, pp. 23-31.
46. McGregor, 'The Presidency in East Central Europe'.
47. See for example Shugart & Carey, Presidents and Assemblies;
48. Mainwaring, 'Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy';
49. Scott Mainwaring, 'Presidentialism in Brazil: The Impact of Strong Constitutional Powers, Weak Partisan Powers, and Robust Federalism', Working Paper No. 225, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1997;
50. Timothy J. Power & Mark J. Gasiorowski, 'Institutional Design and Democratic Consolidation in the Third World', Comparative Political Studies, 30, 2, 1997, pp. 123-155;
51. Scott Mainwaring & Matthew S. Shugart, 'Juan Linz, Presidentialism, and Democracy: A Critical Appraisal', Comparative Politics, 29, 4, 1997, pp. 449-471,
52. and 'Conclusion: Presidentialism and the Party System', in Scott Mainwaring & Matthew S. Shugart (eds), Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1997);
53. and John M. Carey & Matthew S. Shugart, Executive Decree Authority (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998).
54. Shugart & Carey, Presidents and Assemblies.
55. McFaul, 'Lessons from Russia's Protracted Transition from Communist Rule', p. 129; see also Jeffrey Hahn (ed.), Democratisation in Russia: The Development of Legislative Institutions (Armonk, NY, M.E. Sharpe, 1996) for an extended discussion of the development of Russian political institutions.
56. McFaul, 'Lessons from Russia's Protracted Transition from Communist Rule', p. 129; see also Jeffrey Hahn (ed.), Democratisation in Russia: The Development of Legislative Institutions (Armonk, NY, M.E. Sharpe, 1996) for an extended discussion of the development of Russian political institutions.
57. See for example Wise & Brown, 'Democratization and the Separation of Powers in Ukraine'; and Charles Wise & Volodymyr Pigenko, 'The Separation of Powers Puzzle in Ukraine', in Taras Kuzio, Robert S. Kravchuk & Paul D'Anieri (eds), State and Institution Building in Ukraine (London, Macmillan, 1999).
58. See for example Wise & Brown, 'Democratization and the Separation of Powers in Ukraine'; and Charles Wise & Volodymyr Pigenko, 'The Separation of Powers Puzzle in Ukraine', in Taras Kuzio, Robert S. Kravchuk & Paul D'Anieri (eds), State and Institution Building in Ukraine (London, Macmillan, 1999).
59. Volodymyr Polokhalo, 'The Neo-Totalitarian Transformation of Post-communist Power in Ukraine', Political Thought, 3, 2, 1994, pp. 87-123; and Ilya Prizel, 'Ukraine between Proto-democracy and Soft Authoritarianism', in Karen Dawisha & Bruce Parrot (eds), Democratic Changes and Authoritarian Reactions in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1997).
60. Volodymyr Polokhalo, 'The Neo-Totalitarian Transformation of Post-communist Power in Ukraine', Political Thought, 3, 2, 1994, pp. 87-123; and Ilya Prizel, 'Ukraine between Proto-democracy and Soft Authoritarianism', in Karen Dawisha & Bruce Parrot (eds), Democratic Changes and Authoritarian Reactions in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1997).
61. Valentin Chemeris, President (Kyiv, Joint Venture Svenas, 1994).
62. Prizel, 'Ukraine between Proto-democracy and Soft Authoritarianism'.
63. Kuzio, Ukraine under Kuchma.
64. Wise & Pigenko, 'The Separation of Powers Puzzle in Ukraine'.
65. Andrew Wilson & Sarah Birch, 'Voting Stability, Political Gridlock: Ukraine's 1998 Parliamentary Elections', Europe-Asia Studies, 51, 6, 1999, pp. 1039-1068, argue that the basic lack of dominance by a single political group remains. In their analysis of Ukraine's most recent parliamentary elections they find that the parliament is divided between a plurality of left factions, a minority of 'national-democrat' factions, and an emerging group of centrist factions.
66. Kuzio, Ukraine under Kuchma; Andrew Wilson, 'Ukraine: Two Presidents and Their Powers', in Ray Taras (ed.), Post-Communist Presidents (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997); Wise & Pigenko, 'The Separation of Powers Puzzle in Ukraine'.
67. Kuzio, Ukraine under Kuchma; Andrew Wilson, 'Ukraine: Two Presidents and Their Powers', in Ray Taras (ed.), Post-Communist Presidents (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997); Wise & Pigenko, 'The Separation of Powers Puzzle in Ukraine'.
68. Kuzio, Ukraine under Kuchma; Andrew Wilson, 'Ukraine: Two Presidents and Their Powers', in Ray Taras (ed.), Post-Communist Presidents (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997); Wise & Pigenko, 'The Separation of Powers Puzzle in Ukraine'.
69. In fact, this is the central goal of the Communist Party in Ukraine according to their election material - to get rid of the presidency altogether (Den', 18 April 1998).
70. McFaul, 'Lessons from Russia's Protracted Transition from Communist Rule', p. 129.
71. A discussion of the survey data and the methodology we use to analyse the data come later in the article.
72. Beverly Crawford & Arend Lijphart, 'Explaining Political and Economic Change in Post-Communist Eastern Europe: Old Legacies, New Institutions, Hegemonic Norms, and International Pressures', Comparative Political Studies, 28, 2, 1997, pp. 171-199.
73. A. Campbell, 'City Government in Russia', in J. Gibson & P. Hanson (eds), Transformation from Below: Local Power and the Political Economy of Post-communist Transitions (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 1996).
74. James March & Johan Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics (New York, The Free Press, 1989), and Democratic Governance (New York, The Free Press, 1995).
75. Geddes, 'A Comparative Perspective on the Leninist Legacy in Eastern Europe'; Bunce, 'Presidents and the Transition in Eastern Europe'.
76. Geddes, 'A Comparative Perspective on the Leninist Legacy in Eastern Europe'; Bunce, 'Presidents and the Transition in Eastern Europe'.
77. March & Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions, and Democratic Governance.
78. Rohrschneider, 'Institutional Learning versus Value Diffusion'.
79. Wise & Pigenko, 'The Separation of Powers Puzzle in Ukraine'.
80. Zielonka, 'New Institutions in the Old East Bloc'.
81. March & Olson, Democratic Governance.
82. See for example Gehard Loewenberg & Samuel C. Patterson, Comparing Legislatures (Boston, Little Brown, 1979).
83. Wise & Brown, 'Democratization and the Separation of Powers in Ukraine'.
84. Logit examines the effect of a constellation of independent variables on the likelihood of an event occurring. See Scott Long, Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables (Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, 1997).
85. Long, Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables.