Hormonal therapy for prostate cancer: Past, present and future

Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 37-47

  El Rayes, Basil F ^a   Hussain, Maha H ^a  

^a WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Hormones; Prostate cancer

Indexed keywords

ABARELIX; ANDROGEN; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; ANTIANDROGEN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BICALUTAMIDE; CETUXIMAB; CYPROTERONE ACETATE; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; ESTRAMUSTINE; ESTROGEN DERIVATIVE; ETOPOSIDE; FINASTERIDE; FLUTAMIDE; GONADORELIN AGONIST; GONADORELIN ANTAGONIST; GOSERELIN; LEUPRORELIN; MEGESTROL ACETATE; NILUTAMIDE; PACLITAXEL; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PLACEBO; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; RALTITREXED; STEROID 5ALPHA REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; TESTOSTERONE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINBLASTINE;

ADVANCED CANCER; ANOREXIA; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER MORTALITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIARRHEA; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG INTERMITTENT THERAPY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENCY; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; GYNECOMASTIA; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; IMPOTENCE; LIVER TOXICITY; MALE; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; ORCHIECTOMY; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; THROMBOEMBOLISM; UNITED STATES; VISUAL DISORDER; VOMITING; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 0036088023     PISSN: 14737140     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2.1.37     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Cancer statistics, 2001
2. Cancer of the prostate
3. Studies on prostatic cancer. I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate
4. The conversion of testosterone to 5-α-androstan-17-β-ol-3-one by rat prostate in vivo and in vitro
5. Testosterone at high concentrations interacts with the human androgen receptor similarly to dihydrotestosterone
6. Androgen receptor phosphorylation, turnover, nuclear transport and transcriptional activation. Specificity for steroids and antihormones
7. Evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of diethylstilbestrol and its mono- and diphosphate towards prostatic carcinoma cells
8. Role of the mitochondrial bc1-complex in the cytotoxic action of diethylstilbestrol-diphosphate toward prostatic carcinoma cells
9. Induction of apoptosis by diethylstilbestrol in hormone-insensitive prostate cancer cells
10. Treatment and survival of patients with cancer of the prostate
11. Hormone therapy for prostate cancer: Results of the Veterans Administration Co-operative Urological Research Group studies
12. Orchidectomy versus orchidectomy plus cyproterone acetate versus low-dose diethylstilbestrol
13. Treatment of advanced prostatic cancer with paranteral cyproterone acetate: A Phase III randomized trial
14. The effects of orchidectomy, estrogens and cyproterone acetate on plasma testosterone, LH and FSH concentrations in patients with carcinoma of the prostate
15. A biological profile of a nonsteroidal anti-androgen, SCH-13521 (4′-nitro-3′ trifluoromethylisobutyranilide)
16. Prostate cancer treated by anti-androgens: Is sexual function preserved?
17. Double-blind, randomized study of primary hormonal treatment of stage D2 prostate carcinoma: Flutamide versus diethylstilbestrol
18. Randomised study of Casodex 50 mg monotherapy vs. orchidectomy in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer
19. Bicalutamide monotherapy compared with castration in patients with nonmetastatic locally advanced prostate cancer: 6.3 years of follow-up
20. Flutamide versus orchidectomy in the treatment of metastatic prostate carcinoma
21. Analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone with increased biological activity produced by D-amino acid substitutions in position 6
22. Phase III studies to compare goserelin (Zoladex) with orchiectomy and with diethylstilbestrol in treatment of prostatic carcinoma
23. Leuprolide versus diethylstilbestrol for metastatic prostate cancer
24. A randomized, comparative study of buserelin with DES/orchiectomy in the treatment of stage D2 prostatic cancer patients
25. Flutamide eliminates the risk of disease flare in prostatic cancer patients treated with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist
26. Hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells express functional follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR)
27. Avoidance of FSH surge and maintained suppression of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) with abarelix depot (A-D) compared to leuprolide (L)±bicalutamide in prostate cancer (PC) patients
28. The magnitude of Lupron® (L) or Zoladex® (Z) testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormone (LH) surge is dependent on formulation: Comparative results of L and Z vs. abarelix-depot (A-D), a GnRH antagonist devoid of androgen surge
29. Abarelix-depot (A-D), a sustained-release (SR) formulation of a potent GnRH pure antagonist in patients (pts) with prostate cancer (PrCA): Phase II clinical results and endocrine comparison with superagonists Lupron® Zoladex® (Z)
30. Clinical and symptomatic response with abarelix depot (A-D), a GnRH antagonist, in highly symptomatic prostate cancer (PC) patients at risk for clinical flare with LHRH agonist treatment
31. Relative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of methods of androgen suppression in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer
32. Endocrine therapy of prostate cancer: Optimal form and timing
33. New approach in the treatment of prostate cancer: Complete instead of partial withdrawal of androgens
34. Efficacy of the combination of nilutamide plus orchidectomy in patients with metastatic prostatic cancer. A meta-analysis of seven randomized double-blind trials (1056 patients)
35. Overview of Phase III trials on combined androgen treatment in patients with metastatic prostate cancer
36. Maximum androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer: An overview of the randomised trials
37. Bilateral orchiectomy with or without flutamide for metastatic prostate cancer
38. Goserelin acetate with or without flutamide in the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer
39. Comparison of an LH-RH analogue (goeserelin acetate, 'Zoladex') with combined androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer: Final survival results of an international multicentre randomized-trial
40. A controlled trial of leuprolide with and without flutamide in prostatic carcinoma
41. Goserelin acetate and flutamide versus bilateral orchiectomy: A Phase III EORTC trial (30853)
42. Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer results in significant loss of bone density
43. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to investigate the effect of finasteride (MK-906) on stage D prostate cancer
44. Sequential androgen blockade: A biological study in the inhibition of prostatic growth
45. Combination finasteride and flutamide in advanced carcinoma of the prostate: Effective therapy with minimal side effects
46. Finasteride in association with either flutamide or goserelin as combination hormonal therapy in patients with stage M1 carcinoma of the prostate gland
47. Evidence for clonal outgrowth of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells from androgen-dependent tumors through a two-step process
48. In vivo amplification of the androgen receptor gene and progression of human prostate cancer
49. Androgen receptor expression in androgen-independent prostate cancer is associated with increased expression of androgen-regulated genes
50. Prostate cancer cell cycle regulators: Response to androgen withdrawal and development of androgen independence
51. Mechanistic concepts in androgen-dependence of prostate cancer
52. Androgen receptor stabilization in recurrent prostate cancer is associated with hypersensitivity to low androgen
53. Androgen receptor defects: Historical, clinical and molecular perspectives
54. Insulin-like growth Factor I: Action and receptor characterization in human prostate cancer cell lines
55. Localization of epidermal growth factor receptors in the human prostate by biochemical and immunocytochemical methods
56. Basic FGF, EGF and PDGF modify TGF-β-induction of smooth muscle cell phenotype in human prostatic stromal cells
57. The PTEN/MMAC1 tumor suppressor phosphatase functions as a negative regulator of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway
58. Mutational spectra of PTEN/MMAC1 gene: A tumor suppressor with lipid phosphatase activity
59. Overexpression of bcl-2 protects prostate cancer cells from apoptosis in vitro and confers resistance to androgen depletion in vivo
60. Alteration of the tumor suppressor gene p53 in a high fraction of hormone refractory prostate cancer
61. ANX7, a candidate tumor suppressor gene for prostate cancer
62. Loss of NKX3.1 expression in human prostate cancers correlates with tumor progression
63. How much can we rely on the level of prostate-specific antigen as an end point for evaluation of clinical trials? A word of caution!
64. Prostate specific antigen decline after anti-androgen withdrawal: The flutamide withdrawal syndrome
65. Prostate-specific antigen decline after casodex withdrawal: Evidence for an anti-androgen withdrawal syndrome
66. Complete remission of hormone refractory adenocarcinoma of the prostate in response to withdrawal of diethylstilbestrol
67. Anti-androgen withdrawal syndrome with nilutamide
68. Prostate-specific antigen decline after withdrawal of low-dose megestrol acetate
69. Functional characterization of mutant androgen receptors from androgen-independent prostate cancer
70. Second-line hormonal therapy for advanced prostate cancer: A shifting paradigm
71. Effects of intermittent androgen suppression on androgen-dependent tumors. Apoptosis and serum prostate-specific antigen
72. Intermittent endocrine therapy for advanced prostate cancer
73. Intermittent androgen deprivation after PSA-complete response as a strategy to reduce induction of hormone-resistant prostate cancer
74. Intermittent androgen suppression in the treatment of prostate cancer: A preliminary report
75. Prospective serial measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) in prostate cancer patients without bone metastases treated with intermittent androgen suppression (IAS)
76. Phase II trial of paclitaxel, estramustine and etoposide (TEE) in metastatic androgen-dependent prostate cancer
77. Goserelin, estramustine and vinblastine combination therapy is highly effective and well-tolerated in newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer: A Phase II study
78. A Randomised Phase II Study comparing tolerability and efficacy of goserelin ('Zoladex') alone or in combination with raltitrexed ('Tomudex'), in patients with high-risk advanced prostate cancer (PC): Preliminary results
79. Hormone therapy for prostate cancer: Results of the Veterans Administration Co-operative Urological Research Group studies
80. Immediate versus deferred treatment for advanced prostatic cancer: Initial results of the Medical Research Council Trial
81. Immediate hormonal therapy compared with observation after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy in men with node-positive prostate cancer
82. Downstaging of localized prostate cancer by neoadjuvant therapy with flutamide and lupron: The first controlled and randomized trial
83. Randomized, prospective, controlled study comparing radical prostatectomy alone and neoadjuvant androgen withdrawal in the treatment of localized prostate cancer
84. Randomized prospective study comparing radical prostatectomy alone versus radical prostatectomy preceded by androgen blockade in clinical stage B2 (T2bNxM0) prostate cancer
85. Randomized study of neoadjuvant testicular androgen ablation therapy before radical prostatectomy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer
86. Hormonal treatment before radical prostatectomy: A 3-year follow-up
87. Androgen deprivation with radiation therapy compared with radiation therapy alone for locally advanced prostatic carcinoma: A randomized comparative trial of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group
88. Phase III trial of androgen suppression using goserelin in unfavorable-prognosis carcinoma of the prostate treated with definitive radiotherapy: Report of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 85-31
89. Improved survival in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy and goserelin
90. RTOG protocol 92-02: A Phase III trial of the use of long-term androgen suppression following neoadjuvant hormonal cytoreduction and radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate
91. Updated results of the Phase III radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) trial 85-31 evaluating the potential benefit of androgen deprivation following standard radiation therapy for unfavourable prognosis carcinoma of the prostate
92. Bicalutamide ('Casodex') 150 mg as immediate or adjuvant therapy in 8113 men with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer
93. Orchiectomy and nilutamide or placebo as treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer in a multinational double-blind randomized trial
94. Goserelin acetate plus flutamide versus orchiectomy in advanced prostate cancer