Comparing distinctions and similarities across websites of newspapers, radio stations, and television stations

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 78, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 555-573

  Carolyn A, Lin ^a   Jeffres, Leo W ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035650148     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900107800310     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. H. Iris Chyi and George Sylvie, "Competing with Whom? Where? And How? A Structural Analysis of the Electronic Newspaper Market, Journal of Media Economics 11 (spring 1998): 1-18.
2. W.B Wriston, "The Inevitable Global Conversation," Media Studies Journal 8 (spring 1994): 17-25.
3. Carey says the Internet should be understood as the first instance of a global communication system, one that will displace national systems of communication (James W. Carey, "The Internet and the End of the National Communication System: Uncertain Predictions of an Uncertain Future," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 [spring 1998]: 28-34); also see Wheeler on the potential impact of the Internet in the Islamic world, and Gunkel and Gunkel for a view that the Internet seems to be an extension of past patterns of colonialism and European expansion (DJ. Gunkel and A.H. Gunkel, "Virtual Geographies: The New Worlds of Cyberspace," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 14[2, 1997]: 123-37; D.L. Wheeler, "Global Culture or Culture Clash: New Information Technologies in the Islamic World-A View from Kuwait," Communication Research 25 [August 1998]: 359-76); Hongladarom presents evidence that the Internet does not create a monolithic worldwide culture but replicates existing cultural boundaries, while Taubman discusses the ways in which the Chinese Communist Party is acting to make the Internet politically reliable (S. Hongladarom, "Global Culture, Local Cultures and the Internet: The Thai Example," Electronic Journal of Communication 8 [3/4, 1998]; G. Taubman, "A Not-so-World Wide Web: The Internet, China, and the Challenges to Nondemocratic Rule, Political Communication 15 [April 1998]: 255-72).
4. Carey says the Internet should be understood as the first instance of a global communication system, one that will displace national systems of communication (James W. Carey, "The Internet and the End of the National Communication System: Uncertain Predictions of an Uncertain Future," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 [spring 1998]: 28-34); also see Wheeler on the potential impact of the Internet in the Islamic world, and Gunkel and Gunkel for a view that the Internet seems to be an extension of past patterns of colonialism and European expansion (DJ. Gunkel and A.H. Gunkel, "Virtual Geographies: The New Worlds of Cyberspace," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 14[2, 1997]: 123-37; D.L. Wheeler, "Global Culture or Culture Clash: New Information Technologies in the Islamic World-A View from Kuwait," Communication Research 25 [August 1998]: 359-76); Hongladarom presents evidence that the Internet does not create a monolithic worldwide culture but replicates existing cultural boundaries, while Taubman discusses the ways in which the Chinese Communist Party is acting to make the Internet politically reliable (S. Hongladarom, "Global Culture, Local Cultures and the Internet: The Thai Example," Electronic Journal of Communication 8 [3/4, 1998]; G. Taubman, "A Not-so-World Wide Web: The Internet, China, and the Challenges to Nondemocratic Rule, Political Communication 15 [April 1998]: 255-72).
5. Carey says the Internet should be understood as the first instance of a global communication system, one that will displace national systems of communication (James W. Carey, "The Internet and the End of the National Communication System: Uncertain Predictions of an Uncertain Future," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 [spring 1998]: 28-34); also see Wheeler on the potential impact of the Internet in the Islamic world, and Gunkel and Gunkel for a view that the Internet seems to be an extension of past patterns of colonialism and European expansion (DJ. Gunkel and A.H. Gunkel, "Virtual Geographies: The New Worlds of Cyberspace," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 14[2, 1997]: 123-37; D.L. Wheeler, "Global Culture or Culture Clash: New Information Technologies in the Islamic World-A View from Kuwait," Communication Research 25 [August 1998]: 359-76); Hongladarom presents evidence that the Internet does not create a monolithic worldwide culture but replicates existing cultural boundaries, while Taubman discusses the ways in which the Chinese Communist Party is acting to make the Internet politically reliable (S. Hongladarom, "Global Culture, Local Cultures and the Internet: The Thai Example," Electronic Journal of Communication 8 [3/4, 1998]; G. Taubman, "A Not-so-World Wide Web: The Internet, China, and the Challenges to Nondemocratic Rule, Political Communication 15 [April 1998]: 255-72).
6. Carey says the Internet should be understood as the first instance of a global communication system, one that will displace national systems of communication (James W. Carey, "The Internet and the End of the National Communication System: Uncertain Predictions of an Uncertain Future," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 [spring 1998]: 28-34); also see Wheeler on the potential impact of the Internet in the Islamic world, and Gunkel and Gunkel for a view that the Internet seems to be an extension of past patterns of colonialism and European expansion (DJ. Gunkel and A.H. Gunkel, "Virtual Geographies: The New Worlds of Cyberspace," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 14[2, 1997]: 123-37; D.L. Wheeler, "Global Culture or Culture Clash: New Information Technologies in the Islamic World-A View from Kuwait," Communication Research 25 [August 1998]: 359-76); Hongladarom presents evidence that the Internet does not create a monolithic worldwide culture but replicates existing cultural boundaries, while Taubman discusses the ways in which the Chinese Communist Party is acting to make the Internet politically reliable (S. Hongladarom, "Global Culture, Local Cultures and the Internet: The Thai Example," Electronic Journal of Communication 8 [3/4, 1998]; G. Taubman, "A Not-so-World Wide Web: The Internet, China, and the Challenges to Nondemocratic Rule, Political Communication 15 [April 1998]: 255-72).
7. Carey says the Internet should be understood as the first instance of a global communication system, one that will displace national systems of communication (James W. Carey, "The Internet and the End of the National Communication System: Uncertain Predictions of an Uncertain Future," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 [spring 1998]: 28-34); also see Wheeler on the potential impact of the Internet in the Islamic world, and Gunkel and Gunkel for a view that the Internet seems to be an extension of past patterns of colonialism and European expansion (DJ. Gunkel and A.H. Gunkel, "Virtual Geographies: The New Worlds of Cyberspace," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 14[2, 1997]: 123-37; D.L. Wheeler, "Global Culture or Culture Clash: New Information Technologies in the Islamic World-A View from Kuwait," Communication Research 25 [August 1998]: 359-76); Hongladarom presents evidence that the Internet does not create a monolithic worldwide culture but replicates existing cultural boundaries, while Taubman discusses the ways in which the Chinese Communist Party is acting to make the Internet politically reliable (S. Hongladarom, "Global Culture, Local Cultures and the Internet: The Thai Example," Electronic Journal of Communication 8 [3/4, 1998]; G. Taubman, "A Not-so-World Wide Web: The Internet, China, and the Challenges to Nondemocratic Rule, Political Communication 15 [April 1998]: 255-72).
8. Leo Bogart, "Highway to the Stars or Road to Nowhere?" Media Studies Journal 8 (winter 1994): 1-15.
9. Herbert J. Gans, "The Electronic Shut-ins: Some Social Flaws of the Information Superhighway," Media Studies Journal 8 (winter 1994): 123-27; L. K. Grossman, "Reflections on Life Along the Electronic Superhighway," Media Studies Journal 8 (winter 1994): 27-39; J.C. Pollock and E. Montero, "Challenging the Mandarins: Comparing City Characteristics and Nationwide Newspaper Coverage of the Internet, 1993-95," in Cyberghetto or Cybertopia? Race, Class and Gender on the Internet, ed. Bosah Ebo (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998), 103-119.
10. Herbert J. Gans, "The Electronic Shut-ins: Some Social Flaws of the Information Superhighway," Media Studies Journal 8 (winter 1994): 123-27; L. K. Grossman, "Reflections on Life Along the Electronic Superhighway," Media Studies Journal 8 (winter 1994): 27-39; J.C. Pollock and E. Montero, "Challenging the Mandarins: Comparing City Characteristics and Nationwide Newspaper Coverage of the Internet, 1993-95," in Cyberghetto or Cybertopia? Race, Class and Gender on the Internet, ed. Bosah Ebo (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998), 103-119.
11. Herbert J. Gans, "The Electronic Shut-ins: Some Social Flaws of the Information Superhighway," Media Studies Journal 8 (winter 1994): 123-27; L. K. Grossman, "Reflections on Life Along the Electronic Superhighway," Media Studies Journal 8 (winter 1994): 27-39; J.C. Pollock and E. Montero, "Challenging the Mandarins: Comparing City Characteristics and Nationwide Newspaper Coverage of the Internet, 1993-95," in Cyberghetto or Cybertopia? Race, Class and Gender on the Internet, ed. Bosah Ebo (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998), 103-119.
12. M.A. Blanchard, "Reclaiming Freedom of the Press: A Hutchins Commission Dream or Nightmare," Communication Law and Policy 3 (summer 1998): 371-87.
13. David Abrahamson, "The Visible Hand: Money, Markets and Media Evolution," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (spring 1998): 14-18.
14. Abramson, "The Visible Hand: Money, Markets and Media Evolution."
15. S. Shaner, "Relational Flow and the World Wide Web: Conceptualizing the Future of Web Content," Electronic Journal of Communication 8 (2, 1998).
16. Hayward examines how the music industry and musical groups will use the Internet (P. Hayward, "Enterprise on the New Frontier: Music, Industry and the Internet," Convergence 1 [autumn 1995]: 29-44).
17. Pew Research Center, Pew Internet Project: Internet Tracking Report, The Pew Internet & American Life Project (2001).
18. Roper Starch World Wide Inc., The America Online/Roper Starch Cynberstudy 1999 (Roper Number: CNT-154), Roper Starch World Wide Inc. (1999).
19. A. Weedon, "The Book Trade and Internet Publishing: A British Perspective," Convergence 2 (spring 1996): 76-102.
20. . J. Alvear, "Over 3,500 Radio Stations Broadcasting over the Internet, Streaming Business Intelligence" (2000)
21. Ann M. Brill, "Way New Journalism: How the Pioneers Are Doing," Electronic Journal of Communication 7 (2, 1997), examines journalists at seven online newspapers to understand who they are and how they feel about the media for which they work.
22. Joe Quinlan, "Confessions of a Fallen Newspaperman," Media Studies Journal 8 (winter 1994): 65-71.
23. L.M Flaherty, K.J. Pearce, and R.B. Rubin, "Internet and Face-to-face Communication: Not Functional Alternatives," Communication Quarterly 46 (summer 1998): 250-68.
24. D. Howcroft, "The Hyperbolic Age of Information: An Empirical Study of Internet Usage," Information, Communication & Society 2 (3,1999): 277-99.
25. McMillan notes the challenge of applying content analysis to the Internet, a dynamic environmment (Sally J. McMillan, "The Microscope and the Moving Target: The Challenge of Applying Content Analysis to the World Wide Web," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 77 [spring 2000]: 80-98); for a research agenda, see R. E. Andersen, "A Research Agenda for Computing and the Social Sciences," Social Science Computer Review 15 (summer 1997): 123-34.
26. McMillan notes the challenge of applying content analysis to the Internet, a dynamic environmment (Sally J. McMillan, "The Microscope and the Moving Target: The Challenge of Applying Content Analysis to the World Wide Web," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 77 [spring 2000]: 80-98); for a research agenda, see R. E. Andersen, "A Research Agenda for Computing and the Social Sciences," Social Science Computer Review 15 (summer 1997): 123-34.
27. Vincent Kiernan and Mark R. Levy, "Competition Among Broadast-Related Web Sites," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 43 (spring 1999): 271-79.
28. Sylvia Chan-Olmsted and J.S. Park, "From On-Air to Online World: Examining the Content and Structures of Broadcast TV Stations' Web Sites," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 77 (summer 2000): 321-39.
29. Brian L. Massey and Mark R. Levy, "Interactivity, Online Journalism and English-Language Web Newspapers in Asia," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 76 (spring 1999): 138-51.
30. Louisa Ha and L.E. James, "Interactivity Reexamined: A Baseline Analysis of Early Business Web Sites," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 42 (fall 1998): 457-74.
31. X. Li, "Web Page Design and Graphic Use of Three U.S. Newspapers," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (summer 1998): 353-65.
32. S. A. Martin and K.A. Hansen, "Examining the 'Virtual' Publication as a 'Newspaper of Record,'" Communication Law and Policy 1 (autumn 1996): 579-94.
33. Mark Thalhimer, "High-Tech News or Just "Shovelware"?" Media Studies Journal 8 (winter 1994): 41-51.
34. K. Endres and R. Caplan, "The Magazine in Cyberspace: A 'Site' to be 'Zine,'" Electronic Journal of Communication 7 (2, 1997).
35. L.M. Maddox, M. Darshn, and H.G. Dubek, "The Role and Effect of Web Addresses in Advertising," Journal of Advertising Research 37 (March-April 1997): 47-59.
36. S. Esrock and G. Liechty, "Social Corporate World Wide Web Pages: Serving the News Media and Other Publics," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 76 (autumn 1999): 456-67.
37. Esrock and Liechty, "Social Corporate World Wide Web Pages."
38. Philip Napoli, "The Internet and Forces of 'Massification,'" Electronic Journal of Communication 8 (2, 1998), argues there are three primary sources of "massification" of the Internet: audience behavior, media economics, and institutional behavior.
39. Thomas J. Johnson and Barbara K. Kaye, "Cruising is Believing? Comparing Internet and Traditional Sources on Media Credibility Measures," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (summer 1998): 325-40.
40. Shyam S. Sundar, "Exploring Receivers' Criteria for Perception of Print and Online News," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 76 (summer 1999): 373-86.
41. Shyam S. Sundar, "Effects of Source Attribution on Perceptions of Online News Stories," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (spring 1998): 55-68.
42. Metro areas included Baltimore-Washington, DC; Boston; Chicago; Cleveland; Columbus (OH); Dallas; Detroit; Denver; El Paso; Houston;Indianapolis;LosAngeles;Memphis;Miami;Milwaukee; Minneapolis-St. Paul (MN); New Orleans; New York City; Philadelphia; Phoenix; Pittsburgh; San Antonio; San Diego; San Francisco-San Jose; and Seattle. Several other metro areas initially targeted were dropped because of logistic problems in data collection. Thus, the final list includes most major metro areas but not all are among the top twenty-five.
43. Ole R. Holsti, Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities (Reading: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1969).
44. This indexing approach is an acceptable operational manipulation. According to Keith R. Stamm, "Measurement Decisions," in Research Methods in Mass Communication, ed. Guido H. Stempel III and Bruce H. Westley (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981), 87-104, "The technique of indexing offers a way of enhancing measurement power when measuring a qualitative attribute. One way to construct an index is to ask yes-no questions with respect to a quality and then combine them into an index on the basis of the number of 'yes' answers. This converts nominal data into ordinal data and yields a more powerful measure," 91.
45. Stamm, "Measurement Decisions."
46. Stamm, "Measurement Decisions."
47. Massey and Levy, "Interactivity, Online Journalism."
48. Li, "Web Page Design."
49. Thalhimer, "High-Tech News or Just 'Shovelware'?"
50. Chan-Olmsted and Park, "From On-Air to Online World."
51. Kiernan and Levy, "Competition Among Broadcast-Related Websites."
52. Weedon, "The Book Trade and Internet Publishing."
53. Martin and Hanson, "Examining the 'Virtual' Publication."
54. Carolyn A. Lin, "Programming Localism Via Online Broadcasting," Research Report, National Association of Broadcasters, Washington, DC (2000).
55. Alvear, "Over 3,500 Radio Stations Broadcasting."
56. N. Hedgedue, "Tuned Out: Web Radio Offers Listeners a Wide Range of Alernative Sites. But So Far, Few People Are Listening," The Wall Street Journal, 23 October 2000, sec. R, p. 26.
57. Jakob Nielsen, Multimedia and Hypertext: the Interent and Beyond (Boston: AP Professional, 1995).
58. Blanchard, "Reclaiming Freedom of the Press," 391-87.
59. Steven G. Jones, "Information, Internet, and Community: Notes toward an Understanding of Community in the Information Age," in Cybersociety 2.0, ed. Steven G. Jones (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998), 1-34; Dan Thu Nguyen and Jon Alexander, "The Coming of Cyberspacetime and the End of the Polity," in Cultures of Internet: Virtual Spaces, Real Histories, Living Bodies, ed. Rob Shields (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996), 99-124 .
60. Steven G. Jones, "Information, Internet, and Community: Notes toward an Understanding of Community in the Information Age," in Cybersociety 2.0, ed. Steven G. Jones (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998), 1-34; Dan Thu Nguyen and Jon Alexander, "The Coming of Cyberspacetime and the End of the Polity," in Cultures of Internet: Virtual Spaces, Real Histories, Living Bodies, ed. Rob Shields (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996), 99-124 .