Covering conflict: A structural-pluralist analysis of how a small-town and a big-city newspaper reported an environmental controversy

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 78, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 419-436

  Harry, Joseph C ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035649315     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900107800302     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, Community Conflict & the Press (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1980), 40.
2. See also, Douglas Blanks Hindman, Robert Littlefield, Ann Preston, and Dennis Neumman, "Structural Pluralism, Ethnic Pluralism, and Community Newspapers" Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 76 (summer 1999): 250-53; and David K. Demers, "Structural Pluralism, Corporate Newspaper Structure, and News Source Perceptions: Another Test of the Editorial Vigor Hypothesis," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (autumn 1998): 572-92.
3. See also, Douglas Blanks Hindman, Robert Littlefield, Ann Preston, and Dennis Neumman, "Structural Pluralism, Ethnic Pluralism, and Community Newspapers" Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 76 (summer 1999): 250-53; and David K. Demers, "Structural Pluralism, Corporate Newspaper Structure, and News Source Perceptions: Another Test of the Editorial Vigor Hypothesis," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (autumn 1998): 572-92.
4. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press, 20.
5. David Pearce Demers, The Menace of the Corporate Newspaper: Fact or Fiction? (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1996).
6. Demers, "Structural Pluralism, Corporate Newspaper Structure," 573-74.
7. See, for example, Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Flow of Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (1970): 159-70; Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien, Annette Harrison, and George Donohue, "Mass Communication Systems and Communication Accuracy in Science News Reporting," Journalism Quarterly 47 (winter 1970): 673-83; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Gatekeeping: Mass Media Systems and Information Control," in Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research, ed. F. Gerald Kline and Phillip J. Tichenor (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973); George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Functions, Knowledge and Social Control," Journalism Quarterly 50 (winter 1973): 653-; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Environment and Public Opinion," in Interpreting Environmental Issues, ed. Clay Schoenfeld (Madison, WI: DERS, 1973); Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 55 (1978): 445-55; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, " Media Evaluations and Group Power," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 203-16; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict, Journalism Monographs, no. 99 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1984), 1-31; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "The Media Mix: TV and Social Conflict," in News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (1984), 217-28; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure, Newspaper Use and Community Attachment" (paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research convention, McAfee, NJ, 1985); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 489-99; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Structure, Editor Characteristics and Reporting of Conflict, 1965 and 1985" (paper presented to Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, 22 November 1986); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers," Journalism Quarterly 66 (fall 1989): 807-45; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (London: Sage, 1989), 139-63; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of the Media," Journal of Communication 45 (spring 1995): 115-32.
8. See, for example, Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Flow of Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (1970): 159-70; Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien, Annette Harrison, and George Donohue, "Mass Communication Systems and Communication Accuracy in Science News Reporting," Journalism Quarterly 47 (winter 1970): 673-83; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Gatekeeping: Mass Media Systems and Information Control," in Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research, ed. F. Gerald Kline and Phillip J. Tichenor (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973); George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Functions, Knowledge and Social Control," Journalism Quarterly 50 (winter 1973): 653-; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Environment and Public Opinion," in Interpreting Environmental Issues, ed. Clay Schoenfeld (Madison, WI: DERS, 1973); Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 55 (1978): 445-55; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, " Media Evaluations and Group Power," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 203-16; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict, Journalism Monographs, no. 99 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1984), 1-31; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "The Media Mix: TV and Social Conflict," in News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (1984), 217-28; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure, Newspaper Use and Community Attachment" (paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research convention, McAfee, NJ, 1985); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 489-99; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Structure, Editor Characteristics and Reporting of Conflict, 1965 and 1985" (paper presented to Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, 22 November 1986); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers," Journalism Quarterly 66 (fall 1989): 807-45; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (London: Sage, 1989), 139-63; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of the Media," Journal of Communication 45 (spring 1995): 115-32.
9. See, for example, Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Flow of Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (1970): 159-70; Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien, Annette Harrison, and George Donohue, "Mass Communication Systems and Communication Accuracy in Science News Reporting," Journalism Quarterly 47 (winter 1970): 673-83; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Gatekeeping: Mass Media Systems and Information Control," in Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research, ed. F. Gerald Kline and Phillip J. Tichenor (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973); George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Functions, Knowledge and Social Control," Journalism Quarterly 50 (winter 1973): 653-; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Environment and Public Opinion," in Interpreting Environmental Issues, ed. Clay Schoenfeld (Madison, WI: DERS, 1973); Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 55 (1978): 445-55; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, " Media Evaluations and Group Power," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 203-16; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict, Journalism Monographs, no. 99 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1984), 1-31; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "The Media Mix: TV and Social Conflict," in News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (1984), 217-28; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure, Newspaper Use and Community Attachment" (paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research convention, McAfee, NJ, 1985); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 489-99; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Structure, Editor Characteristics and Reporting of Conflict, 1965 and 1985" (paper presented to Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, 22 November 1986); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers," Journalism Quarterly 66 (fall 1989): 807-45; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (London: Sage, 1989), 139-63; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of the Media," Journal of Communication 45 (spring 1995): 115-32.
10. See, for example, Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Flow of Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (1970): 159-70; Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien, Annette Harrison, and George Donohue, "Mass Communication Systems and Communication Accuracy in Science News Reporting," Journalism Quarterly 47 (winter 1970): 673-83; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Gatekeeping: Mass Media Systems and Information Control," in Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research, ed. F. Gerald Kline and Phillip J. Tichenor (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973); George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Functions, Knowledge and Social Control," Journalism Quarterly 50 (winter 1973): 653-; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Environment and Public Opinion," in Interpreting Environmental Issues, ed. Clay Schoenfeld (Madison, WI: DERS, 1973); Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 55 (1978): 445-55; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, " Media Evaluations and Group Power," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 203-16; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict, Journalism Monographs, no. 99 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1984), 1-31; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "The Media Mix: TV and Social Conflict," in News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (1984), 217-28; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure, Newspaper Use and Community Attachment" (paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research convention, McAfee, NJ, 1985); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 489-99; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Structure, Editor Characteristics and Reporting of Conflict, 1965 and 1985" (paper presented to Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, 22 November 1986); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers," Journalism Quarterly 66 (fall 1989): 807-45; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (London: Sage, 1989), 139-63; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of the Media," Journal of Communication 45 (spring 1995): 115-32.
11. See, for example, Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Flow of Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (1970): 159-70; Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien, Annette Harrison, and George Donohue, "Mass Communication Systems and Communication Accuracy in Science News Reporting," Journalism Quarterly 47 (winter 1970): 673-83; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Gatekeeping: Mass Media Systems and Information Control," in Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research, ed. F. Gerald Kline and Phillip J. Tichenor (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973); George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Functions, Knowledge and Social Control," Journalism Quarterly 50 (winter 1973): 653-; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Environment and Public Opinion," in Interpreting Environmental Issues, ed. Clay Schoenfeld (Madison, WI: DERS, 1973); Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 55 (1978): 445-55; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, " Media Evaluations and Group Power," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 203-16; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict, Journalism Monographs, no. 99 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1984), 1-31; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "The Media Mix: TV and Social Conflict," in News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (1984), 217-28; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure, Newspaper Use and Community Attachment" (paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research convention, McAfee, NJ, 1985); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 489-99; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Structure, Editor Characteristics and Reporting of Conflict, 1965 and 1985" (paper presented to Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, 22 November 1986); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers," Journalism Quarterly 66 (fall 1989): 807-45; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (London: Sage, 1989), 139-63; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of the Media," Journal of Communication 45 (spring 1995): 115-32.
12. See, for example, Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Flow of Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (1970): 159-70; Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien, Annette Harrison, and George Donohue, "Mass Communication Systems and Communication Accuracy in Science News Reporting," Journalism Quarterly 47 (winter 1970): 673-83; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Gatekeeping: Mass Media Systems and Information Control," in Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research, ed. F. Gerald Kline and Phillip J. Tichenor (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973); George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Functions, Knowledge and Social Control," Journalism Quarterly 50 (winter 1973): 653-; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Environment and Public Opinion," in Interpreting Environmental Issues, ed. Clay Schoenfeld (Madison, WI: DERS, 1973); Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 55 (1978): 445-55; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, " Media Evaluations and Group Power," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 203-16; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict, Journalism Monographs, no. 99 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1984), 1-31; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "The Media Mix: TV and Social Conflict," in News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (1984), 217-28; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure, Newspaper Use and Community Attachment" (paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research convention, McAfee, NJ, 1985); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 489-99; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Structure, Editor Characteristics and Reporting of Conflict, 1965 and 1985" (paper presented to Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, 22 November 1986); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers," Journalism Quarterly 66 (fall 1989): 807-45; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (London: Sage, 1989), 139-63; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of the Media," Journal of Communication 45 (spring 1995): 115-32.
13. See, for example, Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Flow of Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (1970): 159-70; Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien, Annette Harrison, and George Donohue, "Mass Communication Systems and Communication Accuracy in Science News Reporting," Journalism Quarterly 47 (winter 1970): 673-83; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Gatekeeping: Mass Media Systems and Information Control," in Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research, ed. F. Gerald Kline and Phillip J. Tichenor (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973); George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Functions, Knowledge and Social Control," Journalism Quarterly 50 (winter 1973): 653-; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Environment and Public Opinion," in Interpreting Environmental Issues, ed. Clay Schoenfeld (Madison, WI: DERS, 1973); Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 55 (1978): 445-55; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, " Media Evaluations and Group Power," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 203-16; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict, Journalism Monographs, no. 99 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1984), 1-31; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "The Media Mix: TV and Social Conflict," in News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (1984), 217-28; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure, Newspaper Use and Community Attachment" (paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research convention, McAfee, NJ, 1985); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 489-99; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Structure, Editor Characteristics and Reporting of Conflict, 1965 and 1985" (paper presented to Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, 22 November 1986); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers," Journalism Quarterly 66 (fall 1989): 807-45; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (London: Sage, 1989), 139-63; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of the Media," Journal of Communication 45 (spring 1995): 115-32.
14. See, for example, Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Flow of Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (1970): 159-70; Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien, Annette Harrison, and George Donohue, "Mass Communication Systems and Communication Accuracy in Science News Reporting," Journalism Quarterly 47 (winter 1970): 673-83; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Gatekeeping: Mass Media Systems and Information Control," in Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research, ed. F. Gerald Kline and Phillip J. Tichenor (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973); George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Functions, Knowledge and Social Control," Journalism Quarterly 50 (winter 1973): 653-; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Environment and Public Opinion," in Interpreting Environmental Issues, ed. Clay Schoenfeld (Madison, WI: DERS, 1973); Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 55 (1978): 445-55; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, " Media Evaluations and Group Power," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 203-16; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict, Journalism Monographs, no. 99 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1984), 1-31; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "The Media Mix: TV and Social Conflict," in News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (1984), 217-28; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure, Newspaper Use and Community Attachment" (paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research convention, McAfee, NJ, 1985); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 489-99; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Structure, Editor Characteristics and Reporting of Conflict, 1965 and 1985" (paper presented to Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, 22 November 1986); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers," Journalism Quarterly 66 (fall 1989): 807-45; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (London: Sage, 1989), 139-63; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of the Media," Journal of Communication 45 (spring 1995): 115-32.
15. See, for example, Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Flow of Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (1970): 159-70; Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien, Annette Harrison, and George Donohue, "Mass Communication Systems and Communication Accuracy in Science News Reporting," Journalism Quarterly 47 (winter 1970): 673-83; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Gatekeeping: Mass Media Systems and Information Control," in Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research, ed. F. Gerald Kline and Phillip J. Tichenor (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973); George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Functions, Knowledge and Social Control," Journalism Quarterly 50 (winter 1973): 653-; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Environment and Public Opinion," in Interpreting Environmental Issues, ed. Clay Schoenfeld (Madison, WI: DERS, 1973); Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 55 (1978): 445-55; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, " Media Evaluations and Group Power," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 203-16; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict, Journalism Monographs, no. 99 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1984), 1-31; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "The Media Mix: TV and Social Conflict," in News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (1984), 217-28; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure, Newspaper Use and Community Attachment" (paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research convention, McAfee, NJ, 1985); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 489-99; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Structure, Editor Characteristics and Reporting of Conflict, 1965 and 1985" (paper presented to Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, 22 November 1986); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers," Journalism Quarterly 66 (fall 1989): 807-45; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (London: Sage, 1989), 139-63; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of the Media," Journal of Communication 45 (spring 1995): 115-32.
16. See, for example, Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Flow of Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (1970): 159-70; Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien, Annette Harrison, and George Donohue, "Mass Communication Systems and Communication Accuracy in Science News Reporting," Journalism Quarterly 47 (winter 1970): 673-83; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Gatekeeping: Mass Media Systems and Information Control," in Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research, ed. F. Gerald Kline and Phillip J. Tichenor (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973); George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Functions, Knowledge and Social Control," Journalism Quarterly 50 (winter 1973): 653-; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Environment and Public Opinion," in Interpreting Environmental Issues, ed. Clay Schoenfeld (Madison, WI: DERS, 1973); Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 55 (1978): 445-55; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, " Media Evaluations and Group Power," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 203-16; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict, Journalism Monographs, no. 99 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1984), 1-31; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "The Media Mix: TV and Social Conflict," in News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (1984), 217-28; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure, Newspaper Use and Community Attachment" (paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research convention, McAfee, NJ, 1985); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 489-99; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Structure, Editor Characteristics and Reporting of Conflict, 1965 and 1985" (paper presented to Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, 22 November 1986); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers," Journalism Quarterly 66 (fall 1989): 807-45; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (London: Sage, 1989), 139-63; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of the Media," Journal of Communication 45 (spring 1995): 115-32.
17. See, for example, Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Flow of Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (1970): 159-70; Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien, Annette Harrison, and George Donohue, "Mass Communication Systems and Communication Accuracy in Science News Reporting," Journalism Quarterly 47 (winter 1970): 673-83; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Gatekeeping: Mass Media Systems and Information Control," in Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research, ed. F. Gerald Kline and Phillip J. Tichenor (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973); George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Functions, Knowledge and Social Control," Journalism Quarterly 50 (winter 1973): 653-; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Environment and Public Opinion," in Interpreting Environmental Issues, ed. Clay Schoenfeld (Madison, WI: DERS, 1973); Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 55 (1978): 445-55; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, " Media Evaluations and Group Power," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 203-16; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict, Journalism Monographs, no. 99 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1984), 1-31; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "The Media Mix: TV and Social Conflict," in News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (1984), 217-28; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure, Newspaper Use and Community Attachment" (paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research convention, McAfee, NJ, 1985); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 489-99; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Structure, Editor Characteristics and Reporting of Conflict, 1965 and 1985" (paper presented to Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, 22 November 1986); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers," Journalism Quarterly 66 (fall 1989): 807-45; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (London: Sage, 1989), 139-63; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of the Media," Journal of Communication 45 (spring 1995): 115-32.
18. See, for example, Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Flow of Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (1970): 159-70; Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien, Annette Harrison, and George Donohue, "Mass Communication Systems and Communication Accuracy in Science News Reporting," Journalism Quarterly 47 (winter 1970): 673-83; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Gatekeeping: Mass Media Systems and Information Control," in Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research, ed. F. Gerald Kline and Phillip J. Tichenor (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973); George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Functions, Knowledge and Social Control," Journalism Quarterly 50 (winter 1973): 653-; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Environment and Public Opinion," in Interpreting Environmental Issues, ed. Clay Schoenfeld (Madison, WI: DERS, 1973); Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 55 (1978): 445-55; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, " Media Evaluations and Group Power," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 203-16; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict, Journalism Monographs, no. 99 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1984), 1-31; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "The Media Mix: TV and Social Conflict," in News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (1984), 217-28; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure, Newspaper Use and Community Attachment" (paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research convention, McAfee, NJ, 1985); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 489-99; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Structure, Editor Characteristics and Reporting of Conflict, 1965 and 1985" (paper presented to Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, 22 November 1986); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers," Journalism Quarterly 66 (fall 1989): 807-45; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (London: Sage, 1989), 139-63; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of the Media," Journal of Communication 45 (spring 1995): 115-32.
19. See, for example, Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Flow of Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (1970): 159-70; Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien, Annette Harrison, and George Donohue, "Mass Communication Systems and Communication Accuracy in Science News Reporting," Journalism Quarterly 47 (winter 1970): 673-83; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Gatekeeping: Mass Media Systems and Information Control," in Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research, ed. F. Gerald Kline and Phillip J. Tichenor (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973); George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Functions, Knowledge and Social Control," Journalism Quarterly 50 (winter 1973): 653-; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Environment and Public Opinion," in Interpreting Environmental Issues, ed. Clay Schoenfeld (Madison, WI: DERS, 1973); Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 55 (1978): 445-55; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, " Media Evaluations and Group Power," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 203-16; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict, Journalism Monographs, no. 99 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1984), 1-31; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "The Media Mix: TV and Social Conflict," in News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (1984), 217-28; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure, Newspaper Use and Community Attachment" (paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research convention, McAfee, NJ, 1985); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 489-99; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Structure, Editor Characteristics and Reporting of Conflict, 1965 and 1985" (paper presented to Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, 22 November 1986); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers," Journalism Quarterly 66 (fall 1989): 807-45; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (London: Sage, 1989), 139-63; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of the Media," Journal of Communication 45 (spring 1995): 115-32.
20. See, for example, Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Flow of Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (1970): 159-70; Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien, Annette Harrison, and George Donohue, "Mass Communication Systems and Communication Accuracy in Science News Reporting," Journalism Quarterly 47 (winter 1970): 673-83; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Gatekeeping: Mass Media Systems and Information Control," in Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research, ed. F. Gerald Kline and Phillip J. Tichenor (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973); George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Functions, Knowledge and Social Control," Journalism Quarterly 50 (winter 1973): 653-; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Environment and Public Opinion," in Interpreting Environmental Issues, ed. Clay Schoenfeld (Madison, WI: DERS, 1973); Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 55 (1978): 445-55; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, " Media Evaluations and Group Power," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 203-16; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict, Journalism Monographs, no. 99 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1984), 1-31; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "The Media Mix: TV and Social Conflict," in News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (1984), 217-28; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure, Newspaper Use and Community Attachment" (paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research convention, McAfee, NJ, 1985); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 489-99; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Structure, Editor Characteristics and Reporting of Conflict, 1965 and 1985" (paper presented to Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, 22 November 1986); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers," Journalism Quarterly 66 (fall 1989): 807-45; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (London: Sage, 1989), 139-63; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of the Media," Journal of Communication 45 (spring 1995): 115-32.
21. See, for example, Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Flow of Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (1970): 159-70; Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien, Annette Harrison, and George Donohue, "Mass Communication Systems and Communication Accuracy in Science News Reporting," Journalism Quarterly 47 (winter 1970): 673-83; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Gatekeeping: Mass Media Systems and Information Control," in Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research, ed. F. Gerald Kline and Phillip J. Tichenor (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973); George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Functions, Knowledge and Social Control," Journalism Quarterly 50 (winter 1973): 653-; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Environment and Public Opinion," in Interpreting Environmental Issues, ed. Clay Schoenfeld (Madison, WI: DERS, 1973); Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 55 (1978): 445-55; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, " Media Evaluations and Group Power," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 203-16; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict, Journalism Monographs, no. 99 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1984), 1-31; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "The Media Mix: TV and Social Conflict," in News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (1984), 217-28; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure, Newspaper Use and Community Attachment" (paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research convention, McAfee, NJ, 1985); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 489-99; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Structure, Editor Characteristics and Reporting of Conflict, 1965 and 1985" (paper presented to Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, 22 November 1986); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers," Journalism Quarterly 66 (fall 1989): 807-45; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (London: Sage, 1989), 139-63; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of the Media," Journal of Communication 45 (spring 1995): 115-32.
22. See, for example, Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Flow of Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (1970): 159-70; Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien, Annette Harrison, and George Donohue, "Mass Communication Systems and Communication Accuracy in Science News Reporting," Journalism Quarterly 47 (winter 1970): 673-83; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Gatekeeping: Mass Media Systems and Information Control," in Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research, ed. F. Gerald Kline and Phillip J. Tichenor (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973); George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Functions, Knowledge and Social Control," Journalism Quarterly 50 (winter 1973): 653-; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Environment and Public Opinion," in Interpreting Environmental Issues, ed. Clay Schoenfeld (Madison, WI: DERS, 1973); Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 55 (1978): 445-55; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, " Media Evaluations and Group Power," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 203-16; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict, Journalism Monographs, no. 99 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1984), 1-31; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "The Media Mix: TV and Social Conflict," in News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (1984), 217-28; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure, Newspaper Use and Community Attachment" (paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research convention, McAfee, NJ, 1985); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 489-99; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Structure, Editor Characteristics and Reporting of Conflict, 1965 and 1985" (paper presented to Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, 22 November 1986); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers," Journalism Quarterly 66 (fall 1989): 807-45; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (London: Sage, 1989), 139-63; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of the Media," Journal of Communication 45 (spring 1995): 115-32.
23. See, for example, Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Flow of Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (1970): 159-70; Phillip J. Tichenor, Clarice N. Olien, Annette Harrison, and George Donohue, "Mass Communication Systems and Communication Accuracy in Science News Reporting," Journalism Quarterly 47 (winter 1970): 673-83; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Gatekeeping: Mass Media Systems and Information Control," in Current Perspectives in Mass Communication Research, ed. F. Gerald Kline and Phillip J. Tichenor (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972); Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Issues, Conflict, and Public Affairs Knowledge," in New Models for Mass Communication Research, ed. Peter Clarke (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973); George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Functions, Knowledge and Social Control," Journalism Quarterly 50 (winter 1973): 653-; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Environment and Public Opinion," in Interpreting Environmental Issues, ed. Clay Schoenfeld (Madison, WI: DERS, 1973); Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 55 (1978): 445-55; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, " Media Evaluations and Group Power," in The News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 203-16; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict, Journalism Monographs, no. 99 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1984), 1-31; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "The Media Mix: TV and Social Conflict," in News Media in National and International Conflict, ed. A. Arno and W. Dissanayake (1984), 217-28; Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Community Structure, Newspaper Use and Community Attachment" (paper presented at the American Association for Public Opinion Research convention, McAfee, NJ, 1985); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 489-99; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Structure, Editor Characteristics and Reporting of Conflict, 1965 and 1985" (paper presented to Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, 22 November 1986); George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers," Journalism Quarterly 66 (fall 1989): 807-45; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (London: Sage, 1989), 139-63; George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of the Media," Journal of Communication 45 (spring 1995): 115-32.
24. K. Viswanath, John R. Finnegan Jr., Peter J. Hannan, and Russell V. Luepker, "Health and Knowledge Gaps," American Behavioral Scientist 34 (July-August 1991): 712-15; John R. Finnegan Jr., K. Viswanath, Emily Kahn, and Peter Hannan, "Exposure to Sources of Heart Disease Information: Community Type and Social Group Differences," Journalism Quarterly 70 (autumn 1993): 569-85; K. Viswanath, Emily Kahn, John R. Finnegan Jr., James Hertog, and John D. Potter, "Motivation and the Knowledge Gap: Effects of a Campaign to Reduce Diet-Related Cancer Risk," Communication Research 20 (August 1993): 546-64; Suzanne R. Yows, Charles T. Salmon, Robert P. Hawkins, and Richard R. Love, "Motivational and Structural Factors in Predicting Different Kinds of Cancer Knowledge," American Behavioral Scientist 34 (July-August 1991): 727-42.
25. K. Viswanath, John R. Finnegan Jr., Peter J. Hannan, and Russell V. Luepker, "Health and Knowledge Gaps," American Behavioral Scientist 34 (July-August 1991): 712-15; John R. Finnegan Jr., K. Viswanath, Emily Kahn, and Peter Hannan, "Exposure to Sources of Heart Disease Information: Community Type and Social Group Differences," Journalism Quarterly 70 (autumn 1993): 569-85; K. Viswanath, Emily Kahn, John R. Finnegan Jr., James Hertog, and John D. Potter, "Motivation and the Knowledge Gap: Effects of a Campaign to Reduce Diet-Related Cancer Risk," Communication Research 20 (August 1993): 546-64; Suzanne R. Yows, Charles T. Salmon, Robert P. Hawkins, and Richard R. Love, "Motivational and Structural Factors in Predicting Different Kinds of Cancer Knowledge," American Behavioral Scientist 34 (July-August 1991): 727-42.
26. K. Viswanath, John R. Finnegan Jr., Peter J. Hannan, and Russell V. Luepker, "Health and Knowledge Gaps," American Behavioral Scientist 34 (July-August 1991): 712-15; John R. Finnegan Jr., K. Viswanath, Emily Kahn, and Peter Hannan, "Exposure to Sources of Heart Disease Information: Community Type and Social Group Differences," Journalism Quarterly 70 (autumn 1993): 569-85; K. Viswanath, Emily Kahn, John R. Finnegan Jr., James Hertog, and John D. Potter, "Motivation and the Knowledge Gap: Effects of a Campaign to Reduce Diet-Related Cancer Risk," Communication Research 20 (August 1993): 546-64; Suzanne R. Yows, Charles T. Salmon, Robert P. Hawkins, and Richard R. Love, "Motivational and Structural Factors in Predicting Different Kinds of Cancer Knowledge," American Behavioral Scientist 34 (July-August 1991): 727-42.
27. K. Viswanath, John R. Finnegan Jr., Peter J. Hannan, and Russell V. Luepker, "Health and Knowledge Gaps," American Behavioral Scientist 34 (July-August 1991): 712-15; John R. Finnegan Jr., K. Viswanath, Emily Kahn, and Peter Hannan, "Exposure to Sources of Heart Disease Information: Community Type and Social Group Differences," Journalism Quarterly 70 (autumn 1993): 569-85; K. Viswanath, Emily Kahn, John R. Finnegan Jr., James Hertog, and John D. Potter, "Motivation and the Knowledge Gap: Effects of a Campaign to Reduce Diet-Related Cancer Risk," Communication Research 20 (August 1993): 546-64; Suzanne R. Yows, Charles T. Salmon, Robert P. Hawkins, and Richard R. Love, "Motivational and Structural Factors in Predicting Different Kinds of Cancer Knowledge," American Behavioral Scientist 34 (July-August 1991): 727-42.
28. Glenn G. Strodthoff, Robert P. Hawkins, and A. Clay Schoenfeld, "Media Roles in a Social Movement: A Model of Ideology Diffusion," Journal of Communication 35 (summer 1986): 134-53; Kurt Neuwirth, Charles T. Salmon, and Maryl Neff, "Community Orientation and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 66 (spring 1989): 31-39; David Pearce Demers, "Opinion Polling Practices of Chain and Independent Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 500-503; Charles T. Salmon, ed., Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change (Newbury Park, NJ: Sage, 1989); Jae Chul Shim, and Charles T. Salmon, "Community Orientations and Newspaper Use Among Korean Newcomers," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 852-64; Marshel D. Rossow and Sharon Dunwoody, "Inclusion of 'Useful' Detail in Newspaper Coverage of a High-Level Nuclear Waste Siting Controversy," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring-summer 1991): 87-101; David Pearce Demers, Structural Pluralism, Intermedia Competition and the Growth of the Corporate Newspaper in the United States, Journalism Monographs, no. 145 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, June 1994); Robert J. Griffin and Sharon Dunwoody, "Impacts of Information Subsidies and Community Structure on Local Press Coverage of Environmental Contamination," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (summer 1995): 271-85; K. Viswanath and L. Chiu, "Community Pluralism and Media Definition of Conflict News: A Study of Controversy Over a Hazardous Waste Incinerator in Two Communities" (paper presented at Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, IL, 1995); Douglas Blanks Hindman, "Community Newspapers, Community Structural Pluralism, and Local Conflict with Non-Local Groups," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (fall 1996): 708-722; Demers, "Structural Pluralism, Corporate Newspaper Structure, and News Source Perceptions"; Hindman et al., "Structural Pluralism, Ethnic Pluralism."
29. Glenn G. Strodthoff, Robert P. Hawkins, and A. Clay Schoenfeld, "Media Roles in a Social Movement: A Model of Ideology Diffusion," Journal of Communication 35 (summer 1986): 134-53; Kurt Neuwirth, Charles T. Salmon, and Maryl Neff, "Community Orientation and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 66 (spring 1989): 31-39; David Pearce Demers, "Opinion Polling Practices of Chain and Independent Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 500-503; Charles T. Salmon, ed., Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change (Newbury Park, NJ: Sage, 1989); Jae Chul Shim, and Charles T. Salmon, "Community Orientations and Newspaper Use Among Korean Newcomers," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 852-64; Marshel D. Rossow and Sharon Dunwoody, "Inclusion of 'Useful' Detail in Newspaper Coverage of a High-Level Nuclear Waste Siting Controversy," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring-summer 1991): 87-101; David Pearce Demers, Structural Pluralism, Intermedia Competition and the Growth of the Corporate Newspaper in the United States, Journalism Monographs, no. 145 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, June 1994); Robert J. Griffin and Sharon Dunwoody, "Impacts of Information Subsidies and Community Structure on Local Press Coverage of Environmental Contamination," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (summer 1995): 271-85; K. Viswanath and L. Chiu, "Community Pluralism and Media Definition of Conflict News: A Study of Controversy Over a Hazardous Waste Incinerator in Two Communities" (paper presented at Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, IL, 1995); Douglas Blanks Hindman, "Community Newspapers, Community Structural Pluralism, and Local Conflict with Non-Local Groups," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (fall 1996): 708-722; Demers, "Structural Pluralism, Corporate Newspaper Structure, and News Source Perceptions"; Hindman et al., "Structural Pluralism, Ethnic Pluralism."
30. Glenn G. Strodthoff, Robert P. Hawkins, and A. Clay Schoenfeld, "Media Roles in a Social Movement: A Model of Ideology Diffusion," Journal of Communication 35 (summer 1986): 134-53; Kurt Neuwirth, Charles T. Salmon, and Maryl Neff, "Community Orientation and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 66 (spring 1989): 31-39; David Pearce Demers, "Opinion Polling Practices of Chain and Independent Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 500-503; Charles T. Salmon, ed., Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change (Newbury Park, NJ: Sage, 1989); Jae Chul Shim, and Charles T. Salmon, "Community Orientations and Newspaper Use Among Korean Newcomers," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 852-64; Marshel D. Rossow and Sharon Dunwoody, "Inclusion of 'Useful' Detail in Newspaper Coverage of a High-Level Nuclear Waste Siting Controversy," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring-summer 1991): 87-101; David Pearce Demers, Structural Pluralism, Intermedia Competition and the Growth of the Corporate Newspaper in the United States, Journalism Monographs, no. 145 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, June 1994); Robert J. Griffin and Sharon Dunwoody, "Impacts of Information Subsidies and Community Structure on Local Press Coverage of Environmental Contamination," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (summer 1995): 271-85; K. Viswanath and L. Chiu, "Community Pluralism and Media Definition of Conflict News: A Study of Controversy Over a Hazardous Waste Incinerator in Two Communities" (paper presented at Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, IL, 1995); Douglas Blanks Hindman, "Community Newspapers, Community Structural Pluralism, and Local Conflict with Non-Local Groups," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (fall 1996): 708-722; Demers, "Structural Pluralism, Corporate Newspaper Structure, and News Source Perceptions"; Hindman et al., "Structural Pluralism, Ethnic Pluralism."
31. Glenn G. Strodthoff, Robert P. Hawkins, and A. Clay Schoenfeld, "Media Roles in a Social Movement: A Model of Ideology Diffusion," Journal of Communication 35 (summer 1986): 134-53; Kurt Neuwirth, Charles T. Salmon, and Maryl Neff, "Community Orientation and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 66 (spring 1989): 31-39; David Pearce Demers, "Opinion Polling Practices of Chain and Independent Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 500-503; Charles T. Salmon, ed., Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change (Newbury Park, NJ: Sage, 1989); Jae Chul Shim, and Charles T. Salmon, "Community Orientations and Newspaper Use Among Korean Newcomers," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 852-64; Marshel D. Rossow and Sharon Dunwoody, "Inclusion of 'Useful' Detail in Newspaper Coverage of a High-Level Nuclear Waste Siting Controversy," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring-summer 1991): 87-101; David Pearce Demers, Structural Pluralism, Intermedia Competition and the Growth of the Corporate Newspaper in the United States, Journalism Monographs, no. 145 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, June 1994); Robert J. Griffin and Sharon Dunwoody, "Impacts of Information Subsidies and Community Structure on Local Press Coverage of Environmental Contamination," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (summer 1995): 271-85; K. Viswanath and L. Chiu, "Community Pluralism and Media Definition of Conflict News: A Study of Controversy Over a Hazardous Waste Incinerator in Two Communities" (paper presented at Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, IL, 1995); Douglas Blanks Hindman, "Community Newspapers, Community Structural Pluralism, and Local Conflict with Non-Local Groups," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (fall 1996): 708-722; Demers, "Structural Pluralism, Corporate Newspaper Structure, and News Source Perceptions"; Hindman et al., "Structural Pluralism, Ethnic Pluralism."
32. Glenn G. Strodthoff, Robert P. Hawkins, and A. Clay Schoenfeld, "Media Roles in a Social Movement: A Model of Ideology Diffusion," Journal of Communication 35 (summer 1986): 134-53; Kurt Neuwirth, Charles T. Salmon, and Maryl Neff, "Community Orientation and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 66 (spring 1989): 31-39; David Pearce Demers, "Opinion Polling Practices of Chain and Independent Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 500-503; Charles T. Salmon, ed., Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change (Newbury Park, NJ: Sage, 1989); Jae Chul Shim, and Charles T. Salmon, "Community Orientations and Newspaper Use Among Korean Newcomers," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 852-64; Marshel D. Rossow and Sharon Dunwoody, "Inclusion of 'Useful' Detail in Newspaper Coverage of a High-Level Nuclear Waste Siting Controversy," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring-summer 1991): 87-101; David Pearce Demers, Structural Pluralism, Intermedia Competition and the Growth of the Corporate Newspaper in the United States, Journalism Monographs, no. 145 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, June 1994); Robert J. Griffin and Sharon Dunwoody, "Impacts of Information Subsidies and Community Structure on Local Press Coverage of Environmental Contamination," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (summer 1995): 271-85; K. Viswanath and L. Chiu, "Community Pluralism and Media Definition of Conflict News: A Study of Controversy Over a Hazardous Waste Incinerator in Two Communities" (paper presented at Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, IL, 1995); Douglas Blanks Hindman, "Community Newspapers, Community Structural Pluralism, and Local Conflict with Non-Local Groups," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (fall 1996): 708-722; Demers, "Structural Pluralism, Corporate Newspaper Structure, and News Source Perceptions"; Hindman et al., "Structural Pluralism, Ethnic Pluralism."
33. Glenn G. Strodthoff, Robert P. Hawkins, and A. Clay Schoenfeld, "Media Roles in a Social Movement: A Model of Ideology Diffusion," Journal of Communication 35 (summer 1986): 134-53; Kurt Neuwirth, Charles T. Salmon, and Maryl Neff, "Community Orientation and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 66 (spring 1989): 31-39; David Pearce Demers, "Opinion Polling Practices of Chain and Independent Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 500-503; Charles T. Salmon, ed., Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change (Newbury Park, NJ: Sage, 1989); Jae Chul Shim, and Charles T. Salmon, "Community Orientations and Newspaper Use Among Korean Newcomers," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 852-64; Marshel D. Rossow and Sharon Dunwoody, "Inclusion of 'Useful' Detail in Newspaper Coverage of a High-Level Nuclear Waste Siting Controversy," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring-summer 1991): 87-101; David Pearce Demers, Structural Pluralism, Intermedia Competition and the Growth of the Corporate Newspaper in the United States, Journalism Monographs, no. 145 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, June 1994); Robert J. Griffin and Sharon Dunwoody, "Impacts of Information Subsidies and Community Structure on Local Press Coverage of Environmental Contamination," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (summer 1995): 271-85; K. Viswanath and L. Chiu, "Community Pluralism and Media Definition of Conflict News: A Study of Controversy Over a Hazardous Waste Incinerator in Two Communities" (paper presented at Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, IL, 1995); Douglas Blanks Hindman, "Community Newspapers, Community Structural Pluralism, and Local Conflict with Non-Local Groups," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (fall 1996): 708-722; Demers, "Structural Pluralism, Corporate Newspaper Structure, and News Source Perceptions"; Hindman et al., "Structural Pluralism, Ethnic Pluralism."
34. Glenn G. Strodthoff, Robert P. Hawkins, and A. Clay Schoenfeld, "Media Roles in a Social Movement: A Model of Ideology Diffusion," Journal of Communication 35 (summer 1986): 134-53; Kurt Neuwirth, Charles T. Salmon, and Maryl Neff, "Community Orientation and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 66 (spring 1989): 31-39; David Pearce Demers, "Opinion Polling Practices of Chain and Independent Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 500-503; Charles T. Salmon, ed., Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change (Newbury Park, NJ: Sage, 1989); Jae Chul Shim, and Charles T. Salmon, "Community Orientations and Newspaper Use Among Korean Newcomers," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 852-64; Marshel D. Rossow and Sharon Dunwoody, "Inclusion of 'Useful' Detail in Newspaper Coverage of a High-Level Nuclear Waste Siting Controversy," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring-summer 1991): 87-101; David Pearce Demers, Structural Pluralism, Intermedia Competition and the Growth of the Corporate Newspaper in the United States, Journalism Monographs, no. 145 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, June 1994); Robert J. Griffin and Sharon Dunwoody, "Impacts of Information Subsidies and Community Structure on Local Press Coverage of Environmental Contamination," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (summer 1995): 271-85; K. Viswanath and L. Chiu, "Community Pluralism and Media Definition of Conflict News: A Study of Controversy Over a Hazardous Waste Incinerator in Two Communities" (paper presented at Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, IL, 1995); Douglas Blanks Hindman, "Community Newspapers, Community Structural Pluralism, and Local Conflict with Non-Local Groups," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (fall 1996): 708-722; Demers, "Structural Pluralism, Corporate Newspaper Structure, and News Source Perceptions"; Hindman et al., "Structural Pluralism, Ethnic Pluralism."
35. Glenn G. Strodthoff, Robert P. Hawkins, and A. Clay Schoenfeld, "Media Roles in a Social Movement: A Model of Ideology Diffusion," Journal of Communication 35 (summer 1986): 134-53; Kurt Neuwirth, Charles T. Salmon, and Maryl Neff, "Community Orientation and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 66 (spring 1989): 31-39; David Pearce Demers, "Opinion Polling Practices of Chain and Independent Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 500-503; Charles T. Salmon, ed., Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change (Newbury Park, NJ: Sage, 1989); Jae Chul Shim, and Charles T. Salmon, "Community Orientations and Newspaper Use Among Korean Newcomers," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 852-64; Marshel D. Rossow and Sharon Dunwoody, "Inclusion of 'Useful' Detail in Newspaper Coverage of a High-Level Nuclear Waste Siting Controversy," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring-summer 1991): 87-101; David Pearce Demers, Structural Pluralism, Intermedia Competition and the Growth of the Corporate Newspaper in the United States, Journalism Monographs, no. 145 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, June 1994); Robert J. Griffin and Sharon Dunwoody, "Impacts of Information Subsidies and Community Structure on Local Press Coverage of Environmental Contamination," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (summer 1995): 271-85; K. Viswanath and L. Chiu, "Community Pluralism and Media Definition of Conflict News: A Study of Controversy Over a Hazardous Waste Incinerator in Two Communities" (paper presented at Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, IL, 1995); Douglas Blanks Hindman, "Community Newspapers, Community Structural Pluralism, and Local Conflict with Non-Local Groups," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (fall 1996): 708-722; Demers, "Structural Pluralism, Corporate Newspaper Structure, and News Source Perceptions"; Hindman et al., "Structural Pluralism, Ethnic Pluralism."
36. Glenn G. Strodthoff, Robert P. Hawkins, and A. Clay Schoenfeld, "Media Roles in a Social Movement: A Model of Ideology Diffusion," Journal of Communication 35 (summer 1986): 134-53; Kurt Neuwirth, Charles T. Salmon, and Maryl Neff, "Community Orientation and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 66 (spring 1989): 31-39; David Pearce Demers, "Opinion Polling Practices of Chain and Independent Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 500-503; Charles T. Salmon, ed., Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change (Newbury Park, NJ: Sage, 1989); Jae Chul Shim, and Charles T. Salmon, "Community Orientations and Newspaper Use Among Korean Newcomers," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 852-64; Marshel D. Rossow and Sharon Dunwoody, "Inclusion of 'Useful' Detail in Newspaper Coverage of a High-Level Nuclear Waste Siting Controversy," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring-summer 1991): 87-101; David Pearce Demers, Structural Pluralism, Intermedia Competition and the Growth of the Corporate Newspaper in the United States, Journalism Monographs, no. 145 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, June 1994); Robert J. Griffin and Sharon Dunwoody, "Impacts of Information Subsidies and Community Structure on Local Press Coverage of Environmental Contamination," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (summer 1995): 271-85; K. Viswanath and L. Chiu, "Community Pluralism and Media Definition of Conflict News: A Study of Controversy Over a Hazardous Waste Incinerator in Two Communities" (paper presented at Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, IL, 1995); Douglas Blanks Hindman, "Community Newspapers, Community Structural Pluralism, and Local Conflict with Non-Local Groups," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (fall 1996): 708-722; Demers, "Structural Pluralism, Corporate Newspaper Structure, and News Source Perceptions"; Hindman et al., "Structural Pluralism, Ethnic Pluralism."
37. Glenn G. Strodthoff, Robert P. Hawkins, and A. Clay Schoenfeld, "Media Roles in a Social Movement: A Model of Ideology Diffusion," Journal of Communication 35 (summer 1986): 134-53; Kurt Neuwirth, Charles T. Salmon, and Maryl Neff, "Community Orientation and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 66 (spring 1989): 31-39; David Pearce Demers, "Opinion Polling Practices of Chain and Independent Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 500-503; Charles T. Salmon, ed., Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change (Newbury Park, NJ: Sage, 1989); Jae Chul Shim, and Charles T. Salmon, "Community Orientations and Newspaper Use Among Korean Newcomers," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 852-64; Marshel D. Rossow and Sharon Dunwoody, "Inclusion of 'Useful' Detail in Newspaper Coverage of a High-Level Nuclear Waste Siting Controversy," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring-summer 1991): 87-101; David Pearce Demers, Structural Pluralism, Intermedia Competition and the Growth of the Corporate Newspaper in the United States, Journalism Monographs, no. 145 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, June 1994); Robert J. Griffin and Sharon Dunwoody, "Impacts of Information Subsidies and Community Structure on Local Press Coverage of Environmental Contamination," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (summer 1995): 271-85; K. Viswanath and L. Chiu, "Community Pluralism and Media Definition of Conflict News: A Study of Controversy Over a Hazardous Waste Incinerator in Two Communities" (paper presented at Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, IL, 1995); Douglas Blanks Hindman, "Community Newspapers, Community Structural Pluralism, and Local Conflict with Non-Local Groups," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (fall 1996): 708-722; Demers, "Structural Pluralism, Corporate Newspaper Structure, and News Source Perceptions"; Hindman et al., "Structural Pluralism, Ethnic Pluralism."
38. Glenn G. Strodthoff, Robert P. Hawkins, and A. Clay Schoenfeld, "Media Roles in a Social Movement: A Model of Ideology Diffusion," Journal of Communication 35 (summer 1986): 134-53; Kurt Neuwirth, Charles T. Salmon, and Maryl Neff, "Community Orientation and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 66 (spring 1989): 31-39; David Pearce Demers, "Opinion Polling Practices of Chain and Independent Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 500-503; Charles T. Salmon, ed., Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change (Newbury Park, NJ: Sage, 1989); Jae Chul Shim, and Charles T. Salmon, "Community Orientations and Newspaper Use Among Korean Newcomers," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 852-64; Marshel D. Rossow and Sharon Dunwoody, "Inclusion of 'Useful' Detail in Newspaper Coverage of a High-Level Nuclear Waste Siting Controversy," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring-summer 1991): 87-101; David Pearce Demers, Structural Pluralism, Intermedia Competition and the Growth of the Corporate Newspaper in the United States, Journalism Monographs, no. 145 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, June 1994); Robert J. Griffin and Sharon Dunwoody, "Impacts of Information Subsidies and Community Structure on Local Press Coverage of Environmental Contamination," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (summer 1995): 271-85; K. Viswanath and L. Chiu, "Community Pluralism and Media Definition of Conflict News: A Study of Controversy Over a Hazardous Waste Incinerator in Two Communities" (paper presented at Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, IL, 1995); Douglas Blanks Hindman, "Community Newspapers, Community Structural Pluralism, and Local Conflict with Non-Local Groups," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (fall 1996): 708-722; Demers, "Structural Pluralism, Corporate Newspaper Structure, and News Source Perceptions"; Hindman et al., "Structural Pluralism, Ethnic Pluralism."
39. Glenn G. Strodthoff, Robert P. Hawkins, and A. Clay Schoenfeld, "Media Roles in a Social Movement: A Model of Ideology Diffusion," Journal of Communication 35 (summer 1986): 134-53; Kurt Neuwirth, Charles T. Salmon, and Maryl Neff, "Community Orientation and Media Use," Journalism Quarterly 66 (spring 1989): 31-39; David Pearce Demers, "Opinion Polling Practices of Chain and Independent Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 500-503; Charles T. Salmon, ed., Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change (Newbury Park, NJ: Sage, 1989); Jae Chul Shim, and Charles T. Salmon, "Community Orientations and Newspaper Use Among Korean Newcomers," Journalism Quarterly 67 (winter 1990): 852-64; Marshel D. Rossow and Sharon Dunwoody, "Inclusion of 'Useful' Detail in Newspaper Coverage of a High-Level Nuclear Waste Siting Controversy," Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring-summer 1991): 87-101; David Pearce Demers, Structural Pluralism, Intermedia Competition and the Growth of the Corporate Newspaper in the United States, Journalism Monographs, no. 145 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, June 1994); Robert J. Griffin and Sharon Dunwoody, "Impacts of Information Subsidies and Community Structure on Local Press Coverage of Environmental Contamination," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (summer 1995): 271-85; K. Viswanath and L. Chiu, "Community Pluralism and Media Definition of Conflict News: A Study of Controversy Over a Hazardous Waste Incinerator in Two Communities" (paper presented at Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, IL, 1995); Douglas Blanks Hindman, "Community Newspapers, Community Structural Pluralism, and Local Conflict with Non-Local Groups," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (fall 1996): 708-722; Demers, "Structural Pluralism, Corporate Newspaper Structure, and News Source Perceptions"; Hindman et al., "Structural Pluralism, Ethnic Pluralism."
40. Griffin and Dunwoody, "Impacts of Information Subsidies."
41. Viswanath and Chiu, "Community Pluralism and Media Definition of Conflict News."
42. Claire E. Taylor, Jung-Sook Lee, and William R. Davie, "Local Press Coverage of an Environmental Conflict," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 77 (spring 2000): 175-92.
43. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict & the Press. All other references to this work will henceforth be referred to as Community Conflict.
44. But see, also, Donohue, Tichenor, and Olien, "A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of the Media," 115-32, for a more recent restatement of the central thesis that nonetheless sticks to the original premises.
45. George A. Hough, News Writing (Geneva, IL: Houghton Mifflin, 1995).
46. The same issue is also taken up, and couched in the same conclusions, in Olien, Donohue, and Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict.
47. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict, 1980.
48. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict, 1980, 104-106.
49. Circulation figure obtained from Evening Review circulation manager, as of January 1999. Since the completion of this study, the Review has shifted to seven-day-a-week publication.
50. Circulation figures obtained from Post-Gazette circulation manager, as of August 1998.
51. Although the present article is limited to examining only content patterns and not the content itself, an analysis of specific article content, via discourse analysis, is offered in conjunction with other content patterns in Joseph C. Harry, "News Media Rhetoric, Social Structure, and the Reporting of Environmental Conflict: A Two-Newspaper Comparison" (Ph.D. diss., Michigan State University, 1999).
52. This fact alone is important for the overall analysis and will be addressed in the discussion section.
53. The thirty-seven same-day articles represent 13.1% of the 282 WTI articles by the Review between 1991-1993, and 34.5% of the 107 articles during that same period by the Post-Gazette. Because Post-Gazette reporters were on strike for a nine-month period during 1992, the paper was issued during that period in a much more limited and shortened version, though a daily publication schedule was maintained. As a result, an estimated four stories in the matched sample were produced during this period and occur in the form of news briefs rather than as full articles, the latter of which would likely have been produced during the paper's normal publication schedule. This should be taken as a somewhat limiting but minor factor in assessing the total sample of WTI-related articles produced by the Post-Gazette, as it means a slightly higher number of news sources probably would have been included in the paper's articles had they been more than news briefs.
54. J.V. Bodle, "Assessing News Quality: A Comparison Between Community and Student Daily Newspapers," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (summer 1996): 672-86.
55. William A. Gamson, Talking Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992). See also, Paul Chilton, "Metaphor, Euphemism, and the Militarization of Language," Current Research on Peace and Violence 10 (1987): 7-19.
56. William A. Gamson, Talking Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992). See also, Paul Chilton, "Metaphor, Euphemism, and the Militarization of Language," Current Research on Peace and Violence 10 (1987): 7-19.
57. Bodle, "Assessing News Quality." This technique requires a coder to systematically assess and reassess content categories over a long enough period to establish a high level of subjective validity. The coder checks and rechecks coding decisions until there is reasonable assurance that categories and choices within them are internally valid, given the aims of a study. As an additional validity check, initial coding results were later measured against those of two trained, independent coders.
58. A very similar process was followed by Olien, Donohue, and Tichenor in "Media and Stages of Social Conflict" (1984).
59. See, among others, Bernard Roshco, Newsmaking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), and Mark Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980) for classic accounts of how official sources typically dominate news space.
60. See, among others, Bernard Roshco, Newsmaking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), and Mark Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980) for classic accounts of how official sources typically dominate news space.
61. The combined average number of total sources across all three source categories was 168 in the East Liverpool Evening Review, and 119 in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
62. Fred Fico and William Coté, "Fairness and Balance in the Structural Characteristics of Newspaper Stories on the 1996 Presidential Campaign," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 76 (winter 1999): 124-37.
63. Fico and Coté, "Fairness and Balance."
64. Fico and Coté, "Fairness and Balance."
65. It would be valuable to compare how the quote-space method in this study correlates with similar measures in other studies, such as column inches, square inches, or number of paragraphs. Such a comparison is beyond the scope of the present study.
66. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, for example, Community Conflict; Media & Stages of Social Conflict; A Guard Dog Perspective.
67. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict, 104-106.
68. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict, 104-105.
69. Telephone interview, March 1998, with former Review reporter Dennis Wise.
70. Olien, Donohue, and Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict.
71. Olien, Donohue, and Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict.
72. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict, 57.
73. See, for example, William A. Gamson, "Constructing Social Protest," in Social Movements and Culture, ed. H. Johnston and B. Klandermans (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1995), 85-106; William A. Gamson and A. Modigliani, "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach," American Journal of Sociology 95 (winter 1989): 1-37; H. Adoni and S. Mane, "Media and the Social Construction of Reality: Toward an Integration of Theory and Research," Communication Research 11 (summer 1984): 323-40; A. Anderson, Media, Culture and the Environment (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997); L. Ashley and B. Olson, "Constructing Reality: Print Media's Framing of the Women's Movement, 1966 to 1986," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (spring 1998): 263-77; Todd Gitlin, The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the American Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); A. Melucci, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996); A. Melucci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989).
74. See, for example, William A. Gamson, "Constructing Social Protest," in Social Movements and Culture, ed. H. Johnston and B. Klandermans (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1995), 85-106; William A. Gamson and A. Modigliani, "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach," American Journal of Sociology 95 (winter 1989): 1-37; H. Adoni and S. Mane, "Media and the Social Construction of Reality: Toward an Integration of Theory and Research," Communication Research 11 (summer 1984): 323-40; A. Anderson, Media, Culture and the Environment (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997); L. Ashley and B. Olson, "Constructing Reality: Print Media's Framing of the Women's Movement, 1966 to 1986," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (spring 1998): 263-77; Todd Gitlin, The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the American Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); A. Melucci, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996); A. Melucci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989).
75. See, for example, William A. Gamson, "Constructing Social Protest," in Social Movements and Culture, ed. H. Johnston and B. Klandermans (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1995), 85-106; William A. Gamson and A. Modigliani, "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach," American Journal of Sociology 95 (winter 1989): 1-37; H. Adoni and S. Mane, "Media and the Social Construction of Reality: Toward an Integration of Theory and Research," Communication Research 11 (summer 1984): 323-40; A. Anderson, Media, Culture and the Environment (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997); L. Ashley and B. Olson, "Constructing Reality: Print Media's Framing of the Women's Movement, 1966 to 1986," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (spring 1998): 263-77; Todd Gitlin, The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the American Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); A. Melucci, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996); A. Melucci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989).
76. See, for example, William A. Gamson, "Constructing Social Protest," in Social Movements and Culture, ed. H. Johnston and B. Klandermans (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1995), 85-106; William A. Gamson and A. Modigliani, "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach," American Journal of Sociology 95 (winter 1989): 1-37; H. Adoni and S. Mane, "Media and the Social Construction of Reality: Toward an Integration of Theory and Research," Communication Research 11 (summer 1984): 323-40; A. Anderson, Media, Culture and the Environment (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997); L. Ashley and B. Olson, "Constructing Reality: Print Media's Framing of the Women's Movement, 1966 to 1986," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (spring 1998): 263-77; Todd Gitlin, The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the American Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); A. Melucci, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996); A. Melucci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989).
77. See, for example, William A. Gamson, "Constructing Social Protest," in Social Movements and Culture, ed. H. Johnston and B. Klandermans (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1995), 85-106; William A. Gamson and A. Modigliani, "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach," American Journal of Sociology 95 (winter 1989): 1-37; H. Adoni and S. Mane, "Media and the Social Construction of Reality: Toward an Integration of Theory and Research," Communication Research 11 (summer 1984): 323-40; A. Anderson, Media, Culture and the Environment (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997); L. Ashley and B. Olson, "Constructing Reality: Print Media's Framing of the Women's Movement, 1966 to 1986," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (spring 1998): 263-77; Todd Gitlin, The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the American Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); A. Melucci, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996); A. Melucci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989).
78. See, for example, William A. Gamson, "Constructing Social Protest," in Social Movements and Culture, ed. H. Johnston and B. Klandermans (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1995), 85-106; William A. Gamson and A. Modigliani, "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach," American Journal of Sociology 95 (winter 1989): 1-37; H. Adoni and S. Mane, "Media and the Social Construction of Reality: Toward an Integration of Theory and Research," Communication Research 11 (summer 1984): 323-40; A. Anderson, Media, Culture and the Environment (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997); L. Ashley and B. Olson, "Constructing Reality: Print Media's Framing of the Women's Movement, 1966 to 1986," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (spring 1998): 263-77; Todd Gitlin, The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the American Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); A. Melucci, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996); A. Melucci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989).
79. See, for example, William A. Gamson, "Constructing Social Protest," in Social Movements and Culture, ed. H. Johnston and B. Klandermans (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1995), 85-106; William A. Gamson and A. Modigliani, "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach," American Journal of Sociology 95 (winter 1989): 1-37; H. Adoni and S. Mane, "Media and the Social Construction of Reality: Toward an Integration of Theory and Research," Communication Research 11 (summer 1984): 323-40; A. Anderson, Media, Culture and the Environment (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997); L. Ashley and B. Olson, "Constructing Reality: Print Media's Framing of the Women's Movement, 1966 to 1986," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (spring 1998): 263-77; Todd Gitlin, The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the American Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); A. Melucci, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996); A. Melucci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989).
80. See, for example, William A. Gamson, "Constructing Social Protest," in Social Movements and Culture, ed. H. Johnston and B. Klandermans (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1995), 85-106; William A. Gamson and A. Modigliani, "Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach," American Journal of Sociology 95 (winter 1989): 1-37; H. Adoni and S. Mane, "Media and the Social Construction of Reality: Toward an Integration of Theory and Research," Communication Research 11 (summer 1984): 323-40; A. Anderson, Media, Culture and the Environment (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997); L. Ashley and B. Olson, "Constructing Reality: Print Media's Framing of the Women's Movement, 1966 to 1986," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (spring 1998): 263-77; Todd Gitlin, The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the American Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); A. Melucci, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996); A. Melucci, Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989).
81. For a good overview of new-social-movement theory, see Gerard A. Hauser and Susan Whalen, "New Rhetoric and New Social Movements," in Emerging Theories of Human Communication, ed. Branislav Kovacic (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997), 115-140.
82. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict, 13-14.
83. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict, 1980, 104.
84. U.S. Census Bureau, "Labor Force Status and Employment Characteristics," 1990.
85. U.S. Census Bureau, "State and County Quick Facts," 1999.
86. Olien, Donohue, and Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict, 1980.
87. Olien, Donohue, and Tichenor, Media and Stages of Social Conflict; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict, 1980.
88. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict, footnote #4, 106.
89. For assessments regarding stages of information campaigns and general insights into the process of information diffusion, see Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict; S. Hilgartner and C.L. Bosk, "The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model," American Journal of Sociology 94 (winter 1988): 53-78; Salmon, Information Campaigns; A.C. Schoenfeld, R.F. Meier, and R.J. Griffin, "Constructing a Social Problem," Social Problems 27 (winter 1979), 38-61; G.G. Stroudthoff, R.P. Hawkins, and A.C. Schoenfeld, "Media Roles in a Social Movement: A model of Ideology Diffusion," Journal of Communication 35 (spring 1986): 134-53; and C.E. Faupel, C. Bailey, and G. Griffin, "Local Media Roles in Defining Hazardous Waste as a Social Problem: The Case of Sumter County, Alabama," Sociological Spectrum 11 (autumn 1991): 293-319.
90. For assessments regarding stages of information campaigns and general insights into the process of information diffusion, see Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict; S. Hilgartner and C.L. Bosk, "The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model," American Journal of Sociology 94 (winter 1988): 53-78; Salmon, Information Campaigns; A.C. Schoenfeld, R.F. Meier, and R.J. Griffin, "Constructing a Social Problem," Social Problems 27 (winter 1979), 38-61; G.G. Stroudthoff, R.P. Hawkins, and A.C. Schoenfeld, "Media Roles in a Social Movement: A model of Ideology Diffusion," Journal of Communication 35 (spring 1986): 134-53; and C.E. Faupel, C. Bailey, and G. Griffin, "Local Media Roles in Defining Hazardous Waste as a Social Problem: The Case of Sumter County, Alabama," Sociological Spectrum 11 (autumn 1991): 293-319.
91. For assessments regarding stages of information campaigns and general insights into the process of information diffusion, see Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict; S. Hilgartner and C.L. Bosk, "The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model," American Journal of Sociology 94 (winter 1988): 53-78; Salmon, Information Campaigns; A.C. Schoenfeld, R.F. Meier, and R.J. Griffin, "Constructing a Social Problem," Social Problems 27 (winter 1979), 38-61; G.G. Stroudthoff, R.P. Hawkins, and A.C. Schoenfeld, "Media Roles in a Social Movement: A model of Ideology Diffusion," Journal of Communication 35 (spring 1986): 134-53; and C.E. Faupel, C. Bailey, and G. Griffin, "Local Media Roles in Defining Hazardous Waste as a Social Problem: The Case of Sumter County, Alabama," Sociological Spectrum 11 (autumn 1991): 293-319.
92. For assessments regarding stages of information campaigns and general insights into the process of information diffusion, see Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict; S. Hilgartner and C.L. Bosk, "The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model," American Journal of Sociology 94 (winter 1988): 53-78; Salmon, Information Campaigns; A.C. Schoenfeld, R.F. Meier, and R.J. Griffin, "Constructing a Social Problem," Social Problems 27 (winter 1979), 38-61; G.G. Stroudthoff, R.P. Hawkins, and A.C. Schoenfeld, "Media Roles in a Social Movement: A model of Ideology Diffusion," Journal of Communication 35 (spring 1986): 134-53; and C.E. Faupel, C. Bailey, and G. Griffin, "Local Media Roles in Defining Hazardous Waste as a Social Problem: The Case of Sumter County, Alabama," Sociological Spectrum 11 (autumn 1991): 293-319.
93. For assessments regarding stages of information campaigns and general insights into the process of information diffusion, see Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict; S. Hilgartner and C.L. Bosk, "The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model," American Journal of Sociology 94 (winter 1988): 53-78; Salmon, Information Campaigns; A.C. Schoenfeld, R.F. Meier, and R.J. Griffin, "Constructing a Social Problem," Social Problems 27 (winter 1979), 38-61; G.G. Stroudthoff, R.P. Hawkins, and A.C. Schoenfeld, "Media Roles in a Social Movement: A model of Ideology Diffusion," Journal of Communication 35 (spring 1986): 134-53; and C.E. Faupel, C. Bailey, and G. Griffin, "Local Media Roles in Defining Hazardous Waste as a Social Problem: The Case of Sumter County, Alabama," Sociological Spectrum 11 (autumn 1991): 293-319.
94. For assessments regarding stages of information campaigns and general insights into the process of information diffusion, see Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict; S. Hilgartner and C.L. Bosk, "The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model," American Journal of Sociology 94 (winter 1988): 53-78; Salmon, Information Campaigns; A.C. Schoenfeld, R.F. Meier, and R.J. Griffin, "Constructing a Social Problem," Social Problems 27 (winter 1979), 38-61; G.G. Stroudthoff, R.P. Hawkins, and A.C. Schoenfeld, "Media Roles in a Social Movement: A model of Ideology Diffusion," Journal of Communication 35 (spring 1986): 134-53; and C.E. Faupel, C. Bailey, and G. Griffin, "Local Media Roles in Defining Hazardous Waste as a Social Problem: The Case of Sumter County, Alabama," Sociological Spectrum 11 (autumn 1991): 293-319.
95. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Media and Stages of Social Conflict, 13.
96. On the value of discovering similarities as well as differences in empirical communication studies, see D. Charles Whitney, "Mass Communicator Studies: Similarity, Difference, and Levels of Analysis," in Individuals in Mass Media Organizations: Creativity and Constraint, ed. James S. Ettema and D. Charles Whitney (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1982), 241-54.
97. In Harry, "News Media Rhetoric, Social Structure, and the Reporting of Environmental Conflict" (Ph.D. diss, Michigan State University, 1999), I evaluate claims-making, argument forms, and an array of other discursive features of the same articles analyzed in the present study. This interpretive level of analysis is interesting in its own right because it reveals a consensus-driven, conflict-suppressing narrative tone in the small-town paper, even as the paper featured more opposition sources compared to the larger outlet. These results merit future attention but go beyond the scope of the present article.