Local press coverage of environmental conflict

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 77, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 175-192

  Taylor, Claire E ^a   Lee, Jung Sook ^a   Davie, William R ^b  

^a University of Louisiana ^*

^b UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA AT LAFAYETTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0007193353     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900007700113     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. The term "fragmented" community here refers to a community small in size, but high in pluralism.
2. C. J. Bosso, "After the Movement: Environmental Activism in the 1990s," in Environmental Policy in the 1990s, 2d ed., ed. N. J. Vig and M. E. Kraft (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1994), 31.
3. Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, Community Conflict and the Press (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1980), 139.
4. N. C. Sharma, J. E. Kivlin, and F. C. Fliegel, "Environmental Pollution: Is There Enough Concern to Lead to Action?" Environment and Behavior 7 (1975): 455-71.
5. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict.
6. Information sought on cancer incidences appeared since 10 November 1987; link alleged between childhood cancer and MSP in June 1988.
7. Robert E. Park is considered to be a "founder of the sociological study of mass communication and public opinion and the field's first theorist." See P. Jean Frazier and Cecilie Gaziano, Robert Ezra Park's Theory of News, Public Opinion and Social Control, Journalism Monographs, no. 64 (Columbia, SC AEJMC, November 1979), 1; Morris Janowitz, The Community Press in an Urban Setting (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967).
8. Robert E. Park is considered to be a "founder of the sociological study of mass communication and public opinion and the field's first theorist." See P. Jean Frazier and Cecilie Gaziano, Robert Ezra Park's Theory of News, Public Opinion and Social Control, Journalism Monographs, no. 64 (Columbia, SC AEJMC, November 1979), 1; Morris Janowitz, The Community Press in an Urban Setting (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967).
9. Alex S. Edelstein and J. Blaine Schulz, "The Weekly Newspaper's Leadership Role as Seen by Community Leaders: A Sociological Perspective," in People, Society, and Mass Communications, ed. Lewis Anthony Dexter and David Manning White (New York: The Free Press, 1963), 221-38; A. Viddich and J. Bensman, Small Town in Mass Society: Class Power and Religion in a Rural Community (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968).
10. Alex S. Edelstein and J. Blaine Schulz, "The Weekly Newspaper's Leadership Role as Seen by Community Leaders: A Sociological Perspective," in People, Society, and Mass Communications, ed. Lewis Anthony Dexter and David Manning White (New York: The Free Press, 1963), 221-38; A. Viddich and J. Bensman, Small Town in Mass Society: Class Power and Religion in a Rural Community (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968).
11. David L. Paletz, P. Reichert, and B. McIntyre, "How the Media Support Local Governmental Authority," Public Opinion Quarterly 35 (spring 1971): 80-92; G. Stone and P. Mazza, "Impact of Consensus Theory on Community Newspaper Organization," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 313-19; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict; Charles T. Salmon and Jung-Sook Lee, "Perceptions of Newspaper Fairness: A Structural Approach," Journalism Quarterly 60 (winter 1983): 663-70.
12. David L. Paletz, P. Reichert, and B. McIntyre, "How the Media Support Local Governmental Authority," Public Opinion Quarterly 35 (spring 1971): 80-92; G. Stone and P. Mazza, "Impact of Consensus Theory on Community Newspaper Organization," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 313-19; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict; Charles T. Salmon and Jung-Sook Lee, "Perceptions of Newspaper Fairness: A Structural Approach," Journalism Quarterly 60 (winter 1983): 663-70.
13. David L. Paletz, P. Reichert, and B. McIntyre, "How the Media Support Local Governmental Authority," Public Opinion Quarterly 35 (spring 1971): 80-92; G. Stone and P. Mazza, "Impact of Consensus Theory on Community Newspaper Organization," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 313-19; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict; Charles T. Salmon and Jung-Sook Lee, "Perceptions of Newspaper Fairness: A Structural Approach," Journalism Quarterly 60 (winter 1983): 663-70.
14. David L. Paletz, P. Reichert, and B. McIntyre, "How the Media Support Local Governmental Authority," Public Opinion Quarterly 35 (spring 1971): 80-92; G. Stone and P. Mazza, "Impact of Consensus Theory on Community Newspaper Organization," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 313-19; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict; Charles T. Salmon and Jung-Sook Lee, "Perceptions of Newspaper Fairness: A Structural Approach," Journalism Quarterly 60 (winter 1983): 663-70.
15. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict.
16. Gregory Bateson, Steps Towards an Ecology of Mind (New York: Ballantine Books, 1972), 187.
17. Todd Gitlin, The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkley: University of California Press, 1980), 7.
18. Robert M. Entman, "Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 51-58.
19. Larissa Grunig, "Activism: How It Limits the Effectiveness of Organizations and How Excellent Public Relations Departments Respond," in Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management, ed. James E. Grunig (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992), 503-530.
20. James E. Grunig and T. Hunt, Mannging Public Relations (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1984), 266.
21. P. J. Trounstine and T. Christensen, Movers and Shakers: The Study of Community Power (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982).
22. I. Sanders, The Community: An Introduction to a Social System, 2d ed. (New York: Ronald Press Company, 1966), 26.
23. Clarice N. Olien, George A. Donohue, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "The Community Editor's Power and the Reporting of Conflict," Journalism Quarterly 45 (summer 1968): 243-52.
24. See Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict.
25. Grunig and Hunt, Managing Public Relations.
26. James Coleman, Community Conflict (New York: The Free Press, 1957); Everett E. Dennis, "In Context: Environmentalism in the System of News," in Media & the Environment, ed. C. L. LaMay and Everett E. Dennis (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1991), 55-64; George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Communities, Pollution, and Fight for Survival," The Journal of Environmental Education 6 (1974): 29-37; William F. Griswold and Jill D. Swenson, "Not in Whose Backyard? The Ethics of Reporting Environmental Issues," Mass Comm Review 20 (1993): 62-75; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Research and Evaluating Community Relations," Public Relations Review 3 (winter 1977): 96-109.
27. James Coleman, Community Conflict (New York: The Free Press, 1957); Everett E. Dennis, "In Context: Environmentalism in the System of News," in Media & the Environment, ed. C. L. LaMay and Everett E. Dennis (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1991), 55-64; George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Communities, Pollution, and Fight for Survival," The Journal of Environmental Education 6 (1974): 29-37; William F. Griswold and Jill D. Swenson, "Not in Whose Backyard? The Ethics of Reporting Environmental Issues," Mass Comm Review 20 (1993): 62-75; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Research and Evaluating Community Relations," Public Relations Review 3 (winter 1977): 96-109.
28. James Coleman, Community Conflict (New York: The Free Press, 1957); Everett E. Dennis, "In Context: Environmentalism in the System of News," in Media & the Environment, ed. C. L. LaMay and Everett E. Dennis (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1991), 55-64; George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Communities, Pollution, and Fight for Survival," The Journal of Environmental Education 6 (1974): 29-37; William F. Griswold and Jill D. Swenson, "Not in Whose Backyard? The Ethics of Reporting Environmental Issues," Mass Comm Review 20 (1993): 62-75; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Research and Evaluating Community Relations," Public Relations Review 3 (winter 1977): 96-109.
29. James Coleman, Community Conflict (New York: The Free Press, 1957); Everett E. Dennis, "In Context: Environmentalism in the System of News," in Media & the Environment, ed. C. L. LaMay and Everett E. Dennis (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1991), 55-64; George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Communities, Pollution, and Fight for Survival," The Journal of Environmental Education 6 (1974): 29-37; William F. Griswold and Jill D. Swenson, "Not in Whose Backyard? The Ethics of Reporting Environmental Issues," Mass Comm Review 20 (1993): 62-75; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Research and Evaluating Community Relations," Public Relations Review 3 (winter 1977): 96-109.
30. James Coleman, Community Conflict (New York: The Free Press, 1957); Everett E. Dennis, "In Context: Environmentalism in the System of News," in Media & the Environment, ed. C. L. LaMay and Everett E. Dennis (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1991), 55-64; George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Communities, Pollution, and Fight for Survival," The Journal of Environmental Education 6 (1974): 29-37; William F. Griswold and Jill D. Swenson, "Not in Whose Backyard? The Ethics of Reporting Environmental Issues," Mass Comm Review 20 (1993): 62-75; Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Community Research and Evaluating Community Relations," Public Relations Review 3 (winter 1977): 96-109.
31. A. Hansen, "The Media and the Social Construction of the Environment," Media, Culture and Society 13 (1991): 443-58; P. Kaniss, Making Local News (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
32. A. Hansen, "The Media and the Social Construction of the Environment," Media, Culture and Society 13 (1991): 443-58; P. Kaniss, Making Local News (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
33. Kaniss, Making Local News, 59.
34. Pamela J. Shoemaker and Elizabeth Kay Mayfield, Building a Theory of News Content: A Synthesis of Current Approaches, Journalism Monographs, no. 103 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, June 1987), 1.
35. David R. Bowers, "A Report on Activity by Publishers in Directing Newsroom Decisions," Journalism Quarterly 44 (spring 1967): 43-52.
36. Larissa Grunig, "Activism: How It Limits the Effectiveness of Organizations and How Excellent Public Relations Departments Respond," in Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management, ed. James E. Grunig (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992), 503-530.
37. John Soloski, "Sources and Channels of Local News," Journalism Quarterly 66 (winter 1989): 864-70.
38. Two reasons guided a census study instead of a representative sample. First, there was no complete and accurate index of stories, editorials, opinion columns, letters to the editor, and advertisements involving MSP, available from which to draw a sample. The index available indicated about 386 items, primarily news, but mixed with some editorials and other items. We suspected that any sample drawn from this index might not be representative, since it appeared that items indexed may have concentrated on the more controversial aspects of coverage. This condition, paired with a desire to conduct an inclusive, extensive case study of press coverage of this controversy, led us to conduct a census study. The U.S. Census Bureau has historically utilized a census or universe study in counting the population of the United States. Although not as common as sampling, other researchers have used universe or census in content analysis studies. Items about MSP appearing in the Daily Review for 1985 were not indexed; therefore it was necessary to review all editions of the newspaper for 1985 to locate and analyze the stories.
39. The coding scheme was tested in a pilot study with a random sample ut 32 news items found in the New Orleans Times Picayune index of MSP stories. The New Orleans newspaper was analyzed because it was indexed and available locally.
40. Twenty cases (3%) were re-analyzed by the original coder, and another 3% by an independent coder, provided with written coding instructions and a brief training session. Both coders were graduate students in communication. A formula used by Paletz, Fozzard, and Ayanian and reported by Holsti was utilized to check reliability: R = 2Pab divided by Pa + Pb, where R is reliability, Pa is the number of observations by the first coder, Pb is the number of observations by the second coder, and Pab is the number of agreed-upon observations. See David L. Paletz, Peter A. Fozzard, and John Z. Ayanian, "The I.R.A., the Red Brigades, and the F.A.L.N. in the New York Times," Journal of Communication 32 (spring 1982): 162-71; O. Holsti, Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1969).
41. Twenty cases (3%) were re-analyzed by the original coder, and another 3% by an independent coder, provided with written coding instructions and a brief training session. Both coders were graduate students in communication. A formula used by Paletz, Fozzard, and Ayanian and reported by Holsti was utilized to check reliability: R = 2Pab divided by Pa + Pb, where R is reliability, Pa is the number of observations by the first coder, Pb is the number of observations by the second coder, and Pab is the number of agreed-upon observations. See David L. Paletz, Peter A. Fozzard, and John Z. Ayanian, "The I.R.A., the Red Brigades, and the F.A.L.N. in the New York Times," Journal of Communication 32 (spring 1982): 162-71; O. Holsti, Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1969).
42. Donohue, Olien, and Tichenor, Community Conflict.
43. G. Black, "Conflict in the Community: A Theory of the Effects of Community Size," The American Political Science Review 68 (1974): 1245-1261.
44. Many researchers in sociology and communication identified stages in the development of conflict. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, in Community Press, identified four primary stages of conflict which seem to be common to most community conflict: the initiation stage, the conflict definition stage, the public stage, and the legitimization stage. They acknowledged that other stages may occur depending upon the conflict. In a later study, the same research team identified three related but overlapping phases specific to the powerline controversy in Minnesota. They included the problem definition phase, the bureaucratic confrontation phase, and the demonstration confrontation phase. The present study utilized a combination of these conflict stages.
45. MSP offered to accept the floating garbage barge, 29 April 1987.
46. Claire E. Taylor, "Waste Burn Stand Needed," the Daily Review, 28 August 1985, 2.
47. "Hazardous Waste Fire Scare Prompts Questions," the Daily Review, 8 April 1987, 2.
48. Larry Wall, "Objectivity in Cancer Debate Hard to Maintain," the Daily Review, 11 November 1987, 2.
49. Gerald Hambleton, "Kettle Calling the Pot Black?" the Daily Review, 1 February 1989, 2.
50. M. Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979); E. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988); A. Mazur, "Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Scientific Controversies," Journal of Communication 31 (spring 1981): 106-115; H. Molotch and M. Lester, "Accidental News: The Great Oil Spill as Local Occurrence and National Event," American Journal of Sociology 81 (1975): 235-60; H. Molotch, D. L. Protess, and M. T. Gordon, "The Media-Policy Connection: Ecologies of News," in Political Communication Research: Approaches, Studies, Assessments, ed. David L. Paletz (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1987), 26-48; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989), 139-63; David L. Paletz, and Robert M. Entman, Media, Power, Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1981); Leon Sigal, Reporters and Officials: The Organization of Newsmaking (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Eleanor Singer, and Phyllis Endreny, Reporting on Risk (New York: Plenum Press, 1993); Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Soloski, "Sources and Channels," 864-70.
51. M. Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979); E. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988); A. Mazur, "Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Scientific Controversies," Journal of Communication 31 (spring 1981): 106-115; H. Molotch and M. Lester, "Accidental News: The Great Oil Spill as Local Occurrence and National Event," American Journal of Sociology 81 (1975): 235-60; H. Molotch, D. L. Protess, and M. T. Gordon, "The Media-Policy Connection: Ecologies of News," in Political Communication Research: Approaches, Studies, Assessments, ed. David L. Paletz (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1987), 26-48; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989), 139-63; David L. Paletz, and Robert M. Entman, Media, Power, Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1981); Leon Sigal, Reporters and Officials: The Organization of Newsmaking (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Eleanor Singer, and Phyllis Endreny, Reporting on Risk (New York: Plenum Press, 1993); Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Soloski, "Sources and Channels," 864-70.
52. M. Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979); E. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988); A. Mazur, "Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Scientific Controversies," Journal of Communication 31 (spring 1981): 106-115; H. Molotch and M. Lester, "Accidental News: The Great Oil Spill as Local Occurrence and National Event," American Journal of Sociology 81 (1975): 235-60; H. Molotch, D. L. Protess, and M. T. Gordon, "The Media-Policy Connection: Ecologies of News," in Political Communication Research: Approaches, Studies, Assessments, ed. David L. Paletz (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1987), 26-48; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989), 139-63; David L. Paletz, and Robert M. Entman, Media, Power, Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1981); Leon Sigal, Reporters and Officials: The Organization of Newsmaking (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Eleanor Singer, and Phyllis Endreny, Reporting on Risk (New York: Plenum Press, 1993); Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Soloski, "Sources and Channels," 864-70.
53. M. Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979); E. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988); A. Mazur, "Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Scientific Controversies," Journal of Communication 31 (spring 1981): 106-115; H. Molotch and M. Lester, "Accidental News: The Great Oil Spill as Local Occurrence and National Event," American Journal of Sociology 81 (1975): 235-60; H. Molotch, D. L. Protess, and M. T. Gordon, "The Media-Policy Connection: Ecologies of News," in Political Communication Research: Approaches, Studies, Assessments, ed. David L. Paletz (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1987), 26-48; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989), 139-63; David L. Paletz, and Robert M. Entman, Media, Power, Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1981); Leon Sigal, Reporters and Officials: The Organization of Newsmaking (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Eleanor Singer, and Phyllis Endreny, Reporting on Risk (New York: Plenum Press, 1993); Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Soloski, "Sources and Channels," 864-70.
54. M. Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979); E. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988); A. Mazur, "Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Scientific Controversies," Journal of Communication 31 (spring 1981): 106-115; H. Molotch and M. Lester, "Accidental News: The Great Oil Spill as Local Occurrence and National Event," American Journal of Sociology 81 (1975): 235-60; H. Molotch, D. L. Protess, and M. T. Gordon, "The Media-Policy Connection: Ecologies of News," in Political Communication Research: Approaches, Studies, Assessments, ed. David L. Paletz (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1987), 26-48; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989), 139-63; David L. Paletz, and Robert M. Entman, Media, Power, Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1981); Leon Sigal, Reporters and Officials: The Organization of Newsmaking (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Eleanor Singer, and Phyllis Endreny, Reporting on Risk (New York: Plenum Press, 1993); Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Soloski, "Sources and Channels," 864-70.
55. M. Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979); E. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988); A. Mazur, "Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Scientific Controversies," Journal of Communication 31 (spring 1981): 106-115; H. Molotch and M. Lester, "Accidental News: The Great Oil Spill as Local Occurrence and National Event," American Journal of Sociology 81 (1975): 235-60; H. Molotch, D. L. Protess, and M. T. Gordon, "The Media-Policy Connection: Ecologies of News," in Political Communication Research: Approaches, Studies, Assessments, ed. David L. Paletz (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1987), 26-48; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989), 139-63; David L. Paletz, and Robert M. Entman, Media, Power, Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1981); Leon Sigal, Reporters and Officials: The Organization of Newsmaking (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Eleanor Singer, and Phyllis Endreny, Reporting on Risk (New York: Plenum Press, 1993); Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Soloski, "Sources and Channels," 864-70.
56. M. Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979); E. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988); A. Mazur, "Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Scientific Controversies," Journal of Communication 31 (spring 1981): 106-115; H. Molotch and M. Lester, "Accidental News: The Great Oil Spill as Local Occurrence and National Event," American Journal of Sociology 81 (1975): 235-60; H. Molotch, D. L. Protess, and M. T. Gordon, "The Media-Policy Connection: Ecologies of News," in Political Communication Research: Approaches, Studies, Assessments, ed. David L. Paletz (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1987), 26-48; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989), 139-63; David L. Paletz, and Robert M. Entman, Media, Power, Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1981); Leon Sigal, Reporters and Officials: The Organization of Newsmaking (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Eleanor Singer, and Phyllis Endreny, Reporting on Risk (New York: Plenum Press, 1993); Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Soloski, "Sources and Channels," 864-70.
57. M. Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979); E. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988); A. Mazur, "Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Scientific Controversies," Journal of Communication 31 (spring 1981): 106-115; H. Molotch and M. Lester, "Accidental News: The Great Oil Spill as Local Occurrence and National Event," American Journal of Sociology 81 (1975): 235-60; H. Molotch, D. L. Protess, and M. T. Gordon, "The Media-Policy Connection: Ecologies of News," in Political Communication Research: Approaches, Studies, Assessments, ed. David L. Paletz (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1987), 26-48; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989), 139-63; David L. Paletz, and Robert M. Entman, Media, Power, Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1981); Leon Sigal, Reporters and Officials: The Organization of Newsmaking (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Eleanor Singer, and Phyllis Endreny, Reporting on Risk (New York: Plenum Press, 1993); Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Soloski, "Sources and Channels," 864-70.
58. M. Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979); E. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988); A. Mazur, "Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Scientific Controversies," Journal of Communication 31 (spring 1981): 106-115; H. Molotch and M. Lester, "Accidental News: The Great Oil Spill as Local Occurrence and National Event," American Journal of Sociology 81 (1975): 235-60; H. Molotch, D. L. Protess, and M. T. Gordon, "The Media-Policy Connection: Ecologies of News," in Political Communication Research: Approaches, Studies, Assessments, ed. David L. Paletz (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1987), 26-48; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989), 139-63; David L. Paletz, and Robert M. Entman, Media, Power, Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1981); Leon Sigal, Reporters and Officials: The Organization of Newsmaking (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Eleanor Singer, and Phyllis Endreny, Reporting on Risk (New York: Plenum Press, 1993); Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Soloski, "Sources and Channels," 864-70.
59. M. Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979); E. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988); A. Mazur, "Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Scientific Controversies," Journal of Communication 31 (spring 1981): 106-115; H. Molotch and M. Lester, "Accidental News: The Great Oil Spill as Local Occurrence and National Event," American Journal of Sociology 81 (1975): 235-60; H. Molotch, D. L. Protess, and M. T. Gordon, "The Media-Policy Connection: Ecologies of News," in Political Communication Research: Approaches, Studies, Assessments, ed. David L. Paletz (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1987), 26-48; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989), 139-63; David L. Paletz, and Robert M. Entman, Media, Power, Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1981); Leon Sigal, Reporters and Officials: The Organization of Newsmaking (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Eleanor Singer, and Phyllis Endreny, Reporting on Risk (New York: Plenum Press, 1993); Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Soloski, "Sources and Channels," 864-70.
60. M. Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979); E. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988); A. Mazur, "Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Scientific Controversies," Journal of Communication 31 (spring 1981): 106-115; H. Molotch and M. Lester, "Accidental News: The Great Oil Spill as Local Occurrence and National Event," American Journal of Sociology 81 (1975): 235-60; H. Molotch, D. L. Protess, and M. T. Gordon, "The Media-Policy Connection: Ecologies of News," in Political Communication Research: Approaches, Studies, Assessments, ed. David L. Paletz (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1987), 26-48; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989), 139-63; David L. Paletz, and Robert M. Entman, Media, Power, Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1981); Leon Sigal, Reporters and Officials: The Organization of Newsmaking (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Eleanor Singer, and Phyllis Endreny, Reporting on Risk (New York: Plenum Press, 1993); Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Soloski, "Sources and Channels," 864-70.
61. M. Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980); Herbert J. Gans, Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979); E. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988); A. Mazur, "Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Scientific Controversies," Journal of Communication 31 (spring 1981): 106-115; H. Molotch and M. Lester, "Accidental News: The Great Oil Spill as Local Occurrence and National Event," American Journal of Sociology 81 (1975): 235-60; H. Molotch, D. L. Protess, and M. T. Gordon, "The Media-Policy Connection: Ecologies of News," in Political Communication Research: Approaches, Studies, Assessments, ed. David L. Paletz (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1987), 26-48; Clarice N. Olien, Phillip J. Tichenor, and George A. Donohue, "Media Coverage and Social Movements," in Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, ed. Charles T. Salmon (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989), 139-63; David L. Paletz, and Robert M. Entman, Media, Power, Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1981); Leon Sigal, Reporters and Officials: The Organization of Newsmaking (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1973); Eleanor Singer, and Phyllis Endreny, Reporting on Risk (New York: Plenum Press, 1993); Conrad Smith, "News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 393-403; Soloski, "Sources and Channels," 864-70.
62. Gans, Deciding What's News; Kaniss, Making Local News; Roloff; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict.
63. Gans, Deciding What's News; Kaniss, Making Local News; Roloff; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict.
64. Gans, Deciding What's News; Kaniss, Making Local News; Roloff; Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict.
65. "Place for MSP is in Federal Court," the Daily Review, 16 June 1991, 2.
66. "Toxic Waste Could Use a Better Push," the Daily Review, 23 August 1985, 2.
67. "Work Together to Solve Hazardous Waste Problem," the Daily Review, 19 June 1987, 2.
68. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, Community Conflict.
69. Ted McManus, "Another MSP Hearing Done," the Daily Review, 10 January 1992, 2.
70. Steve Shirley, "Kent's Story Consistent," the Daily Review, 11 January 1989, 2.