Initial patterning of the central nervous system: How many organizers?

Nature Reviews Neuroscience

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 92-98

  Stern, Claudio D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; EMBRYO INDUCTION; EMBRYONIC STRUCTURES; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT; EMBRYONIC INDUCTION; HUMANS; ORGANIZERS, EMBRYONIC;

EID: 0035258973     PISSN: 1471003X     EISSN: 14710048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/35053563     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Holtfreter, J. Eigenschaften und verbreitung induzierender stoffe. Naturwissenschaften 21, 766-770 (1933).
2. Holtfreter, J. Der einfluss thermischer, mechanischer und chemischer eingreffe auf die induzierfahighkeit von triton- keimteilen. Roux Arch. EntwMech. Org. 132, 225-306 (1934).
3. Chuang, H.-H. Weitere versuch uber die veranderung der induktionsleistungen von gekochten organteilen. Arch. EntwMech. Org. 140, 25-38 (1940).
4. Chuang, H.-H. Spezifische induktionsleistungen von leber und niere im explantationsversuch. Biol. Zbl. 58, 472-480 (1938).
5. Chuang, H.-H. Induktionsleistungen von frischen und gekochten organteilen (niere, leber) nach ihrer verpflanzung in explantate und verschiedene wirtsregionen von tritonkeimen. Arch. EntwMech. Org. 139, 556-638 (1939).
6. Mangold, O. Gber die induktionsfahighkeit der verschiedenen bezirke der neurula von Urodelen. Naturwissenshaften 21, 761-766 (1933).
7. Saxen, L. & Toivonen, S. Primary Embryonic Induction (Logos/Academic, London, 1962).
8. Eyal-Giladi, H. & Wolk, M. The inducing capacities of the primary hypoblast as revealed by transfilter induction studies. Wilhelm Roux Arch. 165, 226-241 (1970).
9. Beddington, R. S. P. Induction of a second neural axis by the mouse node. Development 120, 613-620 (1994).
10. Thomas, P & Beddington, R. S. P. Anterior primitive endoderm may be responsible for patterning the anterior neural plate in the mouse embryo. Curr. Biol. 6, 1487-1496 (1996).
11. Varlet, I., Collignon, J. & Robertson, E. J. Nodal expression in the primitive endoderm is required for specification of the anterior axis during mouse gastrulation. Development 124, 1033-1044 (1997).
12. Matsuo, I., Kuratani, S., Kimura, C., Takeda, N. & Aizawa, S. Mouse Otx2 functions in the formation and patterning of rostral head. Genes Dev. 9, 2646-2658 (1995).
13. Rhinn, M. et al. Sequential roles for Otx2 in visceral endoderm and neuroectoderm for forebrain and midbrain induction and specification. Development 125, 845-856 (1993).
14. Perea-Gomez, A., Shawlot, W., Sasaki, H., Behringer, R. R. & Ang, S. HNF3p and Lim1 interact in the visceral endoderm to regulate primitive streak formation and anterior-posterior polarity in the mouse embryo. Development 126, 4499-4511 (1999).
15. Rhinn, M., Dierich, A., Le Meur, M. & Ang, S. Cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous functions of Otx2 in patterning the rostral brain. Development 126, 4295-4304 (1999).
16. Martinez Barbera, J. P. et al. The homeobox gene hex is required in definitive endodermal tissues for normal forebrain, liver and thyroid formation. Development 127, 2433-2445 (2000).
17. Shawlot, W. et al. Lim1 is required in both primitive streak- derived tissues and visceral endoderm for head formation in the mouse. Development 126, 4925-4932 (1999).
18. Shawlot, W. & Behringer, R. R. Requirement for Lim1 in head-organizer function. Nature 374, 425-430 (1995).
19. Dufort, D., Schwartz, L., Harpal, K. & Rossant, J. The transcription factor HNF3p is required in visceral endoderm for normal primitive streak morphogenesis. Development 125, 3015-3025 (1998).
20. Acampora, D. et al. Visceral endoderm-restricted translation of Otx1 mediates recovery of Otx2 requirements for specification of anterior neural plate and normal gastrulation. Development 125, 5091-5104 (1998).
21. −/− mutants due to a defective anterior neuroectoderm specification during gastrulation. Development 121, 3279-3290 (1995).
22. Bouwmeester, T., Kim, S.-H., Sasai, Y., Lu, B. & De Robertis, E. M. Cerberus is a head-inducing secreted factor expressed in the anterior endoderm of Spemann's organizer. Nature 382, 595-601 (1996).
23. Glinka, A. et al. Dickkopf-1 is a member of a new family of secreted proteins and functions in head induction. Nature 391, 357-362 (1998).
24. Hashimoto, H. et al. Zebrafish dkk1 functions in forebrain specification and axial mesendoderm formation. Dev. Biol. 217, 138-152 (2000).
25. de Souza, F. S. & Niehrs, C. Anterior endoderm and head induction in early vertebrate embryos. Cell Tissue Res. 300, 207-217 (2000).
26. Knoetgen, H., Viebahn, C. & Kessel, M. Head induction in the chick by primitive endoderm of mammalian, but not avian origin. Development 126, 815-825 (1999).
27. Knoetgen, H., Teichmann, U. & Kessel, M. Head-organizing activities of endodermal tissues in vertebrates. Cell. Mol. Biol. 45, 481-492 (1999).
28. Niehrs, C. Head in the WNT: the molecular nature of Spemann's head organizer. Trends Genet. 15, 314-319 (1999).
29. Schneider, V. A. & Mercola, M. Spatially distinct head and heart inducers within the Xenopus organizer region. Curr. Biol. 12, 800-809 (1999).
30. Tam, P. P L. & Steiner, K. A. Anterior patterning by synergistic activity of the early gastrula organizer and the anterior germ layer tissues of the mouse embryo. Development 126, 5171-5179 (1999).
31. Ang, S. L. & Rossant, J. Anterior mesendoderm induces mouse Engrailed genes in explant cultures. Development 118, 139-149 (1993).
32. Camus, A. et al. The morphogenetic role of midline mesendoderm and ectoderm in the development of the forebrain and the midbrain of the mouse embryo. Development 127, 1799-1813 (2000).
33. Dale, J. K. et al. Cooperation of BMP7 and SHH in the induction of forebrain ventral midline cells by prechordal mesoderm. Cell 90, 257-269 (1997).
34. Foley, A. C., Storey, K. G. & Stern, C. D. The prechordal region lacks neural inducing ability, but can confer anterior character to more posterior neuroepithelium. Development 124, 2983-2996 (1997).
35. Pera, E. M. & Kessel, M. Patterning of the chick forebrain anlage by the prechordal plate. Development 124, 4153-4162 (1997).
36. Schier, A. F., Neuhauss, S. C., Helde, K. A., Talbot, W. S. & Driever, W. The one-eyed pinhead gene functions in mesoderm and endoderm formation in zebrafish and interacts with no tail. Development 124, 327-342 (1997).
37. Shimamura, K. & Rubenstein, J. L. Inductive interactions direct early regionalization of the mouse forebrain. Development 124, 2709-2718 (1997).
38. Kimura, C. et al. Visceral endoderm mediates forebrain development by suppressing posteriorizing signals. Dev. Biol. 225, 304-321 (2000).
39. Foley, A. C., Skromne, I. S. & Stern, C. D. Reconciling different models of forebrain induction and patterning: a dual role for the hypoblast. Development 127, 3839-3854 (2000).
40. Gallera, J. & Nicolet, G. Le pouvoir inducteur de l'endoblaste presomptif contenu dans la ligne primitive jeune de l'embryon de poulet. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 21, 105-118 (1969).
41. Gallera, J. Inductions cerebrales et medullaires chez les oiseaux. Experientia 26, 886-887 (1970).
42. Gallera, J. Le pouvoir inducteur de la jeune ligne primitive et les differences regionales dans les competences de l'ectoblaste chez les oiseaux. Archives de Biologie 82, 85-102 (1971).
43. Dias, M. S. & Schoenwolf, G. C. Formation of ectopic neurepithelium in chick blastoderms: age-related capacities for induction and self-differentiation following transplantation of quail Hensen's nodes. Anat. Rec. 228, 437-448 (1990).
44. Storey, K. G., Crossley, J. M., De Robertis, E. M., Norris, W. E. & Stern, C. D. Neural induction and regionalisation in the chick embryo. Development 114, 729-741 (1992).
45. Nieuwkoop, P. D. & Nigtevecht, G. V. Neural activation and transformation in explants of competent ectoderm under the influence of fragments of anterior notochord in Urodeles. J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 2, 175-193 (1954).
46. Nieuwkoop, P. D. et al. Activation and organization of the central nervous system in amphibians. J. Exp. Zool. 120, 1-108 (1952).
47. Eyal-Giladi, H. Dynamic aspects of neural induction in Amphibia. Arch. Biol. 65, 179-259 (1954).
48. Cox, W. G. & Hemmati-Brivanlou, A. Caudalization of neural fate by tissue recombination and bFGF. Development 121, 4349-4358 (1995).
49. Kengaku, M. & Okamoto, H. bFGF as a possible morphogen for the anteroposterior axis of the central nervous system in Xenopus. Development 121, 3121-3130 (1995).
50. Avantaggiato, V., Acampora, D., Tuorto, F. & Simeone, A. Retinoic acid induces stage-specific repatterning of the rostral central nervous system. Dev. Biol. 175, 347-357 (1996).
51. Bally-Cuif, L., Gulisano, M., Broccoli, V. & Boncinelli, E. c-otx2 is expressed in two different phases of gastrulation and is sensitive to retinoic acid treatment in chick embryo. Mech. Dev. 49, 49-63 (1995).
52. Bang, A. G., Papalopulu, N., Kintner, C. & Goulding, M. D. Expression of Pax-3 is initiated in the early neural plate by posteriorizing signals produced by the organizer and by posterior non-axial mesoderm. Development 124, 2075-2085 (1997).
53. Blumberg, B. et al. An essential role for retinoid signaling in anteroposterior neural patterning. Development 124, 373-379 (1997).
54. Boncinelli, E., Simeone, A., Acampora, D. & Mavilio, F. HOX gene activation by retinoic acid. Trends Genet. 7, 329-334 (1991).
55. Conlon, R. A. & Rossant, J. Exogenous retinoic acid rapidly induces anterior ectopic expression of murine Hox-2 genes in vivo. Development 116, 357-368 (1992).
56. Dekker, E. J. et al. Xenopus Hox-2 genes are expressed sequentially after the onset of gastrulation and are differentially inducible by retinoic acid. Dev. Suppl. 195-202 (1992).
57. Durston, A. J. et al. Retinoic acid causes an anteroposterior transformation in the developing central nervous system. Nature 340, 140-144 (1989).
58. Gavalas, A. et al. Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 synergize in patterning the hindbrain, cranial nerves and second pharyngeal arch. Development 125, 1123-1136 (1998).
59. Hill, J., Clarke, J. D., Vargesson, N., Jowett, T. & Holder, N. Exogenous retinoic acid causes specific alterations in the development of the midbrain and hindbrain of the zebrafish embryo including positional respecification of the Mauthner neuron. Mech. Dev. 50, 3-16 (1995).
60. Marshall, H. et al. Retinoic acid alters hindbrain Hox code and induces transformation of rhombomeres 2/3 into a 4/5 identity. Nature 360, 737-741 (1992).
61. Muhr, J., Jessell, T. M. & Edlund, T. Assignment of early caudal identity to neural plate cells by a signal from caudal paraxial mesoderm. Neuron 19, 487-502 (1997).
62. Papalopulu, N. et al. Retinoic acid causes abnormal development and segmental patterning of the anterior hindbrain in Xenopus embryos. Development 113, 1145-1158 (1991).
63. Ruiz i Altaba, A. & Jessell, T. M. Retinoic acid modifies the pattern of cell differentiation in the central nervous system of neurula stage Xenopusembryos. Development 112, 945-958 (1991).
64. Simeone, A. et al. Retinoic acid induces stage-specific antero-posterior transformation of rostral central nervous system. Mech. Dev. 51, 83-98 (1995).
65. Yamada, T Caudalization by the amphibian organizer: brachyury, convergent extension and retinoic acid. Development 120, 3051-3062 (1994).
66. McGrew, L. L., Lai, C. J. & Moon, R. T. Specification of the anteroposterior neural axis through synergistic interaction of the Wnt signaling cascade with noggin and follistatin. Dev. Biol. 172, 337-342 (1995).
67. Saxen, L. & Toivonen, S. Primary Embryonic Induction (Academic, London, 1962).
68. Toivonen, S. in Organizer—A Milestone of a Half-Century Since Spemann (eds Nakamura, O. & Toivonen, S.) 119-156 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1978).
69. Waddington, C. H. & Needham, J. Evocation and individuation and competence in amphibian organizer action. Proc. Kon. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam 39, 887-891 (1936).
70. Gurdon, J. B. Embryonic induction — molecular prospects. Development 99, 285-306 (1987).
71. Smith, J. C. Mesoderm-inducing factors and mesodermal patterning. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7, 856-861 (1995).
72. Harland, R. & Gerhart, J. Formation and function of Spemann's organizer. Annu. Rev. Cell. Dev. Biol. 13, 611-667 (1997).
73. Streit, A., Berliner, A., Papanayotou, C., Sirulnik, A. & Stern, C. D. Initiation of neural induction by FGF signalling before gastrulation. Nature 406, 74-78 (2000).
74. Wilson, S. I., Graziano, E., Harland, R., Jessell, T. M. & Edlund, T. An early requirement for FGF signalling in the acquisition of neural cell fate in the chick embryo. Curr. Biol. 10, 421-429 (2000).
75. Streit, A. & Stern, C. D. Establishment and maintenance of the border of the neural plate in the chick: involvement of FGF and BMP activity. Mech. Dev. 82, 51-66 (1999).
76. Amaya, E., Musci, T. J. & Kirschner, M. W. Expression of a dominant negative mutant of the FGF receptor disrupts mesoderm formation in Xenopus embryos. Cell 66, 257-270 (1991).
77. Amaya, E., Stein, P. A., Musci, T. J. & Kirschner, M. W. FGF signaling in the early specification of mesoderm in Xenopus. Development 118, 477-487 (1993).
78. Rowan, A. M., Stern, C. D. & Storey, K. G. Axial mesendoderm refines rostrocaudal pattern in the chick neivous system. Development 126, 2921-2934 (1999).
79. Doniach, T., Phillips, C. R. & Gerhart, J. C. Planar induction of anteroposterior pattern in the developing central nervous system of Xenopus laevis. Science 257, 542-545 (1992).
80. Ruiz i Altaba, A. Induction and axial patterning of the neural plate: planar and vertical signals. J. Neurobiol. 24, 1276-1304 (1993).
81. Dixon, J. E. & Kintner, C. R. Cellular contacts required for neural induction in Xenopusembryos: evidence for two signals. Development 106, 749-757 (1989).
82. Papalopulu, N. & Kintner, C. XenopusDistal-less related homeobox genes are expressed in the developing forebrain and are induced by planar signals. Development 117, 961-975 (1993).
83. Storey, K. G., Selleck, M. A. J. & Stern, C. D. Neural induction and regionalisation by different subpopulations of cells in Hensen's node. Development 121, 417-428 (1995).
84. Sokol, S. & Melton, D. A. Pre-existent pattern in Xenopus animal pole cells revealed by induction with activin. Nature 351, 409-411 (1991).