Immunosuppressive therapy in patients with thyroid eye disease: An overview of current concepts

European Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 144, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 311-318

  Krassas, G E ^a   Heufelder, A E ^a  

^a PANAGIA GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANGIOPEPTIN; AZATHIOPRINE; CHLORAMBUCIL; CIAMEXON; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN A; GLUCOCORTICOID; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; METHOTREXATE; OCTREOTIDE; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PREDNISOLONE; SOMATOSTATIN DERIVATIVE; SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR;

B LYMPHOCYTE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE; EYE DISEASE; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFLAMMATION; LIVER TOXICITY; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION; MUSCLE FUNCTION; ORBIT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; T LYMPHOCYTE; TARGET CELL; THYROID DISEASE;

EID: 0035042972     PISSN: 08044643     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1530/eje.0.1440311     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Endocrine ophthalmopathy: Current ideas concerning etiology, pathogenesis and treatment
2. Graves' ophthalmopathy: Current concepts regarding pathogenesis and management
3. Pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy
4. 111In-octreotide
5. Correlation of CT scanning and pathologic features of ophthalmic Graves' disease
6. Role of octreoscan and correlation with MR imaging in Graves' ophthalmopathy
7. Immunohistochemical staining of normal and Graves' extraocular muscle
8. Pathogenesis of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
9. Ophthalmology
10. Cytokines in the evolution of Graves' ophthalmopathy
11. Cytokines in thyroid eye disease: Potential for anti-cytokine therapy
12. Stimulation of glycosaminoglycan accumulation by interferon gamma in cultured retro-ocular fibroblasts
13. Stimulation of glycosoaminoglycan production in cultured human retro-orbital fibroblasts
14. Somatomedin C in the pathogenesis of malignant exophthalmos of endocrine origin
15. Auto-antibodies to IGF-I binding sites in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
16. Modulation of Graves' orbital fibroblast proliferation by cytokines and glucocorticoid receptor antagonists
17. Pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Recent controversies and progress
18. Characterization of adhesion receptors on cultured microvascular endothelial cells derived from the retro-orbital connective tissue of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy
19. Stimulation of extraocular muscle fibroblasts by cytokines and hypoxia: Possible role in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
20. Glucocorticoid effects on NF-kappaB binding in the transcription of the ICAM-1 gene
21. Regulation of glucocorticoids of interferon gamma-induced HLA-DR antigen expression in cultured human orbital fibroblasts
22. Glucocorticoids modulate the synthesis and expression of a 72 kDa heat shock protein in cultured Graves' retro-ocular fibroblasts
23. Modulation of Graves' orbital fibroblast proliferation by cytokines and glucocorticoid receptor agonists
24. Management of Graves' ophthalmolopathy: Reality and perspectives
25. Fatal liver failure after high-dose glucocorticoid pulse therapy in a patient with severe thyroid eye disease
26. Understanding the immunology of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Is it an autoimmune disease?
27. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist ribonucliec acid and protein expression by cultured Graves' and normal orbital fibroblasts is differentially modulated by dexamethasone and irradiation
28. Radiotherapy for Graves' orbitopathy: Randomized placebo-controlled study
29. Radiotherapy for thyroid-associated orbitopathy
30. Low versus high dose radiotherapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy: A randomized, single blind trial
31. Orbital radiation for the ocular changes of Graves' disease
32. Treating severe Graves' ophthalmopathy
33. Orbital cobalt irradiation combined with systemic corticosteroids for Graves' ophthalmopathy: Comparison with systemic corticosteroids alone
34. Orbital radiotherapy combined with high-dose systemic glucocorticoids for Graves' ophthalmopathy is more effective than radiotherapy alone: Rresults of a prospective study
35. Randomized double-blind trial of prednisone versus radiotherapy in Graves' ophthalmopathy
36. Retrobulbar radiation in Graves' ophthalmopathy
37. Radiotherapy of Graves' ophthalmopathy
38. A clinical study of radiation cataracts and the relationship to dose
39. Radiation retinopathy after orbital irradiation for Graves' ophthalmopathy
40. Graves' ophthalmopathy
41. Perspectives on somatostatin and somatostatin receptor expression in autoimmune disease of the eye
42. Characterization of functional receptors for somatostatin in rat pituitary cells in culture
43. Somatostatin receptor nomenclature consensus
44. Molecular biology of somatostatin receptor subtypes
45. Subtype selectivity of peptide analogs for all five cloned human somatostatin receptors (SSTr 1-5)
46. Multiple intracellular effectors modulate physiological functions of the cloned somatostatin receptors
47. Chemistry and pharmacology of sandostatin
48. Three years follow-up of acromegalic patients treated with intramuscular slow-release lanreotide
49. Effectiveness and tolerability of slow release lanreotide treatment in active acromegaly
50. Sandostatin LAR in acromegalic patients: Long term treatment
51. Octreotide as primary therapy for acromegaly
52. Rapid identification of subtype-selective agonists of the somastostatin receptor through combinatorial chemistry
53. Octreotide and Graves' ophthalmopathy and pretibial myxoedema
54. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and octreotide treatment in patients with thyroid eye disease
55. Effects of octreotide treatment on Graves' ophthalmopathy and circulating sICAM-1 levels
56. The effect of somatostatin versus corticosteroid in the treatment of Graves' ophthalmology
57. Somatostatin receptors in the orbits
58. Lanreotide in the treatment of patients with thyroid eye disease
59. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy before and after treatment with somatostatin analogues in patients with thyroid eye disease
60. Somatostatin C in pathogenesis of malignant exophthalmos of endocrine origin
61. Short term somatostatin infusion affects T-lymphocyte responsiveness in humans
62. Somatostatin analogues in Graves' ophthalmopathy
63. Somatostatin analogues in the treatment of thyroid eye disease
64. Cytokine antagonists: New ideas for the management of Graves' ophthalmopathy
65. Cytokine antagonists and their potential therapeutic use
66. Recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of steroid-resistant graft versus host disease
67. Recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of patients with sepsis syndrome
68. Biologic agents in the therapy of inflammatory rheumatic diseases, including therapeutic antibodies, cytokine and cytokine antagonists
69. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist and soluble IL-1 receptor inhibit IL-1-induced glycosaminoglycan production in cultured human orbital fibroblasts from patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy
70. Beneficial effect of pentoxifylline on thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy