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0343767733
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note
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2, above and below the DNA rod in the lamellar complex and permits near complete neutralization. F-actin has a charge density that is at least four times less than that of DNA.
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21
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0342462643
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note
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2, and 25 mM tris at pH 7.4 was used to regulate the mean F-actin length in length-dependence studies.
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24
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0343767732
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note
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1 (HWHM). The actin-membrane complex samples are sealed in 1.5-mm quartz capillaries.
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27
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0343767731
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note
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If we restrict the F-actin filaments to an average length of 500 Å with gelsolin, an actin severing and capping protein, then the superlattice ordering is suppressed in the resultant actin-membrane complexes.
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30
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0342462637
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note
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Although the F-actin cationic lipid complexes always show the superlattice peaks resulting from stacked three-layer membranes, the XRD from G-actin complexes show only hints of the superlattice ordering. This may be due to the coexistence of two-layer G-actin complexes (with alternating lipid bilayer and G-actin monolayers) with a very small fraction of the G-actin that has polymerized into very long F-actin, forming the three-layer membrane. Because G-actin (or very short F-actin) does not contain any condensed counterion because of its globular shape (or extreme finite size for short F-actin), G-actin attached to cationic membrane releases only the bound counterions of the membrane. In the process, G-actin lowers its own entropy (which is negligible for long F-actin) and reduces some of the entropy of the lipids [by their ordering on its surface as suggested by the EM freeze-fracture and molecular dynamics simulations studies (31)]. Thus, there is a delicate balance between how much entropy is gained each time G-actin attaches a membrane and releases anionic lipid counterions and the entropy lost because of the lipid ordering on the G-actin surface. In the case of long F-actin, the situation is very different because an additional large amount of bound cationic counterions is also released upon complexation. Thus, for G-actin complexes, a two-layer membrane may be entropically more favorable than a three-layer membrane. Alternatively, G-actin complexes composed of three-layer membranes with antiphase-type defects would tend to wash out the superlattice peaks.
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48
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0343767726
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note
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We thank R. Golestanian, I. Koltover, R. Menes, P. Pincus, and D. Roux for discussions. In particular, we acknowledge L. Zarif for discussions on the EM work. This work was supported by NIH grants GM59288 and AR38910, NSF grant DMR-9972246, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (grant 00G0), and the University of California Biotechnology Research and Education Program (grant 99-14). The Materials Research Laboratory at University of California at Santa Barbara is supported by NSF grants DMR-9632716 and DMR-0080034.
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