QBO, SAO, and tropical waves in the Berlin TSM GCM: Sensitivity to radiation, vertical resolution, and convection

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 105, Issue D20, 2000, Pages 24771-24790

  Nissen, Katrin M ^a   Braesicke, Peter ^b   Langematz, Ulrike ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^c FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION; GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; RADIATIVE FORCING; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS;

EID: 0034530016     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000JD900270     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Andrews, D.G., J.R. Holton, and C.B. Leovy, Middle Atmosphere Dynamics, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1987.
2. Betts, A.K., and M.J. Miller, The Betts-Miller scheme, in The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models of the Atmosphere. edited by K.A. Emanuel and D.J. Raymond, pp. 107-121, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass., 1993.
3. Boville, B.A., and W.J. Randel, Equatorial waves in a stratospheric GCM: Effects of vertical resolution, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 785-801, 1992.
4. Butchard, N., and J. Austin, Middle atmosphere climatologies from the troposphere-stratosphere configuration of the UKMO's Unified Model, J. Atmos. Sc., 55, 2782-2809, 1998.
5. Chang, C.P., Forcing of stratospheric Kelvin waves by tropospheric heat sources, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 740-744, 1976.
6. Charney, J.G., and M.E. Stern, On the stability of internal barol-clinic jets in a rotating atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 19, 159-172, 1962.
7. Dickinson, R.E., Method of parameterization for infrared cooling between altitudes of 30 and 70 kilometers, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 4451-4457, 1973.
8. Dunkerton, J.D., The role of gravity waves in the quasi-biennial oscillation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26,053-26,076, 1997.
9. Dunkerton, J.D., and D.P. Delisi, Interaction of the quasi-biennial oscillation and stratopause semiannual oscillation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26,107-26, 116, 1997.
10. Fels, S.B., A parameterization of scale-dependent radiative damping rates in the stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1141-1152, 1982.
11. Fleming, E.L., S. Chandra, J.J. Barnett, and M. Corney, Zonal mean temperature, pressure, zonal wind and geopotentiel height as function of latitude, COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere: 1986, Part II: Middle Atmosphere Models edited by D. Rees, J.J. Barnett, and K. Labitzke, Adv. Space Res., 10, 11-59, 1990.
12. Garcia, R.R., and M.L. Salby, Transient response to localized episodic heating in the tropics, Part 2, Far-field behavior, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 499-530, 1987.
13. Garcia, R.R., T.J. Dunkerton, R.S. Lieberman, and R.A. Vincent, Climatology of the semiannual oscillation of the tropical middle atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26,019-26,032, 1997.
14. Hamilton, K., R.J. Wilson, J.D. Mahlmann, and L.J. Umscheid, Climatology of the SKYHI troposphere-stratosphere-mesosphere general circulation model, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 5-43, 1995.
15. Hayashi, Y., Space-time spectral analysis and its application to atmospheric waves, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 60, 156-171, 1982.
16. Hirota, I., Equatorial waves in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere in relation to the semiannual oscillation of the zonal wind, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 714-722, 1978.
17. Hirota, I., Kelvin waves in the equatorial middle atmosphere observed by Nimbus 5 SCR, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 217-222, 1979.
18. Hirota, I., Observational evidence of the semiannual oscillation in the tropical middle atmosphere - A review, Pure Appl. Geophys., 118, 217-238, 1980.
19. Hitchman, M.H., and C.B. Leovy, Estimation of the Kelvin wave contribution to the semiannual oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1462-1475, 1988.
20. Holton, J.R., Waves in the equatorial stratosphere generated by tropospheric heat sources, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 368-375, 1972.
21. Holton, J.R., On the frequency distribution of atmospheric Kelvin waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 499-501, 1973.
22. Holten, J.R., The Dynamic Meteorology of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere, Meteorol. Monogr. Ser. 37, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass., 1975.
23. Holton, J.R., An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, 2nd ed., Int. Geophys. Ser., vol. 16, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1976.
24. Holton, J.R., and R.S. Lindzen, An updated theory for the quasibiennial cycle of the tropical stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1076-1080, 1972.
25. Holton, J.R., and W.M. Wehrbein, A numerical model of the zonal mean circulation of the middle atmosphere, Pure Appl. Geophys., 118, 284-306, 1980.
26. Horinouchi, T., and S. Yoden, Wave excitation by localized heating in the tropics and its propagation into the middle atmosphere. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 74, 189-210, 1996.
27. Horinouchi, T., and S. Yoden, Propagation of waves exited by localized episodic heating in the tropics and their effect on the middle atmosphere: Comparison between two QBO phases. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 75, 641-656, 1997.
28. Houghton, J.T., G.J. Jenkins, and J.J. Ephraumus, Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment, Cambridge, Univ. Press, New York, 1990.
29. Jackson, D.R., and L.J. Gray, Simulation of the semi-annual oscillation of the equatorial middle atmosphere using the extended UGAMP general circulation model. Q. J. Roy Meteorol. Soc., 120, 1559-1588, 1994.
30. Kuo, H.L., Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on the large scale flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1232-1240, 1974.
31. Langematz, U., and S. Pawson, The Berlin troposphere-stratosphere-mesosphere GCM: Climatology and forcing mechanisms, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 1075-1096, 1997.
32. Lindzen, R.S., and J.R. Holton, A theory of the quasi-biennial oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 1095-1107, 1968.
33. Mahlmann, J.D., and R.W. Sinclair, Recent results from the GFDL 'SKYHI' general circulation model, Collection of Extended Abstracts Presented at IUGG Symposium, 18 XVIIIUGG General Assembly, Canberra, Australia, pp.11-18, 1980.
34. Manzini, E., N.A. McFarlane, and C. McLandress, Impact of the Doppler spread parameterization on the simulation of the middle atmosphere circulation using the MA/ECHAM4 general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25,751-25,762, 1997.
35. Meyer, W.D., A diagnostic numerical study of the semiannual oscillation of the zonal mean wind in the tropical stratosphere and mesosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 820-830, 1970.
36. Morcrctte, J.J., Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the Europeaa Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast Forecasting System, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9121-9132, 1991.
37. Müller, K.M., U. Langematz, and S. Pawson, The stratopause semi-annual oscillation in the Berlin troposphere-stratosphere-mesosphere GCM, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2749-2759, 1997.
38. Pawson, S., U. Langematz, G. Radek, U. Schlese, and P. Strauch, The Berlin troposphere-stratosphere-mesosphere GCM: Sensitivity to physical parameterizations, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124, 1343-1371, 1998.
39. Randel, W.J., B.A. Boville, and J.C. Gille, Observations of planetary mixed Rossby-gravity waves in the upper stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 3092-3099, 1990.
40. Reed, R.J., Some features of the annual temperature regime in the tropical stratosphere, Mon. Weather Rev., 90, 211-215, 1962.
41. Reed, R.J., Zonal wind behavior in the equatorial stratosphere and lower mesosphere, J. Ceophys. Res., 71, 4223-4233, 1966.
42. Reed, R.J., W.J. Campbell, L.A. Rasmussen, and D.G. Rogers, Evidence of a downward-propagating, annual wind reversal in the equatorial stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 66, 813-818, 1961.
43. Rind, D., R. Suozzo, N.K. Balachandran, A. Lacis, and G. Russel, The GISS global climate middle atmosphere model, Part 1, Model structure and climatology, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 329-369, 1988.
44. Roeckner, E., and U. Schlese, January simulation of clouds with a prognostic cloud cover scheme, paper presented at ECMWF Workshop on Cloud Cover in Numerical Models, Eur. Cent. for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK, 1984.
45. Roeckner, E., et al., Simulation of the present day climate with the ECHAM model: Impact of model physics and resolution, Rep. 93, Max Planck Inst. für Meteorol., Hamburg, 1992.
46. Roeckner, E., K. Arpe, L. Bengtsson, M. Christoph, M. Claussen, L. Dümenil, M. Esch, M. Giorgetta, U. Schlese, and U. Schulzweida, The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM-4: Model description and simulation of present-day climate, Rep. 218, Max Planck Inst, für Meteorol., Hamburg, 1996.
47. Salby, M.L., and R.R. Garcia, Transient response to localized episodic heating in the tropics. Part 1: Excitation and short-time near field behavior, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 458-498, 1987.
48. Salby, M.L., D.L. Hartmann, P.L. Bailey, and J.C. Gille, Evidence for equatorial Kelvin modes in Nimbus-7 LIMS, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 220-235, 1984.
49. Sassi, F., R.R. Garcia, and B.A. Boville, The stratopause semiannual oscillation in the NCAR Community Climate model, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3608-3624, 1993.
50. Shine, K.P., and J.A. Rickaby, Solar radiative heating due to the absorption by ozone, in Ozone in the Atmosphere., edited by R.D. Bojkov and P. Fabian, pp. 597-600, A. Deepack, Hampton Va., 1989.
51. Simmons, A.J., and R. Strüfing, Numerical forecasts of stratospheric warmings using a model with a hybrid vertical coordinate system, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 109, 81-111, 1983.
52. 3 absorption of solar radiation, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 6225-6230, 1978.
53. Swinbank, R., and A. O'Neill, Quasi-biennial and semiannual oscillations in equatorial wind fields constructed by data assimilation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2099-2102, 1994.
54. Takahashi, M., Simulation of the quasi-biennial oscillation in a general simulation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1307-1310, 1999.
55. Tiedtke, M., A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 1779-1800, 1989.
56. Tiedtke, M., W.A. Heckley, and J. Slingo, Tropical forecasting at ECMWF: The influence of physical prametrisation on the mean structure of forecasts and analyses, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 114, 639-666, 1988.
57. Untch, A., Simulation of the quasi-biennial oscillation with the ECMWF model, in Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling, edited by R. Asselin, Rep. 18, 6.26-6.27, World Meteorol. Org., Geneva, 1998.
58. Veryard, R.G., and R.A. Ebdon, Fluctuations in tropical stratospheric winds, Meteorol. Mag., 90, 125-143, 1961.
59. Wallace, L.M., and V. Kousky, Observational evidence of Kelvin waves in the tropical stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 900-907, 1968.
60. Yanai, M., and T. Maruyama, Stratospheric wave disturbances propagating over the equatorial pacific, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 44, 291-294, 1966.
61. Zhong, W., and J. Haigh, Improved broadband emissivity parameterization for water vapour cooling rate calculations, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 124-138, 1985.
62. Zhong, W., R. Toumi, and J. Haigh, Climate forcing by stratospheric ozone depletion calculated from observed temperature trends, Geophys. Res. Let., 23, 3183-3186, 1996.