Intensive care management of patients with acute liver failure with emphasis on systemic hemodynamic instability and cerebral edema: A critical appraisal of pathophysiology

Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 14, Issue SUPPL. D, 2000, Pages

  Larsen, Fin Stolze ^a,c   Hansen, Bent Adel ^a   Blei, Andres T ^b  

^a Rigshospitalet   (Denmark)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Ammonia; Brain; Cerebral blood flow; Cerebral edema; Fulminant hepatic failure; Intracranial pressure

Indexed keywords

BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN; BRAIN EDEMA; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; LIVER FAILURE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; VASCULARIZATION;

BRAIN; BRAIN EDEMA; HEMODYNAMIC PROCESSES; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; LIVER FAILURE; PROGNOSIS; REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW;

EID: 0034329966     PISSN: 08357900     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2000/493629     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Blei AT. Cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure: distinct aspects of the same problem. Hepatology 1991;13:376-9.
2. Larsen FS, Adel Hansen B, Pott F, et al. Dissociated cerebral vasoparalysis in acute liver failure. A hypothesis of gradual cerebral hyperaemia. J Hepatol 1996;25:145-51.
3. Trey C, Davidson LS. The management of fulminant hepatic failure. In: Popper H, Schaffner F, eds. Progress in Liver Disease. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1970;282-98.
4. Bemuau J, Rueff B, Benhamou J. Fulminant and subfulminant liver failure: definitions and causes. Semin Liver Dis 1986;6:97-106.
5. Gimson AE, O'Grady J, Ede RJ, Portmann B, Williams R. Late onset hepatic failure: clinical, serological and histological features. Hepatology 1986;6:288-94.
6. O'Grady JG, Schalm SW, Williams R. Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes. Lancet 1993;342:273-5.
7. Bismuth H, Samuel D, Castaing D, Williams R, Pereira SP. Liver transplantation in Europe for patients with acute liver failure. Semin Liver Dis 1996;16:415-25.
8. Tygstrup N, Ranek L. Assessment of prognostic factors in fulminant hepatic failure. Semin Liver Dis 1986;6:129-37.
9. Riordan SM, Williams R. Cause and prognosis in acute liver failure. Liver Transpl Surg 1999;5:86-9.
10. Larsen FS, Kirkegaard P, Rasmussen A, Hansen BA. The Danish liver transplantation program and patients with serious acetaminophen intoxication. Transplant Proc 1995;27:3519-20.
11. Schiodt FV, Atillasoy E, Shakil AO, et al. Etiology and outcome for 295 patients with acute liver failure in the United States. Liver Transpl Surg 1999;5:29-34.
12. Williams R. Classification, etiology, and considerations of outcome in acute liver failure. Semin Liver Dis 1996;16:343-8.
13. Kowalski HJ, Abelman WH. The cardiac output at rest in Laennec's cirrhosis. J Clin Invest 1953;32:1025.
14. Trewby PN, Williams R. Pathophysiology of hypotension in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Gut 1977;18:1021-6.
15. Trewby PN, Hanid MA, Mackenzie RL, Mellon PJ, Williams R. Effects of cerebral oedema and arterial hypotension on cerebral blood flow in an animal model of hepatic failure. Gut 1978;19:999-1005.
16. Bihari D, Gimson AE, Lindridge J, Williams R. Lactic acidosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Some aspects of pathogenesis and prognosis. J Hepatol 1985;1:405-16.
17. Bihari DJ, Gimson AE, Williams R. Cardiovascular, pulmonary and renal complications of fulminant hepatic failure. Semin Liver Dis 1986;6:119-28.
18. de la Mata M, Meager A, Rolando N, et al. Tumor necrosis factor production in fulminant hepatic failure: relation to aetiology and superimposed microbial infection. Clin Exp Immunol 1990;82:479-84.
19. Wilkinson SP, Arroyo V, Gazzard BG, Moodie H, Williams R. Relation of renal impairment and haemorrhagic diethesis to endotoxaemia in fulminant hepatic failure. Lancet 1974;i:521-4.
20. Harrison P, Wendon J, Williams R. Evidence of increased guanylate cyclase activation by acetylcysteine in fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology 1996;23:1067-72.
21. Schneider F, Lutun P, Boudjema K, Wolf P, Tempe JD. In vivo evidence of enhanced guanylyl cyclase activation during the hyperdynamic circulation of acute liver failure. Hepatology 1994;19:38-44.
22. Ellis A, Wendon J. Circulatory, respiratory, cerebral, and renal derangements in acute liver failure: pathophysiology and management. Semin Liver Dis 1996;16:379-88.
23. O'Grady JO, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, Williams R. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 1989;97:439-45.
24. Harrison PM, Wendon JA, Gimson AE, Alexander GJ, Williams R. Improvement by acetylcysteine of hemodynamics and oxygen transport in fulminant hepatic failure. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1852-7.
25. Walsh TS, Hopton P, Lee A. A comparison between the Fick method and indirect calorimetry for determining oxygen consumption in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Crit Care Med 1998;26:1200-7.
26. Clemmesen JO, Gerbes A, Gulberg V, et al. Hepatic blood flow and splanchnic oxygen consumption in patients with liver failure. Effects of high-volume plasmapheresis. Hepatology 1999;29:347-55.
27. Larsen FS, Ejlersen E, Clemmesen JO, Kirkegaard P, Hansen BA. Preserved cerebral oxidative metabolism in fulminant hepatic failure: an autoregulation study. Liver Transpl Surg 1996;2:348-53.
28. Ede RJ, Williams RW. Hepatic encephalopathy and cerebral edema. Semin Liver Dis 1986;6:107-18.
29. Cordoba J, Blei AT. Brain edema and hepatic encephalopathy. Semin Liver Dis 1996;16:271-81.
30. Clemmesen JO, Larsen FS, Kondrup J, Hansen BA, Ott P. Cerebral herniation in patients with acute liver failure is correlated with arterial ammonia concentration. Hepatology 1999;29:648-53.
31. Norenberg MD. Astrocytic-ammonia interactions in hepatic encephalopathy. Semin Liver Dis 1996;16:245-53.
32. Blei AT, Olafsson S, Therrien G, Butterworth RF. Ammonia-induced brain edema and intracranial hypertension in rats after portacaval anastomosis. Hepatology 1994;19:1431-44.
33. Cordoba J, Gottstein J, Blei AT. Glutamine, myo-Inositol, and organic brain osmolytes after portocaval anastomosis in the rat: implications for ammonia-induced brain edema. Hepatology 1996;24:919-23.
34. Roy CS, Sherrington MB. On the regulation of the blood supply of the brain. J Physiol 1890;11:85-8.
35. Reivich M. Blood flow metabolism couple in brain. In: Plum F, ed. Brain Dysfunction in Metabolic Disorders. New York: Raven Press, 1974:125-39.
36. Larsen FS. Cerebral circulation in liver failure: Ohm's law in force. Semin Liver Dis 1996;16:281-92.
37. Larsen FS, Ejlersen E, Hansen BA, Knudsen GM, Tygstrup N, Secher NH. Functional loss of cerebral blood flow autoregulation in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. J Hepatol 1995;23:212-7.
38. Paulson OB, Strandgaard S, Edvinsson L. Cerebral autoregulation. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 1990;2:161-92.
39. Strauss G, Hansen BA, Kirkegaard P, Rasmussen A, Hjortrup A, Larsen FS. Liver function, cerebral blood flow autoregulation and hepatic encephalopathy in fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology 1997;25:837-9.
40. Wendon JA, Harrison PM, Keays R, Williams R. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in fulminant liver failure. Hepatology 1994;19:1407-13.
41. Munoz SJ, Moritz MJ, Bell R, Northrup B, Martin P, Radomski J. Factors associated with severe intracranial hypertension in candidates for emergency liver transplantation. Transplantation 1993;55:1071-4.
42. 2 reactivity in fulminant hepatic failure. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1995;15:329-35.
43. Strauss G, Hansen BA, Knudsen GM, Larsen FS. Hyperventilation restores cerebral blood flow autoregulation in patients with acute liver failure. J Hepatol 1998;28:199-203.
44. Ringe B, Lubbe N, Kuse E, Frei U, Pichlmayr R. Total hepatectomy and liver transplantation as a two-stage procedure. Ann Surg 1993;218:3-9.
45. Rozga J, Podesta L, LePage E, et al. Control of cerebral oedema by total hepatectomy and extracorporeal liver support in fulminant hepatic failure. Lancet 1993;342:898-9.
46. Ejlersen E, Larsen FS, Pott F, Gyrtrup HJ, Kirkegaard P, Secher NH. Hepatectomy corrects cerebral hyperperfusion in fulminant hepatic failure. Transplant Proc 1994;26:1794-5.
47. Cordoba J, Crespin J, Gottstein J, Blei AT. Mild hypothermia modifies ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis. Gastroenterology 1999;116:686-93.
48. Bernuau J, Rueff B, Benhamou JP. Fulminant and subfulminant liver failure: definitions and causes. Semin Liver Dis 1986;6:97-106.
49. Larsen FS, Ejlersen E, Hansen BA, Mogensen T, Tygstrup N, Secher NH. Systemic vascular resistance during high-volume plasmapheresis in patients with fulminant hepatic failure: relationship with oxygen consumption. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995;7:887-92.
50. Hughes RD, Pucknell A, Routley D, Langley PG, Wendon JA, Williams R. Evaluation of the BioLogic-DT sorbent-suspension dialyser in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Int J Artif Organs 1994;17:657-62.