Increasing evidence for the role of salt and salt-sensitivity in hypertension

Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 93-100

  Siani, A ^a,b   Guglielmucci, F ^a   Farinaro, E ^a   Strazzullo, P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^b CNR   (Italy)

Author keywords

Dietary salt; Hipertension; Salt sensitivity

Indexed keywords

AGE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DIET THERAPY; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; PATHOLOGY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SALT INTAKE;

AGE FACTORS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; RISK FACTORS; SODIUM CHLORIDE, DIETARY;

EID: 0034171083     PISSN: 09394753     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group (1993) National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group report on primary prevention of hypertension. Arch Intern Med 153: 186-208
2. Smith WC, Crombie IK, Tavendale RT, Gulland SK, Tunstall-Pedoe HD (1988) Urinary electrolyte excretion, alcohol consumption, and blood pressure in the Scottish heart health study. BMJ 297: 329-330
3. Kagan A, Popper JS, Rhoads GG, Yano K (1985) Dietary and other risk factors for stroke in Hawaiian Japanese men. Stroke 16: 390-396
4. Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E (1987) Dietary potassium and stroke-associated mortality. A 12-year prospective population study. N Engl J Med 316: 235-240
5. Liu K, Cooper R, McKeever J, McKeever P, Byington R, Soltero I, Stamler R, Gosch F, Stevens E, Stamler J (1979) Assessment of the association between habitual salt intake and high blood pressure: methodological problems. Am J Epidemiol 110: 219-226
6. Siani A, lacoviello L, Giorgione N, Iacone R, Strazzullo P (1989) Comparison of variability of urinary sodium, potassium, and calcium in free-living men. Hypertension 13: 38-42
7. Huang Ti Nei Ching Su Wen (1000 BC) from the translation by Wang Ping (AD 762)
8. Eaton SB, Konner M (1985) Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N Engl J Med 312: 283-289
9. Blyth WB (1994) Salt and water in culture and medicine. N Engl J Med 330: 1909-1910
10. Fregly MJ (1981) Sodium and potassium. Ann Rev Nutr 1: 69-93
11. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group (1988) Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ 297: 319-328
12. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. US Government Print Office. 1995, Washington, DC
13. James WP, Ralph A, Sanchez-Castillo CP (1987) The dominance of salt in manufactured food in the sodium intake of affluent societies. Lancet 1: 426-429
14. Sanchez-Castillo CP, Warrender S, Whitehead TP, James WP (1987) An assessment of the sources of dietary salt in a British population. Clin Sci 72: 95-102
15. Law MR (1997) Epidemiologic evidence on salt and blood pressure. Am J Hypertens 10: 42S-2S
16. Poulter NR, Khaw KT, Hopwood E, Mugambi M, Peart WS., Rose G, Sever PS (1990) The Kenyan Luo migration study: observations on the initiation of a rise in blood pressure. BMJ 300: 967-972
17. Poulter NR, Khaw KT, Mugambi M, Peart WS, Sever PS (1985) Migration-induced changes in blood pressure: a controlled longitudinal study. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 12: 211-216
18. He J, Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Chen JY, Mo JP, Qian M., Mo PS, He GQ (1991) Migration, blood pressure pattern, and hypertension: the Yi Migrant Study. Am J Epidemiol 134: 1085-1101
19. Elliott P, Stamler R (1988) Manual of operations for INTERSALT, an international cooperative study on the relation of sodium and potassium to blood pressure. Controlled Clin Trials 9: 1S-1S
20. Elliott P, Stamler J, Nichols R, Dyer AR, Stamler R, Kesteloot H, Marmot M (1996) Intersalt revisited: further analyses of 24 hour sodium excretion and blood pressure within and across populations. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group BMJ 312: 1249-1253
21. Stamler J, Dyer AR, Elliott P, Kesteloot H, Marmot M, Stamler R (1995) salt-sensitivity in general populations: majority or minority phenomenon? INTERSALT findings. Circulation 91: 931 (abs)
22. He J, Ogden LG, Vupputuri S, Bazzano LA, Loria C, Whelton PK (1999) Dietary sodium intake and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease in overweight adults. JAMA 282: 2027-2034
23. Hanneman RL (1996) INTERSALT: hypertension rise with age revisited BMJ 312: 1283-1287
24. Thelle DS (1996) Salt and blood pressure revisited. BMJ 312: 1240-1241
25. MacGregor GA, Sever PS (1996) Salt-overwhelming evidence but still no action: can a consensus be reached with the food industry? BMJ 312: 1287-1289
26. Parijs J, Joossens JV, Van der Linden L, Verstreken G, Amery AK (1973) Moderate sodium restriction and diuretics in the treatment of hypertension Am Heart J 85: 22-34
27. Grobbee DE, Hofman A (1986)Does sodium restriction lower blood pressure? BMJ 293: 27-29
28. Law MR, Frost CD, Wald NJ (1991) By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? III-Analysis of data from trials of salt reduction. BMJ 302: 819-824
29. Graudal NA, Galloe AM, Garred P (1998) Effects of sodium restriction on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterols, and triglyceride: a meta-analysis. JAMA 279: 1383-1391
30. Midgley JP, Matthew AG, Greenwood CM, Logan AG (1996) Effect of reduced dietary sodium on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials JAMA 275: 1590-1597
31. Cutler JA, Follmann D, Allender PS (1997) Randomized trials of sodium reduction: an overview Am J Clin Nutr 65: 6435-6515
32. MacGregor GA, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, Singer DR, Cappuccio FP (1989) Double-blind study of three sodium intakes and long-term effects of sodium restriction in essential hypertension. Lancet 2: 1244-1247
33. Cappuccio FP, Markandu ND, Carney C, Sagnella GA, MacGregor GA (1997) Double-blind randomised trial of modest salt restriction in older people. Lancet 350: 850-854
34. Hofman A, Hazebroek A, Valkenburg HA (1983) A randomized trial of sodium intake and blood pressure in newborn infants JAMA 250: 370-373
35. Geleijnse JM, Grobbee DE, Hofman A (1990) Sodium and potassium intake and blood pressure change in childhood BMJ 300: 899-902
36. Cappuccio FP, MacGregor GA (1995) Combination therapy in hypertension. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM (Eds), Hypertension:Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management. Raven Press Ltd, New York, pp. 2969-2983
37. Cappuccio FP, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, MacGregor GA (1985) Sodium restriction lowers high blood pressure through a decreased response of the renin system-direct evidence using saralasin. J Hypertens 3: 243-247
38. Miller JZ, Weinberger MH, Daugherty SA, Fineberg NS, Christian JC, Grim CE (1987) Heterogeneity of blood pressure response to dietary sodium restriction in normotensive adults. J Chron Dis 40: 245-250
39. Luft FC, Weinberger MH (1997) Heterogeneous responses to changes in dietary salt intake: the salt-sensitivity paradigm. Am J Clin Nutr 65: 6125-6125
40. Grim CE, Luft FC, Fineberg NS, Weinberger MH (1979) Responses to volume expansion and contraction in categorized hypertensive and normotensive man. Hypertension 1: 476-485
41. Galletti F, Ferrara I, Stinga F, Iacone R, Noviello F, Strazzullo P (1997) Evaluation of a rapid protocol for the assessment of salt-sensitivity against the blood pressure response to dietary sodium chloride restriction. Am J Hypertens 10: 462-466
42. Cowley AWJ (1997) Genetic and nongenetic determinants of salt-sensitivity and blood pressure. Am J Clin Nutr 65: 587S-587S
43. de Wardener HE, MacGregor GA, Clarkson EM, Alaghband-Zadeh J, Bitensky L, Chayen J (1981) Effect of sodium intake on ability of human plasma to inhibit renal Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase in vitro. Lancet 1: 411-413
44. Dahl LK, Heine M, Thompson K (1974) Genetic influence of the kidneys on blood pressure. Evidence from chronic renal homografts in rats with opposite predispositions to hypertension. Circ Res 40: 94-101
45. Bianchi G, Baer PG, Fox U, Duzzi L, Pagetti D, Giovannetti AM (1975) Changes in renin, water balance, and sodium balance during development of high blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats. Circ Res 36: 153-161
46. Leckie B, Norman R (1995) Genetic hypertension. A direct link to salt. Curr Biol 5: 260-261
47. Cusi D, Barlassina C, Azzani T, Casari G, Citterio L, Devoto M, Glorioso N, Lanzani C, Manunta P, Righetti M, Rivera R, Stella P, Troffa C, Zagato L, Bianchi G (1997) Polymorphisms of alpha-adducin and salt-sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension Lancet 349: 1353-1357
48. Guyton AC (1990) The surprising kidney-fluid mechanism for pressure control - its infinite gain! Hypertension 16: 725-730
49. van Paassen P, de Zeeuw D, Navis G, de Jong PE (1996) Does the renin-angiotensin system determine the renal and systemic hemodynamic response to sodium in patients with essential hypertension? Hypertension 27: 202-208
50. Weir MR, Dengel DR, Behrens MT, Goldberg AP (1995) Salt-induced increases in systolic blood pressure affect renal hemodynamics and proteinuria. Hypertension 25: 1339-1344
51. Janssen BJ, Smits JF (1989) Renal nerves in hypertension. Miner Electrolyte Metab 15: 74-82
52. Wyss JM, Oparil S, Sripairojthikoon W (1992) Neuronal control of the kidney: contribution to hypertension. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 70: 759-770
53. Winternitz SR, Katholi RE, Oparil S (1980) Role of the renal sympathetic nerves in the development and maintenance of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. J Clin Invest 66: 971-978
54. Koepke JP, Jones S, DiBona GF (1986) Renal nerve activity and renal function during environmental stress in DOCA-NaCl rats. Am J Physiol 251: R289-R294
55. Koepke JP, Jones S, DiBona GF (1986) Hypothalamic beta 2-adrenoceptor control of renal sympathetic nerve activity and urinary sodium excretion in conscious, spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circ Res 58: 241-248
56. Chen CW, Chen YF, Meng QC, Wyss JM, Oparil S (1991) Decreased norepinephrine release in anterior hypothalamus of NaCl-sensitive spontaneously hypertensive rats during high NaCl intake. Brain Res 565: 135-141
57. Chen YF, Meng QC, Wyss JM, Jin H, Oparil S (1988) High NaCl diet reduces hypothalamic norepinephrine turnover in hypertensive rats. Hypertension 11: 55-62
58. Rocchini AP (1994) The relationship of sodium sensitivity to insulin resistance. Am J Med Sci 307 (Suppl) 1, S75-S80
59. Rocchini AP, Key J, Bondie D, Chico R, Moorehead C, Katch V, Martin M (1989) The effect of weight loss on the sensitivity of blood pressure to sodium in obese adolescents. N Engl J Med 321: 580-585
60. Galletti F, Strazzullo P, Ferrara I, Annuzzi G, Rivellese AA, Gatto S, Mancini M (1997) NaCl sensitivity of essential hypertensive patients is related to insulin resistance. J Hypertens 15: 1485-1491
61. DeFronzo RA, Cooke CR, Andres R, Faloona, GR, Davis PJ (1975) The effect of insulin on renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate in man. J Clin Invest 55: 845-855
62. Barba G, Siani A, Cappuccio FP, Trevisan M, Farinaro E, Mellone MC, Iacone R, Russo L, Ragone E, Strazzullo P (1999) Abdominal adiposity is associated with increased tubular sodium reabsorption and higher blood pressure: findings of the Olivetti Heart Study. J Hypertens 17: 144-144 (Abstract)
63. Bech JN, Nielsen CB, Ivarsen P, Jensen KT, Pedersen EB (1998) Dietary sodium affects systemic and renal hemodynamic response to NO inhibition in healthy humans. Am J Physiol 274: F914-F923
64. Raij L (1999) Nitric oxide, salt-sensitivity, and cardiorenal injury in hypertension. Semin Nephrol 19: 296-303
65. Barba G, Vallance P, Strazzullo P, MacAllister RJ (2000) Effects of sodium intake on the pressor and renal responses to nitric oxide synthesis inhibition in normotensive individuals with different sodium sensitivity. J Hypertens 18: 615-621
66. The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee (1997) The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatmentof high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 157: 2513-2446
67. Guidelines Subcommittee, 1999 World Health OrganizationInternational Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. J Hypertens 17: 141-183
68. Second Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on Coronary Prevention (1998) Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Eur Heart J 19: 1434-1503
69. International Task Force for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease (1998): Coronary heart disease: reducing the risk. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 8: 205-271