Laser conization in the management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix

Journal of Gynecologic Surgery

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 1-23

  Andersen, Erik Søgaard ^a  

^a AALBORG UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER STAGING; COLPOSCOPY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DYSPLASIA; ELECTROSURGERY; EXCISION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INVASIVE CARCINOMA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PREMATURE LABOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; UTERINE CERVIX CARCINOMA IN SITU;

EID: 0034098426     PISSN: 10424067     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/gyn.2000.16.1     Document Type: Review

References (190)

1. Papanicolaou GN, Traut HF. The diagnostic value of vaginal smears in carcinoma of the uterus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1941;42:193.
2. Stoddard LD. Problem of carcinoma in situ. In: McManus JFA, ed. Progress in fundamental medicine. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1952:203.
3. Younge PA, Hertig AT, Armstrong D. A study of 135 cases of carcinoma in situ of the cervix at the Free Hospital for Women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1949;58:867.
4. Petersen O, Wiklund E. Further studies on the spontaneous course of cervical precancerous conditions. Acta Radiol Scand 1959;188:210.
5. Richart RM, Barron BA. A follow-up study of patients with cervical dysplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969;105:386.
6. Richarl RM. Natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1968; 10:748.
7. Enterline HT, Arvan DA, Davis PE. The predictability of residual carcinoma in situ from study of cervical cones. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1963;85:940.
8. Sturmdorf A. Traceloplastic methods and results: A clinical study based upon the physiology of the mesometrium. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1916;22:93.
9. Wright VC, Riopelle MA. Laser physics for surgeons. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1984;(Suppl 125):5.
10. Patel CKN. High-power carbon dioxide lasers. Sci Am 1968;219:23.
11. Hall RR, Hill DW, Beach AD. A carbon dioxide surgical laser. Ann Roy Coll Surg Engl 1971;48:181.
12. Toaff R. The carbon dioxide laser in gynecological surgery. In: Kaplan I, ed. Laser surgery I-II. Jerusalem: Acad Press, 1976:129.
13. Larsson G. Conization for preclinical cervical carcinoma. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1983;(suppl 114):6.
14. Dorsey JH, Diggs ES. Microsurgical conization of the cervix by carbon dioxide laser. Obstet Gynecol 1979;54:565.
15. 2 laser: A non-destructive method. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1980;(Suppl 93):92.
16. Wright VC, Davies E, Riopelle A. Laser cylindrical excision to replace conization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 150:704.
17. Baggish MS, Dorsey JH. Carbon dioxide laser for combination excisional-vaporization conization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;151:23.
18. Bekassy Z. Laser miniconization procedure. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1996;55:237.
19. Patten SF. Diagnostic cytology of the uterine cervix. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1969.
20. Stafl A, Mattingly RF. Colposcopic diagnosis of cervical neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 1973;41:168.
21. Kirkup W, Singer A, Hill AS. The accuracy of colposcopically directed biopsy in patients with suspected intraepithelial neoplasia of the cervix. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1980;87:1.
22. Sevin B-U, Ford JH, Girtanner RD, et al. Invasive cancer of the cervix after cryosurgery. Obstet Gynecol 1979;53:465.
23. Jordan JA, Woodman CB, Mylotte MJ, et al. The treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by laser vaporization Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985;92:394.
24. Benedet JL, Anderson GH, Boyes DA. Colposcopic accuracy in the diagnosis of microinvasive and occult invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol 1985;65:557.
25. 2 laser cylinder vaporization of cervical intraepithelial disease in 1234 patients: An analysis of failures. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986;93:75.
26. Pearson SE, Whittaker J, Ireland D, Monaghan JM. Invasive cancer after laser treatment. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989;96:486.
27. McIndoe GAJ, Robson MS, Tidy JA, Mason WP, Anderson MC. Laser excision rather than vaporization: The treatment of choice for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 1989;74:165.
28. Ortiz R, Newton M, Langhois PL. Colposcopic biopsy in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol 1969;34:303.
29. Chao S, McCaffrey RM, Todd WD, Moore JG. Conization in the management of cervical neoplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969;103:574.
30. Krumholz BA, Knapp RC. Colposcopic selection of biopsy sites. Obstet Gynecol 1972;39:22.
31. Choo YC, Chan OLY, Hsu C, Ma HK. Colposcopy in microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix: An enigma of diagnosis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1984;91:1156.
32. Lopez A, Pearson SE, Mor-Yosef S, Ireland D, Monaghan JM. Is it time for reconsideration of the criteria for cone biopsy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989;96:1345.
33. Skehan M, Soutter WP, Lim K, Krausz T, Pryse-Davies J. The reliability of colposcopy and directed biopsy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990;97:811.
34. Gunasakera PC, Phipps JH, Lewis BV. Large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) compared to carbon dioxide laser in the treatment of CIN: A superior mode of treatment. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990;97:995.
35. Sellors JW, Nieminen P, Vesterinen F, Paavonen J. Observer variability in the scoring of colpophotographs. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76:1006.
36. Chappatte OA, Byrne DL, Raju KS, Nayagam M, Kenney A. Histological differences between colposcopic-directed biopsy and loop excision of the transformation zone (LETZ): A cause for concern. Gynecol Oncol 1991;43:46.
37. Howe DT, Vicenti AC. Is large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) more accurate than colposcopically directed punch biopsy in the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991;98:588.
38. McCord ML, Stov TG, Summitt RL, Ling FW. Discrepancy of cervical cytology and Colposcopic biopsy: Is cer-vical conization necessary? Obstet Gynecol 1991;77:715.
39. Buxton EJ, Luesley DM, Shafi MI, Rollason M. Colposcopically directed punch biopsy: A potentially misleading investigation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991;98:1273.
40. Matseoane S, Williams SB, Navarro C, Hedriana H, Musharyandebvu T. Diagnostic value of conization of the uterine cervix in the management of cervical neoplasia: A review of 756 consecutive patients. Gynecol Oncol 1992;47:287.
41. Bonadi R, Cecchini S, Grazzini G, Ciatto S. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure of the transformation zone and colposcopically directed punch biopsy in the diagnosis of cervical lesions. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:1020.
42. Burger MPM, Hollema H. The reliability of the histologic diagnosis in colposcopically directed biopsies: A plea for LLETZ. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1993;3:385.
43. Kierkegaard O, Byrjalsen C, Frandsen KH, Hansen KC, Frydenberg M. Diagnostic accuracy of cytology and colposcopy in cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1994;73:648.
44. Hopman EH, Voorhorst FJ, Kenemans P, Meyer CJ, Heimerhorst TJ. Observer agreement on interpreting colposcopic images of CIN. Gynecol Oncol 1995;58:206.
45. Matsuura Y, Kawagoe T, Toki N, Sugihara K, Kashimura M. Early cervical neoplasia confirmed by conization: Diagnostic accuracy of cytology, colposcopy and punch biopsy. Acta Cytol 1996;40:241.
46. Massad LS, Halperin CJ, Bitterman P. Correlation between colposcopically directed biopsy and cervical loop excision. Gynecol Oncol 1996;60:400.
47. Ang MS, Kaufman RH, Adam E, et al. Colposcopically directed biopsy and loop excision of the transformation zone: Comparison of histologic findings. J Reprod Med 1995;40:167.
48. Wilcox F, deSomer ML, Roy JV. Classification of cervical smears with discordance between the cytologic and/or histologic ratings. Acta Cytol 1987;31:883.
49. Klinkhammer PJJM, Vooijs GP, deHaan AFJ. Intraobserver and interobserver variability in the diagnosis of epithelial abnormalities in cervical smears. Acta Cytol 1988;32:794.
50. Chakrabati S, Guijon FB, Paraskevas M. Brush versus spatula for cervical smears: Histologic correlation with concurrent biopsies. Acta Cytol 1994;38:315.
51. O'Sullivan JP, Ismail SM, Barnes WSP. Interobserver variation in the diagnosis and grading of dyskaryosis in cervical smears: Specialist cytopathologist compared with non-specialists. J Clin Pathol 1994;47:515.
52. Soutter WP, Wisdom S, Brough AK, Monaghan JM. Should patients with mild atypia in a cervical smear be referred for colposcopy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986;93:70.
53. Reid R, Greenberg MD, Lorrinz A, et al. Should cervical cytologic testing be augmented by cervicography or human papilloma virus deoxyribonucleic acid detection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:1461.
54. Tabbara S, Saleh ADM, Andersen WA, Barber SR, Taylor PT, Crum CP. The Bethesda classification for squamous intraepithelial lesions: Histologic, cytologic and viral correlates. Obstet Gynecol 1992;79:338.
55. Ramirez EJ, Hernandez E, COL Kumio M. Cervical conization findings in women with dysplastic cervical cytology and normal colposcopy. J Reprod Med 1992;4:359.
56. Gulotta G, Margariti PA, Rabitti C, et al. Cytology, histology and colposcopy in the diagnosis of neoplastic noninvasive epithelial lesions of the cervix. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1997;XVIII,1:36.
57. Risberg B, Andersson A, Lie K, Nordin B, Zetterberg C. Histology corresponding to mildly dyskaryotic smears: A study of 190 laser cone biopsied patients. Gynecol Oncol 1998;68:193.
58. Heatley MK, Bury JP. The correlation between grade of dyskaryosis on cervical smear, grade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) on punch biopsy and the final histologic diagnosis on cone biopsies of the cervix. Cytoparhology 1998;9:93.
59. Melamed MR, Flehinger BJ. Re-evaluation of quality assurance in the cytology laboratory. Acta Cytol 1992;36:461.
60. Koss LG. Cervical Pap smear: New directions. Cancer 1993;71:1406.
61. Ismail SM, Colclough AB, Dinnen JS, et al. Observer variation in histo-pathological diagnosis and grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Br Med J 1989;298:707.
62. Robertson AJ, Anderson JM, Swanson Beck J, et al. Observer variability in histopathological reporting of cervical biopsy specimens. J Clin Pathol 1989;42:231.
63. Burghardt E. Colposcopy, cervical pathology: textbook and atlas. New York: Thieme Stratton, 1984:36.
64. Killackey MA, Jones WB, Lewis JL Jr. Diagnostic conization of the cervix: Review of 460 consecutive cases. Obstet Gynecol 1986;67:766.
65. Bekassy Z. Long-term follow-up of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia treated with minimal conization by carbon dioxide laser. Lasers Surg Med 1997;20:461.
66. Andersen ES, Nielsen K, Pedersen B. The reliability of preconization diagnostic evaluation in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and microinvasive carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 1995;59:143.
67. Barasso R, Coupez F, Ionesco M, De Brux J. Human papilloma virus and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: The role of colposcopy. Gynecol Oncol 1987;27:197.
68. Saito K, Saito A, Fu YS, Smotkin D, Gupta J, Shah K. Topographic study of cervical condyloma and intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer 1987;59:2064.
69. Luesley DM, Wade-Ewans T, Jordan JA, Woodman CBJ. Negative cone biopsies of colposcopy and their prediction. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987;94:895.
70. Howell R, Hammond R, Pryse-Davies J. The histologic reliability of laser cone biopsy of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol 1991;77:905.
71. Grundsell H, Alm P, Larsson G. Cure rates after laser conization for early cervical neoplasia. Ann Chirurg Gynaecol 1983;72:218.
72. Baggish MS. A comparison between laser excisional conization and laser vaporization for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;155:39.
73. Bostofte E, Berget A, Larsen JF, Pedersen PH, Rank F. Conization by carbon dioxide laser or cold-knife in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1986;65:199.
74. Partinglon CK, Soutter WP, Turner MJ, et al. Laser excisional biopsy under local anesthesia: An outpatient technique. J Obstet Gynaecol 1987;8:48.
75. 2 laser. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:60.
76. Partinglon CK, Turner MJ, Soutter WP, Griffiths MS, Krautz T. Laser vaporization versus laser conization in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 1989;73:775.
77. Kristensen GB, Jensen LK, Hoelund B. A randomized trial comparing two methods of cold knife conization with laser conization. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76:1009.
78. Tabor A, Berget A. Cold knife and laser conization for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76:633.
79. Delmore J, Horbelt DV, Kallail KJ. Cervical conization: Cold knife and laser excision in residency training. Obstet Gynecol 1992;79:1016.
80. Vergote I, Makar AP, Kjoerstad KE. Laser excision of the transformation zone as treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with satisfactory colposcopy. Gynecol Oncol 1992;44:235.
81. Oyesamya OA, Amerasinghe CN, Manney EAD. Outpatient excisional management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:485.
82. Mahadevan N, Horwell DH. The value of cytology and colposcopy in the follow-up of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia after treatment by laser excision. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993;100:563.
83. Lopez A, Morgan P, Murdoch J, Piura B, Monaghan JM. The case for conservative management of incomplete excision of CIN after laser conization. Gynecol Oncol 1993;49:247.
84. 2 laser excisional conization for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia under local anesthesia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993;72:302.
85. 2 laser and electrosurgical loop conization in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Gynecol Surg 1994;10:229.
86. Skjeldestad FE, Hagen B, Lie AK, Isaksen C. Residual and recurrent disease after laser conization for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 1997;90:428.
87. 2-laser conization for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade II-III: Complications and efficacy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1998;77:558.
88. Bertelsen B, Tande T, Sandvei R, Hartveit F. Laser conization of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3: Free resection margins indicative of lesion-free survival. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1999;78:54.
89. Indman PD, Arndt BC. Laser treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in office setting. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;152:674.
90. Burghardt E, Holzer E. Treatment of carcinoma in situ: Evaluation of 1609 patients. Obstet Gynecol 1980;55:539.
91. Fidler HK, Boyes DA, Lock DR. Intraepithelial carcinoma of the cervix: 214 cases with emphasis on investigation by cytology and cone biopsy. Can Med Assoc J 1957;77:79.
92. Moore JG, Morton DG, Applegate JW. Management of early carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1961;1175.
93. Schulman H, Cavanagh D. Intraepithelial carcinoma of the cervix: The predictability of residual carcinoma of the uterus from microscopic study of the margins of the cone biopsy specimens. Cancer 1961;14:796.
94. Schiffer MA, Green HJ, Pomerance W, Moltz A. Cervical conization for diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma in situ. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1965;93:889.
95. Ahlgren M, Ingemarsson I, Lundberg LG, Nordquist SRB. Conizations treatment of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. Obstet Gynecol 1975;46:135.
96. Kolstad P, Klem V. Long-term follow-up of 1121 cases of carcinoma in situ. Obstet Gynecol 1976;48:125.
97. Ostergard DR. Prediction of clearance of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by conization. Obstet Gynecol 1980;55:539.
98. Holdt DG, Jacobs AJ, Scott JC Jr, Adam GM. Diagnostic significance and sequelae of cone biopsy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;143:312.
99. Benedet JL, Anderson GH, Simpson ML, Shaw D. Colposcopy, conization and hysterectomy practices: A current perspective. Obstet Gynecol 1982;60:539.
100. Lubicz S, Ezeweche C, Allen A, Schiffer M. Significance of cone biopsy margins in the maangement of patients with cervical neoplasia. J Reprod Med 1984;29:179.
101. Abdul-Karim FW, Nunez C. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia after conization: A study of 522 consecutive cases. Obstet Gynecol 1985;65:77.
102. Buxton EJ, Luesley DM, Wade-Evans T, Jordan JA. Residual disease after cone biopsy: Completeness of excision and follow-up cytology as predictive factors. Obstet Gynecol 1987;70:529.
103. Husseinzadeh N, Subaro I, Wesseler T. Predictive value of cone margins and post-cone endocervical curettage with residual disease in subsequent hysterectomy. Gynecol Oncol 1989;33:198.
104. White CD, Cooper WL, Williams RR. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia extending to the margins of resection in conization of the cervix. J Reprod Med 1991;36:635.
105. Paterson-Brown S, Chappatte OA, Clark SK, et al. The significance of cone biopsy resection margin. Gynecol Oncol 1992;46:182.
106. Vedel P, Jacobsen H, Kryger-Baggesen N, Rank F, Boestofte E. Five-year follow-up of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in the cone margins after conization. Eur J Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Biol 1993;50:71.
107. Lapaquette TK, Dinh TV, Hannigan EV, Doherty MG, Yandlle RB, Vuchanan VS. Management of patients with positive margins after cervical conization. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:440.
108. Paraskevaidis E, Kitchener H, Adonakis G, Parkin D, Lolis D. Incomplete excision of CIN in conization: Further excision or conservative management. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1994;53:45.
109. Phelps JY III, Ward JA, Szigeti J II, Boland CH, Mayer AR. Cervical cone margins as a predictor for residual dysplasia in post-cone hysterectomy specimens. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:128.
110. Watson AJ, Tuffnell DJ, Lowe JW, Rand RJ, Wilkinson K. The incomplete cone biopsy: A comparison of conservative and surgical management. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1993;51:119.
111. Chang DY, Cheng WF, Torng PL, Chen RJ, Huang SC. Prediction of residual neoplasia based on histopathology and margin status of conization specimens. Gynecol Oncol 1996;63:53.
112. Monk A, Pushkin SF, Nelson AL, Gunning JE. Conservative management of options for patients with dysplasia involving endocervical margin of cervical cone biopsy specimens. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:1695.
113. Spann CO, Brown T, Kennedy JE, Wheeles JR. The value of endocervical curettage at time of cervical cone biopsy. J Natl Med Assoc 1993;85:117.
114. Vierhout ME, dePlanque PM. Concommitant endocervical curettage and cervical conization. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1991;70:359.
115. Frauchiger WL, DeFrias DVS, Cajulis RS, Yu GH. The immediate postconization endocervical smear: Evaluation of its utility in the detection of residual dysplasia. Acta Cytol 1998;42:1139.
116. Andersen ES, Pedersen B, Nielsen K. Laser conization: The results of treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol 1994;54:201.
117. Andersen ES, Nielsen K, Larsen G. Laser conization: Follow-up in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in the cone margin. Gynecol Oncol 1990;39:328.
118. Trimbos JB, Arcutz NPW. The efficiency of the Cytobmsh versus the cotton swab in the collection of endocervical cells in cervical smears. Acta Cytol 1986;30:261.
119. Boon ME, Alous-van Kordelaar JJM, Rietveld-Scheffers PEM. Consequence of the introduction of combined spatula and cytobrush sampling for cervical cytology. Acta Cytol 1986;30:264.
120. Weitzman GA, Korhonen MO, Reeves KO, et al. Endocervical brush cytology: An alternative to endocervical curettage. J Reprod Med 1988;33:677.
121. Andersen W, Frierson H, Barber S, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of endocervical curettege and the endocervical brush for evaluation of the endocervical canal. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;159:702.
122. Frost L. Cytobrush in evaluation of cervical dysplasia: Is cervical curettage necessary. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1990;69:645.
123. Mogensen ST, Bak M, Dueholm M, et al. Cytobrush and endocervical curettage in the diagnosis of dysplasia and malignancy of the uterine cervix. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997;76:69.
124. Urbaniak KJ, Widjaja A. Endocervical cell retrieval following excisional treatment of CIN: A comparison study between large loop excision of the transformation zone and laser cone excision. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996;75:63.
125. Murata PJ, Johnson RA, McNicolle K. Controlled evaluation of implementing the cytobrush technique to improve Papanicolaou smear quality. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:690.
126. Boon ME, deGraff Gulloud JC, Rietveld WJ. Analysis of five sampling methods for the preparation of cervical smears. Acta Cytol 1989;33:843.
127. Mestwerdt D. Die Frühdiagnose des Kollumkarzinoms. Zentralbl Gynäkol 1947;69:198.
128. Ruch RM. Microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix: A confusing dilemma. South Med J 1970;63:1123.
129. Seski JC, Abell MS, Morley GW. Microinvasive squamous carcinoma of the cervix: Definition, histologic analysis and late results of treatment. Obstet Gynecol 1977;50:410.
130. Petterson F. Annual report on results of treatment in carcinoma of the uterus, vagina, vulva, ovary and trophoblastic disease. Vol. 20. Stockholm, 1988.
131. Creasman T. New gynecologic cancer staging. Gynecol Oncol 1995;58:197.
132. Lohe KJ. Early squamous cell carcinoma: III. Frequency of lymph node metastasis. Gynecol Oncol 1978;6:51.
133. Östör AG. The contemporary challenge of early squamous carcinoma of the cervix: Clinicomorphologic study [MD thesis]. Melbourne: University of Melbourne, 1989.
134. Sevin B-U, Nadji M, Averette HE, Hilsenbeck S, Smith D, Lampe B. Microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix. Cancer 1992;70:2121.
135. Buckley SL, van Lee S, Higgins R, et al. Lymph node metastases and prognosis in patients with Stage IA2 cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1996;63:4.
136. Maiman M, Fruchter R, Di Maio T, Bruce JG. Superficially invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol 1988;72:399.
137. Hasumi K, Sakamoto A, Sugano H. Microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Cancer 1980;45:928.
138. Van Nagell JR Jr, Greenwell N, Powell DF, Donaldson ES Hanson GB, Gay EC. Microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;145:981.
139. Burghardt E, Östör AG, Fox H. The new FIGO definition of cervical cancer Stage IA: A critique. Gynecol Oncol 1997;65:1.
140. Morgan PR, Anderson MC, Buckley CH, et al. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix study: Preliminary results. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993;100:664.
141. Östör AG, Rome RM, Microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: A clinicopathologic study of 200 cases with long-term follow-up. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1994;4:257.
142. Sedlis A, Sall S, Tsukoda Y, et al. Microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix: A clinicopathologic study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979;133:64.
143. Creasman WT, Fetter BF, Clarke-Pearson DL, Kaufman L, Parker RT. Management of Stage IA carcinoma of the cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;153:164.
144. Tsukamoto N, Kaku T, Matsukuma K, et al. The problem of Stage IA (FIGO 1985) carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 1989;34:1.
145. Sevin B-U. Management of microinvasive cervical cancers. Semin Gynecol Surg Oncol 1999;16:228.
146. Copeland LJ. Microinvasive cervical cancer: The problem of studying a disease with an excellent prognosis. Gynecol Oncol 1996;63:1.
147. Andersen ES, Husth M, Joergensen A, Nielsen K. Laser conization for microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix: Short-term results. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1993;3:183.
148. Andersen ES, Nielsen K, Pedersen B. Combination laser conization as treatment of microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1998;19:352.
149. Boyd JR. A study of eighty cases of cone biopsy of the cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1958;75:983.
150. Hester LL, Read RA. An evaluation of cervical conization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1960;80:715.
151. Byrne D, Sikes AN, Neale B. A review of cone biopsies. Aust NZ Obstet Gynaecol 1960;6:50.
152. Villasanta U, Durkan JP. Indications and complications of cold knife conization of the cervix: Observations on 200 consecutive cases. Obstet Gynecol 1966;27:717.
153. Claman AD, Lee N. Factors that relate to complications of cone biopsy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1974;120:124.
154. Berkins M, Daly JW. Cone biopsy: An outpatient procedure. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980;137:953.
155. Jones HW III, Buller RE. The treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by cone biopsy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980;137:882.
156. Larsson G. Conization for dysplasia and carcinoma in situ: Long-term follow-up of 1013 patients. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1981;70:79.
157. Larsson G, Alm P, Grundsell H. Laser conization versus cold knife conization. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1982;154:59.
158. Larsson G, Gullberg B, Grundsell H. A comparison of complications of laser and cold knife conization. Obstet Gynecol 1983;62:213.
159. Methevet P, Dargent D, Roy M, Beau G. A randomized prospective study comparing three techniques of conization: Cold knife, laser and LEEP. Gynecol Oncol 1994;54:175.
160. Baldauf J-J, Dreyfus M, Ritter J, Meyer P, Phillipe E. Risk of cervical stenosis after large loop excision or laser conization. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88:933.
161. Kilkku P, Grönroos M, Punnonen R. Sexual function after conization. Gynecol Oncol 1982;14:209.
162. McDonald TW, Neutens JJ, Fischer LM, Jessee D. Impact of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia diagnosis and treatment on self-esteem and body image. Gynecol Oncol 1989;34:345.
163. Andersen ES, Pedersen B. Combination laser conization: Early and late complications. J Gynecol Surg 1997;13:51.
164. Andersen BL, van der Does J. Surviving gynecologic cancer and coping with sexual morbidity: An international problem. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1994;4:225.
165. Miller NF, Todd OE. Conization of the cervix. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1938;67:265.
166. Larsson G, Grundsell H, Gullberg B, Svennerud S. Outcome of pregnancy after conization. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1982;61:461.
167. Jones JM, Sweltnam P, Hibbard BM. The outcome of pregnancy after cone biopsy of the cervix: A case-control study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1979;86:913.
168. Weber T, Obel EB. Pregnancy complications following conization of the cervix (II). Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1979;58:347.
169. Rush RW, Keirse MJ, Howat P, et al. Contribution of preterm delivery to perinatal mortality. Br Med J 1976;2:965.
170. Overpeck MD, Hofman HJ, Prager K. The lowest birth weight infants and the US infant mortality rate: NCHS 1983 linked birth/infant death. Am J Public Health 1992;82:441.
171. Adams B, Neumann V. Small for gestational age: Maternal predictors and comparison with risk factors of spontaneous preterm delivery in the same cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;164:785.
172. Wisborg K, Henriksen TB, Hedegaard M, Secher NJ. Smoking during pregnancy and preterm birth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996;103:800.
173. 2 laser conization. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993;100:717.
174. Spitzer M, Herman J, Krumholz BA, Lesser M. The fertility of women after cervical laser surgery. Obstet Gynecol 1995;86:504.
175. Bekassy Z, Iosef CS. Laser "miniconization" and the outcome of subsequent pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1996;258:75.
176. Forsmo S, Hansen MH, Jacobsen BK, Öian P. Pregnancy outcome after laser surgery for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996;75:139.
177. Raio L, Ghezzi F, DiNaro E, Gomez R, Lüscher KP. Duration of pregnancy after carbon dioxide laser conization of the cervix: Influence of cone height. Obstet Gynecol 1997;90:978.
178. El-Bastawissi AY, Becker TM, Darling JR. Effect of cervical carcinoma in situ and its management on pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93:207.
179. Kristensen J, Langhoff-Roos J, Kristensen FB. Increased risk of preterm birth in women with cervical conization. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:1005.
180. Andersen ES, Pedersen B, Boris J. Pregnancy outcome after combination laser conization: A case-control study. J Gynecol Surg 1999;15:7.
181. Kristensen J, Langhoff-Roos J, Wittrup M, Bock JE. Cervical conization and preterm delivery/low birth weight: A systematic review of the literature. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993;72:640.
182. Svare JA, Andersen LF, Langhoff-Roos J, et al. The relationship between prior cervical conization, cervical microbial colonization and preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1992;47:41.
183. Gomez R, Ghezzi F, Romero R, Munoz H, Tolza JE, Rojas I. Premature labor and intra-amniotic infection: Clinical aspects and role of cytokines in diagnosis and pathophysiology. Clin Perinatol 1995;22:281.
184. Leppert PC. Anatomy and physiology of cervical ripening. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1995;38:267.
185. Messing MJ, Otken L, King LA, Gallup DG. Large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ): A pathologie evaluation. Gynecol Oncol 1994;52:207.
186. Eddy GL, Spiegel GW, Creasman WT. Adverse effect of electrosurgical loop excision on assignment of FIGO Stage in cervical cancer: Report of two cases. Gynecol Oncol 1994;55:313.
187. Robinson WR, Tirpack JS. The predictive value of LEEP specimens with involved margins for residual dysplasia. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1996;6:140.
188. Dairymple C, Russell P. Thermal artefact after diathermy loop excision and laser cone biopsy. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1999;9:238.
189. Tseng CJ, Liang CC, Lin CT, et al. A study of diagnostic failure of loop conization in microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 1999;73:91.
190. Wright TC Jr, Richart RM. Pathogenesis and diagnosis of preinvasive lesions of the lower genital tract. In: Hoskins WJ, Perez CA, Young RC, eds. Principles and practice of gynecologic oncology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997:675.