The nephropathies of HIV infection: Pathogenesis and treatment

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 117-122

  Kimmel, Paul L ^a,b  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CYCLOSPORIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; GLUCOCORTICOID;

DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE COMPLEX NEPHRITIS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A NEPHROPATHY; KIDNEY BIOPSY; KIDNEY DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

AIDS-ASSOCIATED NEPHROPATHY; CHRONIC DISEASE; HUMANS; IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES; KIDNEY; KIDNEY FAILURE, ACUTE;

EID: 0034094827     PISSN: 10624821     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00041552-200003000-00004     Document Type: Review

References (34)

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2. 2 Williams DI, Williams DJ, Williams IG, Unwin RJ, Griffiths MH, Miller RF. Presentation, pathology and outcome of HIV associated renal disease in a specialist centre for HIV/AIDS. Sex Transm Infect 1998; 74:179-184. All cases of HIVAN were seen in patients of African descent, whereas various forms of glomerulonephritis were seen in a broader spectrum of the population. This paper reflects the European experience.
3. 3 Klotman PE. HIV-associated nephropathy. Kidney Int 1999; 56:1161-1176. A part of the Nephrology Forum series, this case-based discussion reviews the clinical course of HIV-associated nephropathy, biopsy findings in HIV-associated nephropathy and in HIV-infected patients with renal disease, current notions of pathogenesis, and new treatments for the disease.
4. 4 Peraldi MN, Maslo C, Akposso K, Mougenot B, Rondeau E, Sraer J-D. Acute renal failure in the course of HIV infection: a single-institution retrospective study of ninety-two patients and sixty renal biopsies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14:1578-1585. An interesting, recent study of acute renal failure from Europe emphasizes the disparate presentations, and that patients may present to the hospital with a new diagnosis of renal insufficiency. Perhaps because of the entry criteria, a high incidence of thrombotic microangiopathy and HIVAN was noted in this study.
5. 5 Rao TKS. Acute renal failure in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Semin Nephrol 1998; 18:378-395. An overview of the causes of acute renal failure in patients with HIV infection, delineating those encountered in ill populations of patients, and those more specific to patients with HIV infection. The review suggests that outcomes are improving, but the stage of the HIV infection often determines the outcome of the acute illness.
6. 6 Kopp JB, Miller KD, Mican JA, Feuerstein IM, Vaughan E, Baker C, et al. Crystalluria and urinary tract abnormalities associated with indinavir. Ann Intern Med 1997; 128:118-125.
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8. 8 Hanabusa H, Tagami H, Hataya H. Renal atrophy associated with long-term treatment with indinavir. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:392-393.
9. 9 Jayasekara D, Aweeka FT, Rodriguez R, Kalayjian RC, Humphreys MH, Gambertoglio JG. Antiviral therapy for HIV patients with renal insufficiency. J Acquired Immune Defic Syndr 1999; 21:384-395. Recommendations are given for dosage adjustments of the various drugs used to treat patients with HIV infection with renal insufficiency according to pharmacokinetic principles. In addition, the effects of dialysis on the removal of such drugs is reviewed.
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11. 11 Eitner F, Cui Y, Hudkins KL, Schmidt A, Birkebak T, Agy MB, et al. Thrombotic microangiopathy in the HIV-2 infected macaque. Am J Pathol 1999; 155:649-661. Six out of 27 HIV-2-infected macaques developed signs of thrombotic microangiopathic renal disease (including mesangiolysis and glomerular capillary thrombi), suggesting that the renal disease was a direct result of the viral infection.
12. 12 Mitra D, Jaffe EA, Weksler B, Hajjar KA, Soderland C, Laurence J. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and sporadic hemolytic uremic syndrome plasmas induce apoptosis in restricted lineages of human microvascular endothelial cells. Blood 1997; 89:1224-1234.
13. 13 Mitra D, Kim J, MacLow C, Karsan A, Laurence J. Role of caspases 1 and 3 and Bcl-2-related molecules in endothelial cell apoptosis associated with thrombotic microangiopathies. Am J Hematol 1998; 59:279-287.
14. 14 Conaldi PG, Biancone L, Botelli A, Wade-Evans A, Racusen LC, Boccellino M, et al. HIV-1 kills renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro by triggering an apoptotic pathway involving caspase action and Fas upregulation. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:2041-2049. An important paper demonstrating the toxicity of HIV infection and bolstering data, suggesting that apoptosis is an important pathway mediating disease pathogenesis.
15. 15 Gadallah MF, el-Shahawy MA, Campese VM, Todd JR, King JW. Disparate prognosis of thrombotic microangiopathy in HIV-infected patients with and without AIDS. Am J Nephrol 1996; 16:446-450.
16. 16 Briggs WA, Tanawattanacharoen S, Choi MJ, Scheel PJ Jr, Nasdasdy T, Racusen L. Clinicopathologic correlates of prednisone treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28:618-621.
17. 17 Kimmel PL. Renal diseases in patients with HIV infection: a spectrum of outcomes in search of understanding. AIDS Reader 1999; 9(1):25-27.
18. 18 Stokes MB, Chawla H, Brody RI, Kumar A, Gertner R, Goldfarb DS, Gallo G. Immune complex glomerulonephritis in patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis C virus. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 29:514-525.
19. 19 Cohen AH. HIV-associated nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13:540-542. A review of the clinical and pathological aspects of HIV-associated nephropathy. Pathogenic mechanisms are considered.
20. 20 D'Agati V, Appel GB. Renal pathology of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Semin Nephrol 1998; 18:378-395. A state-of-the-art review of the pathological kidney findings in patients with HIV infection, focussing on HIV-associated nephropathy. The study also includes a review of the biopsy series of HIV-infected patients evaluated at the Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital in New York City.
21. 21 Bruggeman LA, Dikman S, Meng C, Quaggin SE, Coffman TM, Klotman PE. Nephropathy in human immunodeficiency virus-1 transgenic mice is due to renal transgene expression. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:84-92.
22. 22 Freedman BI, Soucie JM, Stone SM, Pegram S. Familial clustering of end-stage renal disease in blacks with HIV-associated nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 34:254-258. A flaw in this study is that biopsies were not obtained in the index patients.
23. 23 Langhoff E, Ahsan N. Immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus. Semin Nephrol 1998; 18:422-435.
24. 24 Segerer S, Mack M, Regele H, Kerjaschki D, Schlondorff D. Expression of the CC chemokine receptor 5 in human kidney diseases. Kidney Int 1999; 56:52-64 See [25••].
25. 25 Eitner F, Cui Y, Hudkins KL, Anderson DM, Schmidt A, Morion WR, Alpers CE. Chemokine receptor (CCR5) expression in human kidneys and in the HIV infected macaque. Kidney Int 1998; 54:1945-1954. These two studies did not show the expression of chemokine receptor CCR5 in the renal cells of patients with and without renal disease.
26. 26 Eitner F, Cui Y, Hudkins KL, Stokes MB, Segerer S, Mack M. et al. Chemokine receptor CCR5 and CXCR4 expression and HIV-1 detection in HIV-associated kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; (in press).
27. 27 Liu HX, Hadley TJ, Xu L, Peiper SC, Ray PE. Up-regulation of Duffy antigen receptor expression in children with renal disease. Kidney Int 1999; 55:1491-1500.
28. 28 Ray PE, Liu HX, Henry D, Dye L III, Xu L, Orenstein JM, Schutzbank TE. infection of primary renal epithelial cells with HIV-1 from children with HIV-associated nephropathy. Kidney Int 1998; 53:1217-1229. An interesting study that suggests that renal epithelial cells from patients with HIV-associated renal disease can be infected with HIV. The meaning of the finding is unclear; is this a change caused by infection or does it represent a set of genetic or other susceptibilities?
29. 29 Kimmel PL, Bosch JP, Vassalotti JA. Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 1998; 18:446-458. A review of the treatments available for HIV-infected patients with various kidney diseases. The paper critiques studies of glucocorticoid and ACEI therapies in patients with HIV-associated nephropathy, and reviews outcomes and treatment options of HIV-infected patients with end-stage renal disease.
30. 30 Bird JE, Durham SK, Giancarli MR, Gitlitz PH, Pandya DG, Dambach DM, et al. Captopril prevents nephropathy in HIV-transgenic mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9:1441-1447. An important paper showing, in a transgenic murine model of HIVAN, that treatment with captopril decreases azotemia, proteinuria and histological measures of nephropathy, validating uncontrolled human studies of ACEI in patients with HIVAN.
31. 31 Bodi I, Kimmel PL, Abraham AA, Svetky LP, Klotman PE, Kopp JB. Renal TGF-β in HIV-associated kidney diseases. Kidney Int 1997; 51:1568-1577.
32. 32 Yamamoto T, Noble NA, Miller DE, Gold LI, Hishida A, Nagase M, et al. Increased levels of transforming growth factor-beta in HIV-associated nephropathy. Kidney Int 1999; 55:579-592. This study confirmed the findings of Ref. 31 regarding the increased expression of TGF-β RNA and protein in HIVAN, and demonstrated the effect of a viral protein to increase the expression of TGF-β in vitro by human mesangial cells.
33. 33 Wali RK, Drachenberg CI, Papadimitriou JC, Keay S, Ratnos E. HIV-1-associated nephropathy and response to highly-active antiretroviral therapy. Lancet 1998; 352:783-784. An important case study demonstrating the dramatic improvement of the characteristics of renal disease in a patient with biopsy proved HIVAN, treated with stavudine, lamivudine and nelfinavir.
34. 34 Laradi A, Mallet A, Beaufil H, Allouache M, Martinez F. HIV-associated nephropathy: outcome and prognosis factors. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9:2327-2335. In a large study of patients with HIV-associated nephropathy determined by biopsy, low CD4 cell count and antiretroviral therapy initiated before the onset of renal disease were associated with poor prognosis, whereas better renal outcomes were associated with steroid therapy, lower levels of urinary protein excretion and less severe anemia.