메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 11, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 593-599

Cardiac pacing in the long QT syndrome: Review of available data and practical recommendations

Author keywords

Cardiac pacing; Long QT syndrome; Pacemakers; Torsades de pointes; Ventricular tachycardia

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALGORITHM; BRADYCARDIA; CASE REPORT; CAUSE OF DEATH; DEFIBRILLATOR; FEMALE; GENOTYPE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART PACING; HEART RATE; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; LONG QT SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPOLARIZATION; REVIEW; SCHOOL CHILD; TORSADE DES POINTES;

EID: 0034084919     PISSN: 10453873     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2000.tb00015.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (108)

References (62)
  • 2
    • 0025950510 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of permanent pacing in the management of high-risk patients with long QT syndrome
    • 2. Moss AJ, Liu JE, Gottlieb S, Locati EH, Schwartz PJ, Robinson JL: Efficacy of permanent pacing in the management of high-risk patients with long QT syndrome. Circulation 1991;84:1524-1529.
    • (1991) Circulation , vol.84 , pp. 1524-1529
    • Moss, A.J.1    Liu, J.E.2    Gottlieb, S.3    Locati, E.H.4    Schwartz, P.J.5    Robinson, J.L.6
  • 4
    • 4243291866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term follow-up of patients with the idiopathic long QT syndrome treated with combined beta-blockers and chronic pacing
    • 4. Dorostkar PC, Eldar M, Belhassen B, Viskin S, Scheinman MM, Lee RJ: Long-term follow-up of patients with the idiopathic long QT syndrome treated with combined beta-blockers and chronic pacing. (Abstract) Circulation 1997;96(Suppl I):I-1172.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , Issue.SUPPL. I
    • Dorostkar, P.C.1    Eldar, M.2    Belhassen, B.3    Viskin, S.4    Scheinman, M.M.5    Lee, R.J.6
  • 5
    • 0033530381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The long QT syndromes and torsade de pointes
    • 5. Viskin S: The long QT syndromes and torsade de pointes. Lancet 1999;354:1625-1633.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , pp. 1625-1633
    • Viskin, S.1
  • 6
    • 84943129954 scopus 로고
    • Overdrive pacing in quinidine syncope and other long QT-interval syndromes
    • 6. DiSegni E, Klein HO, David D, Libhaber C, Kaplinsky E: Overdrive pacing in quinidine syncope and other long QT-interval syndromes. Arch Intern Med 1980;140:1036-1040.
    • (1980) Arch Intern Med , vol.140 , pp. 1036-1040
    • DiSegni, E.1    Klein, H.O.2    David, D.3    Libhaber, C.4    Kaplinsky, E.5
  • 7
    • 0018583871 scopus 로고
    • Polymorphous ventricular tachycardia: Clinical features and treatment
    • 7. Sclarovsky S, Strasberg B, Lewin R, Agmon J: Polymorphous ventricular tachycardia: Clinical features and treatment. Am J Cardiol 1979;44:339-345.
    • (1979) Am J Cardiol , vol.44 , pp. 339-345
    • Sclarovsky, S.1    Strasberg, B.2    Lewin, R.3    Agmon, J.4
  • 8
    • 0030819433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sodium channel block with mexiletine is effective in reducing dispersion of repolarization and preventing torsade des pointes in LQT2 and LQT3 models of the long-QT syndrome
    • 8. Shimizu W, Antzelevitch C: Sodium channel block with mexiletine is effective in reducing dispersion of repolarization and preventing torsade des pointes in LQT2 and LQT3 models of the long-QT syndrome. Circulation 1997;96:2038-2047.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 2038-2047
    • Shimizu, W.1    Antzelevitch, C.2
  • 9
    • 0344863069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular basis for the ECG features of the LQT1 form of the long QT syndrome. Effects of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists and sodium channels blockers on transmural dispersion of repolarization and torsade de pointes
    • 9. Shimizu W, Antzelevitch C: Cellular basis for the ECG features of the LQT1 form of the long QT syndrome. Effects of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists and sodium channels blockers on transmural dispersion of repolarization and torsade de pointes. Circulation 1998;98:2314-2322.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.98 , pp. 2314-2322
    • Shimizu, W.1    Antzelevitch, C.2
  • 10
    • 0028874658 scopus 로고
    • Long QT syndrome patients with mutations of the SCN5A and HERG genes have differential responses to Na+ channel blockade and to increases in heart rate. Implications for gene-specific therapy
    • 10. Schwartz PJ, Priori SG, Locati EH, Napolitano C, Cantu F, Towbin JA, Keating MT, Hammoude H, Brown AM, Chen LS, et al: Long QT syndrome patients with mutations of the SCN5A and HERG genes have differential responses to Na+ channel blockade and to increases in heart rate. Implications for gene-specific therapy. Circulation 1995;92:3381-3386.
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.92 , pp. 3381-3386
    • Schwartz, P.J.1    Priori, S.G.2    Locati, E.H.3    Napolitano, C.4    Cantu, F.5    Towbin, J.A.6    Keating, M.T.7    Hammoude, H.8    Brown, A.M.9    Chen, L.S.10
  • 11
    • 0032831603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sinus node function and ventricular repolarization during exercise stress test in long QT syndrome patients with KvLQT1 and HERG potassium channel defects
    • 11. Swan H, Viitasalo M, Piipo K, Laitinen P, Kontula K, Toivonen L: Sinus node function and ventricular repolarization during exercise stress test in long QT syndrome patients with KvLQT1 and HERG potassium channel defects. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:823-829.
    • (1999) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.34 , pp. 823-829
    • Swan, H.1    Viitasalo, M.2    Piipo, K.3    Laitinen, P.4    Kontula, K.5    Toivonen, L.6
  • 12
    • 0030943862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Congenital long QT syndrome
    • 12. Benhorin J, Medina A: Congenital long QT syndrome. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1568.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 1568
    • Benhorin, J.1    Medina, A.2
  • 13
    • 0029887380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential response to Na+ channel blockade, beta-adrenergic stimulation and rapid pacing in a cellular model mimicking the SCN5A and HERG defects present in the long QT syndrome. Experimental basis for gene-specific therapy
    • 13. Priori SG, Napolitano C, Cantu F, Schwartz PJ: Differential response to Na+ channel blockade, beta-adrenergic stimulation and rapid pacing in a cellular model mimicking the SCN5A and HERG defects present in the long QT syndrome. Experimental basis for gene-specific therapy. Circ Res 1996;78:1009-1015.
    • (1996) Circ Res , vol.78 , pp. 1009-1015
    • Priori, S.G.1    Napolitano, C.2    Cantu, F.3    Schwartz, P.J.4
  • 18
    • 0029847602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple mechanisms in the long QT syndrome. Current knowledge, gaps, and future directions
    • 18. Roden DM, Lazzara R, Rosen M, Schwartz PJ, Towbin J, Vincent GM: Multiple mechanisms in the long QT syndrome. Current knowledge, gaps, and future directions. Circulation 1996;94:1996-2012.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.94 , pp. 1996-2012
    • Roden, D.M.1    Lazzara, R.2    Rosen, M.3    Schwartz, P.J.4    Towbin, J.5    Vincent, G.M.6
  • 19
    • 0029064095 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous sequences of onset of torsade de pointes in patients with acquired prolonged repolarization: Quantitative analysis of Holter recordings
    • 19. Locati EH, Maison-Blanche P, Dejode P, Cauchemez B, Coumel P: Spontaneous sequences of onset of torsade de pointes in patients with acquired prolonged repolarization: Quantitative analysis of Holter recordings. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:1564-1575.
    • (1995) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.25 , pp. 1564-1575
    • Locati, E.H.1    Maison-Blanche, P.2    Dejode, P.3    Cauchemez, B.4    Coumel, P.5
  • 21
    • 0028890324 scopus 로고
    • Reproducible induction of early afterdepolarizations and torsade de pointes arrhythmias by d-sotalol and pacing in dogs with chronic atrioventricular block
    • 21. Vos MA, Verduyn SC, Gorgels APM, Lipcsei G, Wellens HJJ: Reproducible induction of early afterdepolarizations and torsade de pointes arrhythmias by d-sotalol and pacing in dogs with chronic atrioventricular block. Circulation 1995;91:864-872.
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.91 , pp. 864-872
    • Vos, M.A.1    Verduyn, S.C.2    Gorgels, A.P.M.3    Lipcsei, G.4    Wellens, H.J.J.5
  • 22
    • 0033117020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of arrhythmogenicity of the short-long cardiac sequence that precedes ventricular tachyarrhythmias in the long QT syndrome
    • 22. El-Sherif N, Caref EB, Chinushi M, Restivo M: Mechanism of arrhythmogenicity of the short-long cardiac sequence that precedes ventricular tachyarrhythmias in the long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1415-1423.
    • (1999) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.33 , pp. 1415-1423
    • El-Sherif, N.1    Caref, E.B.2    Chinushi, M.3    Restivo, M.4
  • 23
    • 0031467877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiological mechanism of the characteristic electrocardiographic morphology of torsade de pointes tachyarrhythmias in the long QT syndrome. Detailed analysis of ventricular tridimensional activation patterns
    • 23. El-Sherif N, Chinushi M, Caref EB, Restivo M: Electrophysiological mechanism of the characteristic electrocardiographic morphology of torsade de pointes tachyarrhythmias in the long QT syndrome. Detailed analysis of ventricular tridimensional activation patterns. Circulation 1997;96:4392-4399.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 4392-4399
    • El-Sherif, N.1    Chinushi, M.2    Caref, E.B.3    Restivo, M.4
  • 24
    • 0021066238 scopus 로고
    • Torsade de pointes: The long-short initiating sequence and other clinical features: Observations in 32 patients
    • 24. Kay GN, Plumb VJ, Arciniegas JG, Henthorn RW, Waldo AL: Torsade de pointes: The long-short initiating sequence and other clinical features: Observations in 32 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983;2:806-817.
    • (1983) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.2 , pp. 806-817
    • Kay, G.N.1    Plumb, V.J.2    Arciniegas, J.G.3    Henthorn, R.W.4    Waldo, A.L.5
  • 25
    • 0034082381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arrhythmias in the congenital long QT syndrome: How often is torsade de pointes pause-dependent?
    • In press
    • 25. Viskin S, Fish R, Zeltser D, Heller K, Brosh D, Laniado S, Barron HV: Arrhythmias in the congenital long QT syndrome: How often is torsade de pointes pause-dependent? Heart 2000; (In press).
    • (2000) Heart
    • Viskin, S.1    Fish, R.2    Zeltser, D.3    Heller, K.4    Brosh, D.5    Laniado, S.6    Barron, H.V.7
  • 26
    • 0020501838 scopus 로고
    • Bradycardia-dependent triggered activity: Relevance to drug-induced multiform ventricular tachycardia
    • 26. Brachmann J, Scherlag BJ, Rosenshtraukh LV, Lazzara R: Bradycardia-dependent triggered activity: Relevance to drug-induced multiform ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 1983;68:846-856.
    • (1983) Circulation , vol.68 , pp. 846-856
    • Brachmann, J.1    Scherlag, B.J.2    Rosenshtraukh, L.V.3    Lazzara, R.4
  • 27
    • 0015417934 scopus 로고
    • Ventricular fibrillation occurring on arousal from sleep by auditory stimuli
    • 27. Wellens HJ, Vermeulen A, Durrer D: Ventricular fibrillation occurring on arousal from sleep by auditory stimuli. Circulation 1972;46:661-665.
    • (1972) Circulation , vol.46 , pp. 661-665
    • Wellens, H.J.1    Vermeulen, A.2    Durrer, D.3
  • 31
    • 0025358150 scopus 로고
    • Persistent functional atrioventricular block in two patients with prolonged QT intervals: Elucidation of the mechanism of block
    • 31. Van Hare GF, Franz MR, Roge C, Scheinman MM: Persistent functional atrioventricular block in two patients with prolonged QT intervals: Elucidation of the mechanism of block. PACE 1990;13: 608-618.
    • (1990) PACE , vol.13 , pp. 608-618
    • Van Hare, G.F.1    Franz, M.R.2    Roge, C.3    Scheinman, M.M.4
  • 32
    • 0026639744 scopus 로고
    • Idiopathic long QT syndrome exacerbated by beta-adrenergic blockade and responsive to left cardiac sympathetic denervation: Implications regarding electrophysiologic substrate and adrenergic modulation
    • 32. Malfatto G, Rosen MR, Foresti A, Schwartz PJ: Idiopathic long QT syndrome exacerbated by beta-adrenergic blockade and responsive to left cardiac sympathetic denervation: Implications regarding electrophysiologic substrate and adrenergic modulation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1992;3:295-305.
    • (1992) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.3 , pp. 295-305
    • Malfatto, G.1    Rosen, M.R.2    Foresti, A.3    Schwartz, P.J.4
  • 33
    • 0020587235 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics and possible mechanism of ventricular arrhythmia dependent on the dispersion of action potential duration
    • 33. Kuo CS, Munakata K, Reddy CP, Surawicz B: Characteristics and possible mechanism of ventricular arrhythmia dependent on the dispersion of action potential duration. Circulation 1983;67:1356-1367.
    • (1983) Circulation , vol.67 , pp. 1356-1367
    • Kuo, C.S.1    Munakata, K.2    Reddy, C.P.3    Surawicz, B.4
  • 34
    • 0001280677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pause-dependent vs. non pause-dependent initiation of torsade de pointes in the congenital long QT syndrome
    • 34. Viskin S, Fish R, Zeltser D, Lesh M, Belhassen B, Dorostkar PC, Laniado S, Scheinman MM: Pause-dependent vs. non pause-dependent initiation of torsade de pointes in the congenital long QT syndrome. (Abstract) PACE 1998;21(Pt II):II-851.
    • (1998) PACE , vol.21 , Issue.PART II
    • Viskin, S.1    Fish, R.2    Zeltser, D.3    Lesh, M.4    Belhassen, B.5    Dorostkar, P.C.6    Laniado, S.7    Scheinman, M.M.8
  • 38
    • 0023624610 scopus 로고
    • Two:One atrioventricular block in infants with congenital long QT syndrome
    • 38. Scott W, Dick M: Two:one atrioventricular block in infants with congenital long QT syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1987;60:1409-1410.
    • (1987) Am J Cardiol , vol.60 , pp. 1409-1410
    • Scott, W.1    Dick, M.2
  • 39
    • 0025943998 scopus 로고
    • Pseudo 2:1 atrioventricular block and T wave alternans in the long QT syndromes
    • 39. Rosenbaum MB, Acunzo RS: Pseudo 2:1 atrioventricular block and T wave alternans in the long QT syndromes. (Editorial) J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:1363-1366.
    • (1991) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.18 , pp. 1363-1366
    • Rosenbaum, M.B.1    Acunzo, R.S.2
  • 40
    • 0002373683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The long QT syndrome
    • Camm AJ, ed. Futura Publishing Co., Armonk, NY
    • 40. Schwartz PJ: The long QT syndrome. In Camm AJ, ed. Clinical Approaches to Tachyarrhythmias. Futura Publishing Co., Armonk, NY, 1998, pp. 1-104.
    • (1998) Clinical Approaches to Tachyarrhythmias , pp. 1-104
    • Schwartz, P.J.1
  • 41
    • 0026476671 scopus 로고
    • Significance of noninvasive diagnostic techniques in patients with long QT syndrome
    • 41. Eggeling T, Hoeher M, Osterhues HH, Weismueller P, Hombach V: Significance of noninvasive diagnostic techniques in patients with long QT syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:1421-1426.
    • (1992) Am J Cardiol , vol.70 , pp. 1421-1426
    • Eggeling, T.1    Hoeher, M.2    Osterhues, H.H.3    Weismueller, P.4    Hombach, V.5
  • 42
    • 0030760512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hysteresis of the RT interval with exercise. A new marker for the long QT syndrome?
    • 42. Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Yee R: Hysteresis of the RT interval with exercise. A new marker for the long QT syndrome? Circulation 1997;96:1551-1556.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 1551-1556
    • Krahn, A.D.1    Klein, G.J.2    Yee, R.3
  • 43
    • 0025883918 scopus 로고
    • Effects of exercise on heart rate. QT, QTc and QT/QS2 in the Romano-Ward inherited long QT syndrome
    • 43. Vincent GM, Jaiswal D, Timothy KW: Effects of exercise on heart rate. QT, QTc and QT/QS2 in the Romano-Ward inherited long QT syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:498-503.
    • (1991) Am J Cardiol , vol.68 , pp. 498-503
    • Vincent, G.M.1    Jaiswal, D.2    Timothy, K.W.3
  • 44
    • 0028082351 scopus 로고
    • Clinical relevance of cardiac arrhythmias generated by afterdepolarizations. Role of M cells in the generation of U waves, triggered activity and torsade de pointes
    • 44. Antzelevitch C, Sicouri S: Clinical relevance of cardiac arrhythmias generated by afterdepolarizations. Role of M cells in the generation of U waves, triggered activity and torsade de pointes. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:259-277.
    • (1994) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.23 , pp. 259-277
    • Antzelevitch, C.1    Sicouri, S.2
  • 45
    • 85047675278 scopus 로고
    • Dispersion of monophasic action potential durations and activation times during atrial pacing, ventricular pacing, and ventricular premature stimulation in canine ventricles
    • 45. Kuo CS, Amlie JP, Munakata K, Reddy CP, Surawicz B: Dispersion of monophasic action potential durations and activation times during atrial pacing, ventricular pacing, and ventricular premature stimulation in canine ventricles. Cardiovasc Res 1983;17:152-161.
    • (1983) Cardiovasc Res , vol.17 , pp. 152-161
    • Kuo, C.S.1    Amlie, J.P.2    Munakata, K.3    Reddy, C.P.4    Surawicz, B.5
  • 46
    • 0017053502 scopus 로고
    • Undesirable cardiac arrhythmias associated with rate hysteresis pacemakers
    • 46. Thompson ME, Shaver JA: Undesirable cardiac arrhythmias associated with rate hysteresis pacemakers. Am J Cardiol 1976;38:685-688.
    • (1976) Am J Cardiol , vol.38 , pp. 685-688
    • Thompson, M.E.1    Shaver, J.A.2
  • 49
    • 0031666089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pacemaker-mediated polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
    • 49. Goldman DS, Levine PA: Pacemaker-mediated polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. PACE 1998;21:1993-1995.
    • (1998) PACE , vol.21 , pp. 1993-1995
    • Goldman, D.S.1    Levine, P.A.2
  • 50
    • 0030011473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid rates during bradycardia prolong ventricular refractoriness and facilitate ventricular tachycardia induction with cesium in dogs
    • 50. Satoh T, Zipes DP: Rapid rates during bradycardia prolong ventricular refractoriness and facilitate ventricular tachycardia induction with cesium in dogs. Circulation 1996;94:217-227.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.94 , pp. 217-227
    • Satoh, T.1    Zipes, D.P.2
  • 52
    • 0029888399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torsades de pointes induced by transesophageal atrial stimulation after administration of almokalant
    • 52. Darpo B, Allared M, Edvardsson N: Torsades de pointes induced by transesophageal atrial stimulation after administration of almokalant. Int J Cardiol 1996;53:311-313.
    • (1996) Int J Cardiol , vol.53 , pp. 311-313
    • Darpo, B.1    Allared, M.2    Edvardsson, N.3
  • 53
    • 0030657750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Further observations to elucidate the role of interventricular dispersion of repolarization and early afterdepolarizations in the genesis of acquired torsade de pointes arrhythmias. A comparison between almokalant and d-sotalol using the dog as its own control
    • 53. Verduyn SC, Vos MA, Zande J, Kulcsar A, Wellens HJJ: Further observations to elucidate the role of interventricular dispersion of repolarization and early afterdepolarizations in the genesis of acquired torsade de pointes arrhythmias. A comparison between almokalant and d-sotalol using the dog as its own control. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1575-1584.
    • (1997) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.30 , pp. 1575-1584
    • Verduyn, S.C.1    Vos, M.A.2    Zande, J.3    Kulcsar, A.4    Wellens, H.J.J.5
  • 54
    • 0029852780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Congenital long QT syndrome: Deleterious effect of long-term high-rate ventricular pacing and definitive treatment by cardiac transplantation
    • 54. Klein HO, Levi A, Kaplinsky E, DiSegni E, David D: Congenital long QT syndrome: Deleterious effect of long-term high-rate ventricular pacing and definitive treatment by cardiac transplantation. Am Heart J 1996;132:1079-1081.
    • (1996) Am Heart J , vol.132 , pp. 1079-1081
    • Klein, H.O.1    Levi, A.2    Kaplinsky, E.3    DiSegni, E.4    David, D.5
  • 55
    • 0031959366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of torsade de pointes in the congenital long QT syndrome: Use of a pause-prevention pacing algorithm
    • 55. Viskin S, Fish R, Roth A, Copperman Y: Prevention of torsade de pointes in the congenital long QT syndrome: Use of a pause-prevention pacing algorithm. Heart 1998;79:417-419.
    • (1998) Heart , vol.79 , pp. 417-419
    • Viskin, S.1    Fish, R.2    Roth, A.3    Copperman, Y.4
  • 56
    • 0003367277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of pause-dependent torsade de pointes and malignant ventricular arrhythmias with a pause-preventing pacing algorithm
    • 56. Viskin S, Fish R, Brosh D, Laniado S, Belhassen B, Copperman Y, Lesh MD, Scheinman MM, Saxon L: Prevention of pause-dependent torsade de pointes and malignant ventricular arrhythmias with a pause-preventing pacing algorithm. (Abstract) PACE 1998;21(Pt II):II-826.
    • (1998) PACE , vol.21 , Issue.PART II
    • Viskin, S.1    Fish, R.2    Brosh, D.3    Laniado, S.4    Belhassen, B.5    Copperman, Y.6    Lesh, M.D.7    Scheinman, M.M.8    Saxon, L.9
  • 59
    • 0032947494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of permanent cardiac pacing for the prevention of vasovagal syncope
    • 59. Connolly SJ, Sheldon R, Roberts RS, Gent M, on Behalf of the Vasovagal Pacemaker Study Investigators: The North American Vasovagal Pacemaker Study (VPS). A randomized trial of permanent cardiac pacing for the prevention of vasovagal syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:16-20.
    • (1999) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.33 , pp. 16-20
    • Connolly, S.J.1    Sheldon, R.2    Roberts, R.S.3    Gent, M.4
  • 60
    • 0031662969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acceleration-induced action potential prolongation and early afterdepolarizations
    • 60. Burashnikov A, Antzelevitch C: Acceleration-induced action potential prolongation and early afterdepolarizations. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998;9:934-948.
    • (1998) J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol , vol.9 , pp. 934-948
    • Burashnikov, A.1    Antzelevitch, C.2
  • 61
    • 0032080556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of epinephrine and phenylephrine on QT interval dispersion in congenital long QT syndrome
    • 61. Sun ZH, Swan H, Viitasalo M, Toivonen L: Effects of epinephrine and phenylephrine on QT interval dispersion in congenital long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1400-1405.
    • (1998) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.31 , pp. 1400-1405
    • Sun, Z.H.1    Swan, H.2    Viitasalo, M.3    Toivonen, L.4
  • 62
    • 0030298223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency-dependent electrophysiologic properties of ventricular repolarization in patients with congenital long QT syndrome
    • 62. Hirao H, Shimizu W, Kurita T, Suyama K, Aihara N, Kamakura S, Shimomura K: Frequency-dependent electrophysiologic properties of ventricular repolarization in patients with congenital long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1269-1277.
    • (1996) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.28 , pp. 1269-1277
    • Hirao, H.1    Shimizu, W.2    Kurita, T.3    Suyama, K.4    Aihara, N.5    Kamakura, S.6    Shimomura, K.7


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.