Potential effects of climate change on surface-water quality in North America

Journal of the American Water Resources Association

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 347-366

  Murdoch, Peter S ^a   Baron, Jill S ^b   Miller, Timothy L ^a  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^b Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability   (United States)

Author keywords

Droughts; Ecological thresholds; Floods; Global water change; Water quality

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE EFFECT; SURFACE WATER; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER QUALITY;

NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 0034021064     PISSN: 1093474X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04273.x     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Aber, J. D., S. V. Ollinger, C. A. Federer, P. B. Reich., M. L. Goulden, D. W. Kicklighter, J. M. Melillo, and R. G. Lathrop, Jr., 1995. Predicting the Effects of Climate Change on Water Yield and Forest Production in the Northeastern United States. Climate Research 5:207-222.
2. Alexander, R. B., P. S. Murdoch, and R. A. Smith, 1996. Streamflow-Induced Variations in Nitrate Flux in Tributaries to the Atlantic Coastal Zone. Biogeochemistry 33:149-177.
3. Anderson, W. L., D. M. Robertson, and J. J. Magnuson, 1996. Evidence of Recent Warming and El Niño-Related Variations in Ice Breakup of Wisconsin Lakes. Limnology and Oceanography 41: 815-821.
4. Baldigo, B. P. and P. S. Murdoch, 1997. Effect of Stream Acidification and Inorganic Aluminum on Mortality of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the Catskill Mountains, New York. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54:603-615.
5. Baldwin, C. K., U. Lall, and F. H. Wagner, 1999. Time Scales of Climate Variability Important to Western Water Managers and Their Views on Climate Change. In: Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources in the United States, D. Briane Adams (Editor). American Water Works Association, Middleburg, Virginia, TPS-99-1, pp. 23-26.
6. Band, L. E., D. S. Mackay, I. F. Creed, R. Semkin, and D. Jeffries, 1996. Ecosystem Processes at Watershed Scale: Sensitivity to Potential Climate Change. Limnology and Oceanography 41: 928-938.
7. Baron, J. S., E. J. Allstott, and B. K. Newkirk, 1995. Analysis of Long-Term Sulfate and Nitrate Budgets in a Rocky Mountain Basin. In: Biogeochemistry of Seasonally-Snow-Covered Catchments, K. A. Tonnessen, M. W. Williams, and M. Tranter (Editors). IASH Publ. No. 228, IASH Press, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, pp. 255-261.
8. Baron, J. S., M. D.Hartman, L. A .Band, and R. L. Lammers, 1997. Sensitivity of High-Elevation Rocky Mountain Watersheds to Climate Change. Proc. 5th National Watershed Conference, Reno, Nevada, pp. 269-273.
9. Baron, J. S., M. D. Hartman, T. G. F. Kittel, L. E. Band, D. S. Ojima, and R. B. Lammers, 1998. Effects of Land Cover, Water Redistribution, and Temperature on Ecosystem Processes in the South Platte Basin. Ecological Applications 8(4):1037-1051.
10. Baron, J. S. and N. Caine, 2000. Temporal Coherence of Two Alpine Lake Basins of the Colorado Front Range, USA. Freshwater Biology (in press).
11. Bluth, G. J. S. and L. R. Kump, 1994. Lithologic and Climatologic Controls of River Chemistry. Geochemica et cosmochemica acta 28(10):2341-2359.
12. Bridgham, S. D., C. A.Johnson, J. Pastor, and K. Updegraff, 1995. Potential Feedbacks of Northern Wetlands on Climate Change. BioScience 45(4):262-274.
13. Clair, T. A. and J. M. Ehrman, 1996. Variations in Discharge and Dissolved Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Export from Terrestrial Basins with Changes in Climate: A Neural Network Approach. Limnology and Oceanography 41:921-927.
14. Campbell, D. H., J. S. Baron, K. A. Tonnessen, P. D. Brooks, and P. F. Schuster, 2000. Controls on Nitrogen Flux in Alpine/Sub-alpine Watersheds of Colorado. Water Resources Research (in press).
15. Campbell, D. H., D. W. Clow, G. P. Ingersoll, M. A. Mast, and N. E. Spahr, 1995 Temporal Variation in the Chemistry of 2 Snowmelt-Dominated Streams in the Rocky Mountains. Wat. Resour. Resear. 31:281-2822.
16. Carpenter, S. R., N. F. Caraco, D. L. Correl, R. W. Howarth, A. N. Sharpley, and V H. Smith, 1998. Nonpoint Source Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorous and Nitrogen. Ecological Applications 8:559-568.
17. Committee on Environmental and Natural Resources, 1997. Integrating the Nation's Environmental Monitoring and Research Networks and Programs: a Proposed Framework. Office of Science and Technology Policy, Washington, D.C., 82 pp.
18. Covich, A. P., S. C. Fritz, P. J. Lamb, R. D. Marzolf, W. J. Matthews, K. A. Poiani, E. E. Prepas, M. B. Richman, and T. C. Winter, 1997. Potential Effects of Climate Change on Aquatic Ecosystems of the Great Plains of North America. Hydrological Processes 11:993-1021.
19. Cruise, J. F., A. S. Limaye, and N. Al-Abed, 1999. Assessment of Impacts of Climate Change on Water Quality in the Southeastern United States. Journal of the American Water Works Association 35(6):1539-1550.
20. Cushing, C. E. (Editor), 1997. Regional Assessment of Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change in North America. Hydrol. Proc. 11, 262 pp.
21. Dale, V. H., 1997. The Relationship Between Land-Use Change and Climate Change. Ecological Processes 7(3):753-769.
22. Denning, A. S., J. S. Baron, M. A. Mast, and M. A. Arthur, 1991. Hydrologic Pathways and Chemical Composition of Runoff During Snowmelt in Loch Vale Watershed, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. Wat, Air, Soil Pollut. 59:107-123.
23. DeStasio, B. T., D. K. Hill, J. M. Kleinhans, N. P. Nibbelink, and J. J. Magnuson, 1996. Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on North-Temperate Lakes: Physics, Fish, and Plankton. Limnology and Oceanography 41:1136-1149.
24. DeWalle, D. R., B. R. Swistock, and T. E. Johnson, 1999. Potential Influence of Urbanization on Streamflow Response to Climate Change in the United States. In: Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources in the United States, D. Briane Adams (Editor). American Water Works Association, Middleburg, Virginia, TPS-99-1, pp. 319-322.
25. Dixon, R. K., S. Brown, R. A. Houghton, A. M. Solomon, M. C. Trexler, and J. Wisniewski, 1994. Carbon Pools and Flux of Global Forest Ecosystems. Science 263:185-190.
26. Eaton, J. G. and R. M. Scheller, 1996. Effects of Climate Warming on Fish Thermal Habitat in Streams of the United States. Limnology and Oceanography 41:1109-1115.
27. Ebbert, J. C. and M. H. Kim, 1998. Relation Between Irrigation Method, Sediment Yields, and Losses of Pesticides and Nitrogen. Journal of Environmental Quality 27(2):372-380.
28. Eheart, J. W., 1988. Effects of Streamflow Variation on Critical Water Quality for Multiple Discharges of Decaying Pollutants. Water Resources Research 24(1):1-8.
29. Ely, L. L., Y. Enzel, V. R. Baker, and D. R. Cayan, 1993. A 5000-Year Record of Extreme Floods and Climate Change in the Southwestern United States. Science 262:410-412.
30. Eshleman, K. N., R. P. Morgan II, J. R. Webb, F. A. Deviney, and J. N. Galloway, 1998. Temporal Patterns of Nitrogen Leakage from Mid-Appalachian Forested Watersheds: Role of Insect Defoliation. Water Resources Research 34,(8):2005-2116.
31. Evans, J. C. and E. E. Prepas, 1996. Potential Effects of Climate Change on Ion Chemistry and Phytoplankton Communities in Prairie Saline Lakes. Limnology and Oceanography 41:1063-1076.
32. Fee, E. J., R. E. Hecky, S. E. M. Kasian, and D. R. Cruikshank, 1996. Effects of Lake Size, Water Clarity, and Climatic Variability on Mixing Depths in Canadian Shield Lakes. Limnology and Oceanography 41:912-920.
33. Felzer, B. and P. Heard, 1999. Precipitation Differences Amongst GCMs Used for the U.S. National Assessment. Journal of the Amer. Waterworks Assoc. 35(6):1327-1339.
34. Fenn, M. E., M. A. Poth, J. D. Aber, J. S. Baron, B. T. Bormann, D. W. Johnson, A. D. Lemly, S. G. McNulty, D. F. Ryan, and R. Stottlemyer, 1998. Nitrogen Excess in North American Ecosystems: Predisposing Factors, Ecosystem Responses, and Management Strategies. Ecological Applications 8(3):706-733.
35. Fio, J. L. and D. A. Leighton, 1994. Effects of Groundwater Chemistry and Flow on the Quality of Drainflow in the Western San Joaquin Valley, California. US Geological Survey Open file Report OF94-0072, 28 pp.
36. Flather, C. H., L. A. Joyce, and C. A. Bloomgarden, 1984. Species Endangerment Patterns in the United States. USDA-Forest Service, Rocky Mountain and Range Experimental Station General Technical Report RM-241, 42 pp.
37. Frederick, K. D. and G. E. Schwarz, 1999. Socioeconomic Impacts of Climate Change on U.S. Water Supplies. Journal of the American Waterworks Association 35(6):1563-84.
38. Fritz, S. C., 1996. Paleolimnological Records of Climate Change in North America. Limnology and Oceanography 41(5):882-889.
39. Golubev, G. N. and A. K. Biswas (Editors), 1985. Large Scale Water Transfers: Emerging Environmental and Social Experiences. United National Environmenal Programme, Tycooly Publ, Ltd, Riverton New Jersey, 158 pp.
40. Goolsby, D. A., 1994. Flux of Herbicides and Nitrate from the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. In: Coastal Effects of Summer 1993 Mississippi River Flooding, M. Dowgiallo (Editor). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Special Report, Washington, D.C., pp. 32-35.
41. Grimm, N. B., A. Chacon, C. N. Dahm, S. W. Hostetler, O. T. Lind, P. L. Starkweather, and W. W. Wurtsbaugh, 1997. Sensitivity of Aquatic Ecosystems to Climatic and Anthropogenic Changes: The Basin and Range, American Southwest and Mexico. Hydrological Processes 11:1023-1041.
42. Hansler, G. and D. C. Major, 1999. Climate Change and Water-Supply Systems of New York City and the Delaware Basin: Planning and Action Considerations for Water Managers. In: Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources in the United States, D. Briane Adams (Editor). American Water Works Association, Middleburg, Virginia, TPS-99-1, pp. 327-330.
43. Hatch, U., S. Jagtap, J. Jones, and M. Lamb, 1999. Potential Effects of Climate Change on Agricultural Water Use in the Southeast U.S. Journal of the American Water Works Association 35(6):1551-1562.
44. Hauer, F. R., J. S. Baron, D. H. Campbell, K. D. Fausch, S. W. Hostetler, G. H. Leavesley, P. R. Leavitt, D. M. McKnight, and J. A. Stanford, 1997. Assessment of Climate Change and Freshwater Ecosystems in the Rocky Mountains, USA and Canada. Hydrological Processes 11:85-106.
45. Hostetler, S. and E. Small, 1999. Response of North American Freshwater Lakes to Simulated Future Climates. Journal of the American Water Works Association 35(6):1625-1638.
46. Howarth, R. W., Gilles Billen, D. Swaney, A. Townsend, N. Jaworski, K. Lajtha, J. A.Downing, R. Elmgren, N. Caraco, T. Jordan, F. Berendse, J. Freney, V. Kudeyarov, P. Murdoch, and Zhu Zhao-liang, 1996. Regional Nitrogen Budgets and Riverine N and P Fluxes for the Drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: Natural and Human Influences. Biogeochemistry 35(1):75-139.
47. Jacoby, H. D., 1990. Water Quality. In: Climate Change and U.S. Water Resources, P. E. Waggoner (Editor). John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, pp. 307-328.
48. Jenkins, J. C., J. D. Aber, and C. D. Canham, 1999. Hemlock Wooly Edelgid Impacts on Community Structure and N Cycling Rates in Eastern Hemlock Forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29:630-645.
49. Justic, D., N. N. Rabalais, and R. E. Turner, 1996. Effects of Climate Change on Hypoxia in Coastal Waters: A Doubled CO2 Scenario for the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Limnology and Oceanography 41(5):992-1003.
50. Kaufman, P. R., A. T. Herlihy, and J. W. Elwood, 1988. Chemical Characteristics of Streams in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States. Vol. 1: Population Descriptions and Physico-Chemical Relationships: EPA/600/3-88/021a. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
51. Kendall, C., D. H. Campbell, D. A.Burns, J. B. Shanley, S. R. Silva, and C. C. Y Chang, 1995. Tracing Sources of Nitrate in Snowmelt Runoff Using the Oxygen and Nitrogen Isotopic Compositions of Nitrate. In: Biogeochemistry of Seasonally-Snow-Covered Catchments, K. A. Tonneson, M. W. Williams, and M. Tranter (Editors). IAHS Publ. 228, pp. 339-347.
52. Khalil, M. A. K. and M. J. Shearer, 1993. Source of Methane. In: Atmospheric Methane: Sources, Sinks, and Role in Global Change, M. A. K. Khalil (Editor). Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, pp. 180-198.
53. Knox, J. C., 1993. Large Increases in Flood Magnitude in Response to Modern Changes in Climate. Nature 361:430-432.
54. Kurz, W. A., M. J. Apps, B. J. Stocks, and W. J. Bolney, 1995. Global Climate Change: Disturbance Regimes and Biospheric Feedbacks of Temperature and Boreal Forests. In: Biospheric Feedbacks in the Global Climate System: Will the Warming Speed the Warming? G. M. Woodwell and F. T. Mackenzie (Editors). Oxford Univ. Press, New York, New York, pp. 119-133.
55. LaBaugh, J. W., T. C. Winter, G. A. Swanson, D. O. Rosenberry, R. D. Nelson, and N. H. Euliss Jr., 1996. Changes in Atmospheric Circulation Patterns Affect Midcontinent Wetlands Sensitive to Climate. Limnology and Oceanography 41(5):864-870.
56. Lins, H. F. and J. R. Slack, 1999a. Streamflow Trends in the United States. Geophysical Research Letters 26:227-230.
57. Lins, H. F. and J. R. Slack, 1999b. Patterns and Trends in Hydrological Extremes in the United States. In: Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources in the United States, D. Briane Adams (Editor). American Water Works Association, Middleburg, Virginia, TPS-99-1, pp. 145-152.
58. Logan, J. A. and B. J. Bentz, 1999. Model Analysis of Mountain Pine Beetle (Cleoptera: Scolytidae) Seasonality. Environmental Entomology 28:924-934.
59. Lovett, G. M. and H. Rueth, 1999. Soil Nitrogen Transformations in Beech and Maple Stands Along a Nitrogen Depositional Gradient. Ecological Applications 9(4):1330-1344.
60. Magnuson, J. J., B. J. Benson, and T. K. Kratz. 1990. Temporal Coherence in the Limnology of a Suite of Lakes in Wisconsin, USA. Freshwater Biology 23:145-159.
61. Magnuson, J. J., K. E. Webster, R. A. Assel, C. J. Bowser, P. J. Dillon, J. G. Eaton, H. E. Evans, E. J. Fee, R. I. Hall, L. R. Mortsch, D. W. Schindler, and F. H. Quinn, 1997. Potential Effects of Climate Changes on Aquatic Systems: Laurentian Great Lakes and Precambrian Shield Region. Hydrological Processes 11:825-871.
62. Mahlmen, J. D., 1997. Uncertainties in Projections of Human-Caused Climate Warming. Science 278(5342):1416-1417.
63. Mahlman, J. D., 1998. Science and Non-Science Concerning Human-Caused Climate Warming. Annual Reviews on Energy and Environment 23:83-106.
64. Marsh , P. and L. F. W. Lesack, 1996. The Hydrologic Regime of Perched Lakes in the Mackenzie Delta: Potential Responses to Climate Change. Limnology and Oceanography 41(5):849-856.
65. McKnight, D. M., D. F. Brakke, and P. J. Mulholland (Editors), 1996. Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change. Limnology and Oceanography 41(5):815-1149.
66. Melack, J. M., J. Dozier, C. R. Goldman, D. Greenland, A. M. Milner, and R. J. Naiman, 1997. Effects of Climate Change on Inland Waters of the Pacific Coastal Mountains and Western Great Basin of North America. Hydrological Processes 11:153-175.
67. Meybeck, Michel, 1982. Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous Transport by the World Rivers. American Journal of Science 282:401-450.
68. Meyer, J. L. and G. E. Likens, 1979. Transport and Transformation of Phosphorous in a Forested Ecosystem. Ecology 60:1255-1269.
69. Meyer, J. L. and W. M. Pulliam, 1992. Modification of Terrestrial-Aquatic Interactions by Climate Change. In: Global Climate Change and Freshwater Ecosystems, Penelope Firth and S. G. Fisher (Editors). Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, 321 pp.
70. Mitchell, M. M., C. T. Driscoll, J. K. Kahl, G. E. Likens, P. S.Murdoch, and L. H.Pardo, 1996. Climate Control of Nitrate Loss from Forested Watersheds in the Northeastern United States. Envir. Sci. and Technology 30:2609-2612.
71. Moore, M. V., M. L. Pace, J. R. Mather, P. S. Murdoch, R. W. Howarth, C. L. Folt, C. Y. Chen, H. F. Hemond, P. A. Flebbe, and C. T. Driscoll. 1997. Potential Effects of Climate Change on Freshwater Ecosystems of the New England/Mid-Atlantic Region. Hydrological Processes 11: 925-947.
72. Mortsch, L. D. and F. H. Quinn, 1996. Climate Change Scenarios for Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem Studies. Limnology and Oceanography 41(5):903-911.
73. Mueller, D. K., P. A. Hamilton, D. R. Helsel, K. J. Hitt, and B. C. Ruddy, 1995. Nutrients in Groundwater and Surface Water in the United States - An Analysis of Data Through 1992. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigation Report 95-4031, 74pp.
74. Mulholland, P. J., G. R. Best, C. C. Coutant, G. M. Hornsberger, J. L. Meyer, P. J. Robinson, J. R. Stenberg, R. E. Turner, F. Vera-Herrera, and R. Wetzel, 1997. Effects of Climate Change on Freshwater Ecosystems of the South-Eastern United States and the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Hydrological Processes 11:949-970.
75. Murdoch, P. S. 1991. Chemical Budgets and Stream-Chemistry Dynamics of a Headwater Stream in the Catskill Mountains of New York. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigation Report 88-4035, 66 pp.
76. Murdoch, P. S., D. A. Burns, and G. B. Lawrence, 1998. Relation of Climate Change to the Acidification of Surface Waters by Nitrogen Deposition. Envir. Sci. Technol. 32:1642-1647.
77. Murdoch, P. S. and J. L. Stoddard, 1992. The Role of Nitrate in the Acidification of Streams in the Catskill Mountains of New York. Water Resources Research 28(10):2707-2720.
78. Naiman, R. J., J. J. Magnuson, D. M. McKnight, and J. A. Stanford (Editors), 1995. The Freshwater Imperative: A Research Agenda. Island Press, Washington. D.C., 165 pp.
79. NAPAP, 1998. NAPAP Biannual Report to Congress: An Integrated Assessment. U.S. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, 118 pp.
80. National Research Council, 1992. Water Transfers in the West: Efficiency, Equity, and the Environment. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 300 pp.
81. Nielson, E. G. and L. K. Lee, 1987. The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals. Agricultural Economic Report No. 576, USDA Resources and Technology Division, Economic Research Service, Washington D.C., 38pp.
82. Niklinska, M., M. Maryanski, and R. Laskowski. 1999. Effect of Temperature on Humus Respiration Rate and Nitrogen Mineralization: Implications for Global Change. Biogeochemistry 44(3): 239-257.
83. Ollinger, S. V., J. D. Aber, G. M. Lovett, S. E. Millham, and R. G. Lathrop, 1993. A Spatial Model of Atmospheric Deposition for the Northeastern United States. Ecological Applications 3:459-472.
84. Poff, L. N., S. Tokar, and P. Johnson, 1996. Stream Hydrological and Ecological Responses to Climate Change Assessed with an Artificial Neural Network. Limnology and Oceanography 41(5): 857-863.
85. Poiani, K. A., W. C. Johnson, and T. G. F. Kittel. 1995. Sensitivity of a Prairie Wetland to Increased Temperature and Seasonal Precipitation Changes. Wat. Resour. Bull. 31:283-294.
86. Poiani, K. C. and W. C. Johnson. 1991. Global Warming and Prairie Wetlands: Potential Consequences for Waterfowl Habitat. BioScience 41:611-618.
87. Porter, K. G., P. A. Saunders, K. A. Haberyan, A. E. Macubbin, T. R. Jacobsen, and R. E. Hodson, 1996. Annual Cycle of Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Production in a Small, Monomictic Piedmont Lake. Limnology and Oceanography 41(5):1041-1051.
88. Postel, S. L., G. C. Daily, and P. R.Ehrlich, 1996. Human Appropriation of Renewable Freshwater. Science 271:785-788.
89. Rascher, C. M., C. T. Driscoll, and N. E. Peters, 1987. Concentrations and Flux of Solutes from Snow and Forest Floor During Snowmelt in the West-Central Adirondack Region of New York. Biogeochemistry 3:209-224.
90. Romero, J. R. and J. M.Melack, 1996. Sensitivity of Vertical Mixing in a Large Saline Lake to Variations in Runoff. Limnology and Oceanography 41(5):955-965.
91. Rouse, R. W., M. S. V. Douglas, R. E. Hecky, A. E. Hershey, G. W. Kling, L. Lesack, P. Marsh, M. McDonald, B. J. Nicholson, N. T. Roulet, and J. P. Smol, 1996. Effects of Climate Change on the Freshwaters of Arctic and Subarctic North America. Hydrological Processes 11:55-85.
92. Rudd, J. W, 1995. Sources of Methyl Mercury to Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 80:697-713.
93. Schindler, D. W., 1997. Widespread Effects of Climatic Warming on Freshwater Ecosystems in North America. Hydrological Processes 11:225-251.
94. Schindler, D. W., S. E. Bayley, B. R. Parker, K. G. Beaty, D. R. Cruikshank, E. J. Fee, E. U. Schindler, and M. P. Stainton, 1996a. The Effects of Climate Warming on the Properties of Boreal Lakes and Streams at the Experimental Lakes Area, Northwestern Ontario. Limnology and Oceanography 41(5):1004-1017.
95. Schindler, D. W., P. J. Curtis, B. Parker, and M. P. Stainton. 1996b. Consequences of Climate Warming and Lake Acidification for UV-B Penetration in North American Boreal Lakes. Nature 379: 705-708.
96. Skjelkvale, B. L. and R. F. Wright, 1998. Mountain Lakes: Sensitivity to Acidic Deposition and Global Climate Change. Ambio 27(4):280-286.
97. Smith, R. A., R. M. Hirsch, and J. R. Slack, 1982. A Study of Trends in Total Phosphorous Measurements at NASQUAN Stations. U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2190, 34 pp.
98. Solley, W. B. and H. A. Perlman, 1999. Factors Affecting Water-Use Patterns in the United States, 1950-95, With Projections to 2040. In: Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources in the United States, D. Briane Adams (Editor). American Water Works Association, Middleburg, Virginia, TPS-99-1, pp. 65-67.
99. Stephan, Heinz G. and Xing Fang, 1999. Simulation of Global Climate-Change Impact on Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen in Small Lakes of the Contiguous U.S. In: Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources in the United States, D. Briane Adams (Editor). American Water Works Association, Middleburg, Virginia, TPS-99-1, pp. 217-220.
100. Stoddard, J. L., 1994. Long-Term Changes in Watershed Retention of Nitrogen. In: Environmental Chemistry of Lakes and Reservoirs, L.A. Baker (Editor). Advanced Chemistry Series, Vol. 237, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., pp. 223-284.
101. Stottlemyer, R., 1992. Effect of Climate Change on C:N Pools in a Boreal Watershed Ecosystem. In: Managing Water Resources During Global Change, Raymond Herrmann (Editor). American Water Resources Association, Middleburg, Virginia, TPS-92-4, pp. 451-460.
102. Stottlemyer, R. and D. Toczydlowski, 1996. Modification of Snowmelt Chemistry by Forest Floor and Mineral Soil, Northern Michigan. J. Environ. Qual. 25(4):828-836.
103. Sun, L., E. M. Perdue, J. L. Meyer, and J. Weis, 1997. Use of Elemental Composition to Predict Bioavailability of Dissolved Organic Matter in a Georgia River. Limnology and Oceanography 42(4):714-721.
104. Swanson, G. A. T. C. Winter, V. A. Adomaitis, and J. W. LaBaugh. 1988. Chemical Characteristics of Prairie Lakes in South-Central North Dakota - Their Potential for Influencing Use by Fish and Wildlife. FWS Technic. Rep. 18, 22 pp.
105. Van Sickle, J., J. P. Baker, H. A. Simonin, B. P. Baldigo, W. A. Kretser, and W. E. Sharpe, 1996. Episodic Acidification of Small Streams in the Northeastern United States: Fish Mortality in Field Bioassays. Ecological Applications 6(2):408-421.
106. Vitousek, P. M., 1994. Beyond Global Warming: Ecology and Global Change. Ecology 75(7):1861-1876.
107. Wang, B., D. C. Trabant, G. Weller, and P. Anderson, 1999. Effect of Climate Variability and Change on Water Resources in Alaska. In: Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources in the United States, D. Briane Adams (Editor). American Water Works Association, Middleburg, Virginia, TPS-99-1, pp. 273-276.
108. Watson, R. T., M. C. Zinyowera, and R. H. Moss. 1996. Climate Change 1995. Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 878 pp.
109. Webster, K. E., T. K. Kratz, C. J. Browser, J. J. Magnuson, and W. J. Rose, 1996. The Influence of Landscape Position on Lake Chemical Responses to Drought in Northern Wisconsin. Limnology and Oceanography 41(5):977-984.
110. White, A. F. and A. E. Blum, 1995. Climatic Effects on Chemical Weathering in Watersheds: Application of Mass-Balance Approaches. In: Solute Modeling in Catchment Systems, S. T. Trudgill (Editor). John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., New York, New York, pp. 101-131.
111. Wiener, J. G. and D. J. Spry, 1996. Toxiciological Significance of Mercury in Freshwater Fish. In: Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations, W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood (Editors). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 297-339.
112. Williams, M. W., M. Losleben, N. Caine, and D. Greenland, 1996. Changes in Climate and Hydrochemical Responses in a High-Elevation Catchment in the Rocky Mountains, USA. Limnology and Oceanography 41(5):939-946.
113. Williamson, C. E., R. S. Stemberger, D. P. Morris, T. M. Frost, and S. G. Paulsen, 1996. Ultraviolet Radiation in North American Lakes: Attenuation Estimates from DOC Measurements and Implications for Planktonic Communities. Limnology and Oceanography 41(5):1024-1034.
114. Winter, T. C., 1989. Hydrologic Studies of Wetlands in the Northern Prairie. In: Northern Prairie Wetlands, A. van der Valk (Editor). Iowa State University Press. Ames, Iowa, pp. 16-54.
115. Wolock, D. M., G. J. McCabe, G. D. Tasker, and M. E. Moss, 1993. Effects of Climate Change on Water Resources in the Delaware River Basin. Water Resources Bulletin 29(3):475-485.
116. Woodhouse, C. A. and J. T. Overpeck, 1998. 2000 Years of Drought Variability in the Central United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 79:2693-2714.