Potential effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems of the New England/Mid-Atlantic Region

Hydrological Processes

Volumn 11, Issue 8, 1997, Pages 925-947

  Moore, Marianne V ^a   Pace, Michael L ^b   Mather, John R ^c   Murdoch, Peter S ^d   Howarth, Robert W ^e   Folt, Carol L ^f   Chen, Celia Y ^f   Hemond, Harold F ^g   Flebbe, Patricia A ^h   Driscoll, Charles T ⁱ  

^a WELLESLEY COLLEGE   (United States)

^b CARY INSTITUTE OF ECOSYSTEM STUDIES   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

^d U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^e Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

^f DARTMOUTH COLLEGE   (United States)

^g Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge   (United States)

^h VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ Syracuse University   (United States)

Author keywords

Anthropogenic stressors; Climate change; Freshwater ecosystems; Interactive effects; Mid Atlantic and New England

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC STRESSORS; FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS;

BIOCHEMISTRY; CLIMATE CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; EVAPORATION; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; HYDROLOGY; RUNOFF; SNOW; STREAM FLOW; THERMAL EFFECTS; THUNDERSTORMS;

ECOSYSTEMS;

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; CARBON DIOXIDE DOUBLING; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATIC CHANGE; EVAPORATION; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM; HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSE; TEMPERATURE; WATER BALANCE; WATER BALANCE MODEL;

USA, NEW ENGLAND;

EID: 0031156275     PISSN: 08856087     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(19970630)11:8<925::aid-hyp512>3.0.co;2-x     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Aber, J. D., Nadelhoffer, K. J., Steudler, P., and Melillo, J. M. 1989. 'Nitrogen saturation in northern forest ecosystems', BioScience, 39, 378-386.
2. Adams, R. M., Rosenzweig, C., Peart, R. M., Richie, J. T., McCarl, B. A. Glyer, D., Curry, R. B., Jones, J. W., Boote, K. J., and Allen, L. H. 1990. 'Global climate change and US agriculture', Nature, 345, 219-224.
3. Adrian, R., Deneke, R., Mischke, U., Stellmacher, R., and Lederer, P. 1995. 'A long term study of the Heiligensee (1975-1992): evidence for effects of climatic change on the dynamics of eutrophied lake ecosystems', Arch. Hydrobiol., 133, 315-337.
4. Alampi, G. 1994. Gale State Rankings Reporter. Gale Research Inc., Detroit. p. 1657.
5. Ashizawa, D. and Cole, J. J. 1994. 'Long-term temperature trends of the Hudson River: a study of the historical data', Estuaries, 17, 166-171.
6. Bloom, N. S. 1992. 'On the chemical form of mercury in edible fish and marine invertebrate tissue', Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 49, 1010-1017.
7. Bosch, J. M. and Hewlett, J. D. 1982. 'A review of catchment experiments to determine the effect of vegetation changes on water yield and evaporation', J. Hydrol., 55, 3-23.
8. 3HgCl - between Chlorella vulgaris and Daphnia magna. Influence of temperature', Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 27, 624-629.
9. Boutin, R. and Robitaille, G. 1995. 'Increased soil nitrate losses under mature sugar maple trees affected by experimentally induced deep frost', Can. J. For. Res., 25, 588-602.
10. Bradley, R. S., Eischeid, J. K., and Ives, P. T. 1987. 'The climate of Amherst, Massachusetts', Contribution No. 50. Department of Geology & Geography, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. p. 108.
11. Brugam, R. B. 1978. 'Pollen indicators of land-use change in southern Connecticut', Quat. Res., 9, 349-362.
12. Brush, G. S. 1986. 'Geology and paleoecology of Chesapeake Bay: a long-term monitoring tool for management', J. Washington Acad. Sci., 76, 146-160.
13. Burns, D. A. 1996. 'The effects of liming an Adirondack lake watershed on downstream water chemistry', Biogeochemistry, 32, 339-362.
14. Burton, J. D. 1988. 'Riverborne materials and the continent-ocean interface', in Lermand, A. and Meybeck, M. (Eds), Physical and Chemical Weathering in Geochemical Cycles. Kluwer, Dordrecht. pp. 299-321.
15. Burton, T. M. and Likens, G. E. 1973. 'Effects of strip-cutting on stream temperatures in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire', BioScience, 23, 433-435.
16. Cairns, J., Heath, A.G., and Parker, B. C. 1975. 'The effects of temperature upon the toxicity of chemicals to aquatic organisms', Hydrobiologia, 47, 135-171.
17. Changnon, S. A. 1992. 'Inadvertent weather modification in urban areas: lessons for global climate change', Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73, 619-627.
18. Cirmo, C. P. and Driscoll, C. T. 1993. 'Beaver pond biogeochemistry: Acid-neutralizing capacity generation in a headwater wetland', Wetlands, 13, 277-291.
19. Cole, J. J., Caraco, N. F., and Peierls, B. L. 1991. 'Phytoplankton primary production in the tidal, freshwater Hudson River, New York (USA)', Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol., 24, 1715-1719.
20. Cole, J. J., Caraco, N. F., and Peierls, B. L. 1992. 'Can phytoplankton maintain a positive carbon balance in a turbid, freshwater, tidal estuary?', Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, 1608-1617.
21. Connell, D. W. and Miller, G. J. 1984. Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Pollution. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. pp. 288-332.
22. Cosby, B. J., Ryan, P. F., Webb, J. R., Hornberger, G. M., and Galloway, J. N. 1991. 'Mountains of Western Virginia', in Charles, D. F. (Ed.), Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems: Regional Case Studies. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 297-318.
23. Culliton, T. J., Warren, M. A., and Godspeed, T. R. 1990. '50 years of population changes along the nation's coasts 1960-2010', Technical Report. US Department of Commerce, NOAA, Strategic Assessment Branch, Rockville, Maryland.
24. Dahl, T. E. 1990. 'Wetland losses in the United States 1780's to 1980's', Report. US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
25. Dasberg, S. and Neumann, S. P. 1977. 'Peat hydrology in the Hula Basin, Israel: I. Properties of peat', J. Hydrol., 32, 219-239.
26. Day, K. E., Kaushik, N. K., and Solomon, K. R. 1987. 'Impact of fenvalerate on enclosed freshwater planktonic communities and on I in situ rates of filtration of Zooplankton', Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 44, 1714-1728.
27. Driscoll, C. T., Schaefer, D. A., Molot, L. A., and Dillon, P. J. 1989. 'Summary of North American data', in Malanchuk, J. L. and Nilsson, J. (Eds), The Role of Nitrogen in the Acidification of Soils and Surface Waters. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen. pp. 6.1-6.45.
28. Driscoll, C. T., Newton, R. M., Gubala, C. P., Baker, J. P. and Christensen, S. W. 1991. 'Adirondack Mountains', in Charles, D. F. (Ed.), Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems: Regional Case Studies. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 133-202.
29. Driscoll, C. T., Yan, C., Schofield, C. L., Munson, R., and Holsapple, J. 1994. 'The mercury cycle and fish in the Adirondack Lakes', Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 136-143.
30. Elliott, J. M. 1982. 'The effects of temperature and ration size on the growth and energetics of salmonids in captivity', Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 73, 81-91.
31. Engstrom, D. R., Swain, E. B., and Kingston, J. C. 1985. 'A palaeolimnological record of human disturbance from Harvey's Lake, Vermont: geochemistry, pigments and diatoms', Freshwat. Biol., 15, 261-288.
32. Feddema, J. J. and Mather, J. R. 1992. 'Hydrological impacts of global warming over the United States', in Majumdar, S. J., Kalkstein, L. S., Yarnal, B. M., Miller, E. W. and Rosenfeld, L. M. (Eds), Global Climate Change: Implications, Challenges and Mitigation Measures. Pennsylvania Academy of Science, Easton, Pennsylvania. pp. 50-62.
33. Flebbe, P. A. 1993. 'Comment on Meisner (1990): effect of climate warming on the southern margins of the native range of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis', Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 50, 883-884.
34. Flebbe, P. 1994. 'A regional view of the margin: salmonid abundance and distribution in the southern Apalachian Mountains of North Carolina and Virginia', Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 123, 657-667.
35. Foster, D. 1992. 'Land-use history (1730-1990) and vegetation dynamics in central New England, USA', J. Ecol, 80, 753-772.
36. Foster, D. 1995. 'Land-use history and four hundred years of vegetation change in New England', in Turner, B. L., II, Sal, A. G., Bernaldez, F. G., and di Castri, F. (Eds), Global Land Use Change: A Perspective from the Columbian Encounter. Scientific Research Council of Spain, Madrid, Spain. pp. 253-339.
37. Gliwicz, W. Z. and Sieniawska, A. 1986. 'Filtering activity of Daphnia in low concentrations of a pesticide', Limnol. Oceanogr., 31, 1132-1137.
38. 2 and climate change affect forests', Bioscience, 40, 575-587.
39. Greeley, W. B. 1925. 'The relation of geography to timber supply', Econ. Geogr., 1, 1-4.
40. Grimm, N. B. 1993. 'Implications of climate change for stream communities', in Kareiva, P. M., Kingsolver, J. G., and Huey, R. B. (Eds), Biotic Interactions and Global Change. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts. pp. 293-314.
41. Hamburg, S. P. and Cogbill, C. V. 1988. 'Historical decline of red spruce populations and climatic warming', Nature, 331, 428-431.
42. Hanazato, T. and Yasuno. M. 1987. 'Effects of carbamate insecticide, carbaryl, on the summer phyto- and Zooplankton communities in Ponds', Environ. Pollut., 48, 145-159.
43. Hansen, J., Fung, I., Lacis, A., Lebedeff, S., Rind, S., Ruedy, R., Russell, G., and Stone, P. 1988. 'Global climate changes as forecast by the GISS 3-D model', J. Geophys. Res., 93, 9342-9364.
44. Havens, K. E. and Hanazato, T. 1993. 'Zooplankton community responses to chemical Stressors: a comparison of results from acidification and pesticide contamination research', Environ. Pollut., 82, 277-288.
45. Hayes, J. T. 1991. 'Global climate change and water resources', in Wyman, R. L. (Ed.), Global Climate Change and Life on Earth. Chapman and Hall, Inc., New York. pp. 18-42.
46. Hemond, H. F. 1980. 'Biogeochemistry of Thoreau's Bog', Ecol. Monogr., 50, 507-526.
47. Henderson, K. G. and Robinson, P. J. 1994. 'Relationships between the Pacific/North American teleconnection patterns and precipitation events in the south-eastern USA', Int. J. Clim., 14, 307-323.
48. Hick, B. B. and Shannon, J. D. 1979. 'A method for modelling the deposition of sulfur by precipitation over regional scales', J. Appl. Meteorol., 18, 1415-1420.
49. Hodny, J. W. and Mather, J. R. 1995. 'Climate change and the water resources of Delmarva and the Delaware River basin', Publ. Climatol., Lab. Climatol., 48, 1-87.
50. Holton, J. R. 1992. An Introduction to Dynamic Meterology. Academic Press, San Diego. p. 511.
51. Houde, E. D. and Rutherford, E. S. 1993. 'Recent trends in estuarine fisheries: predictions of fish production and yield', Estuaries, 16, 161-176.
52. Howarth, R. W. 1988. 'Nutrient limitation of net primary production in marine ecosystems', Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 19, 89-110.
53. Howarth, R. W., Fruci, J. R., and Sherman, D. 1991. 'Inputs of sediment and carbon to an estuarine ecosystem: influence of land use', Ecol. Appl., 1, 27-39.
54. Howarth, R. W., Jensen, H., Marino, R., and Postma. H. M. 1995. Transport and processing of phosphorus in near-shore and oceanic waters', in Tiessen, H. (Ed.), Phosphorus in the Global Environment, SCOPE #54. Wiley & Sons, Chichester. pp. 323-345.
55. Howarth, R. W., Billen, G., Swaney, D., Townsend, A., Jaworski, N, Lajtha, K., Downing, J. A., Elmgren, R., Caraco, N., Jordan, T., Berendese, F., Freney, J., Kudeyarov, V., Murdoch, P., and Zhao-liang, Zhu, 1996. 'Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N and P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: natural and human influences', in Howarth, R. W. (Ed.), Nitrogen Cycling in the North Atlantic Oceans and its Watersheds. Kluwer, Boston. pp. 75-140.
56. Husar, R. B., Sullivan, T. J., and Charles, D. F. 1991. 'Historical trends in atmospheric sulfur deposition and methods for assessing long-term trends in surface-water chemistry', in Charles, D. F. (Ed.), Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems: Regional Case Studies. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 65-82.
57. Jones, P. D. and Bradley, R. S. 1992. 'Climatic variations in the longest instrumental record', in Bradley, R. S. and Jones, P. D. (Eds), Climate Since A.D. 1500. Routledge, London. pp. 246-268.
58. Kennedy, V. S. 1990. 'Anticipated effects of climate change on estuarine and coastal fisheries', Fisheries, 15, 16-24.
59. Landsberg, H. E. 1981. 'The urban climate', Int. Geophys. Ser., 28, 1-275.
60. Lazerte, B. D. 1993. 'The impact of drought and acidification on the chemical exports from a minerotrophic conifer swamp', Biogeochemistry, 13, 153-175.
61. Leavesley, G. H., Turner, K., D'Agnese, F. A., and McKnight, D. 1997. 'Regional delineation of North America for the assessment of freshwater ecosystems and climate change', Hydrol. Process., 11, 819-824.
62. Lee, R. 1980. Forest Hydrology. Columbia University Press, New York.
63. Likens, G. E., Bormann, F. H., Pierce, R. S., Eaton, J. S., and Johnson, N. M. 1977. Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem. Springer-Verlag, New York. p. 146.
64. Lynch, J. A. and Corbett, E. S. 1989. 'Hydrologic control of sulfate mobility in a forested watershed', Wat. Resour. Res., 25, 1695-1703.
65. MacCrimmon, H. R. and Campbell, J. S. 1969. 'World distribution of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis', J. Fish. Res. Bd Can.,26, 1699-1725.
66. Magnuson, J. J., Crowder, L. B., and Medvick, P. A. 1979. 'Temperature as an ecological resource', Am. Zoo/., 19, 331-343.
67. Malone, T. C., Crocker, L. H., Pike, S. E., and Wendler, B. W. 1988. 'Influence of river flow on the dynamics of phytoplankton production in a partially stratified estuary'. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 48, 235-249.
68. Manabe, S. and Wetherald, R. T. 1987. 'Large-scale changes of soil wetness induced by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide', J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1211-1235.
69. Meisner, J. D. 1990. 'Effect of climatic warming on the southern margin of the native range of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis', Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 47, 1065-1070.
70. Miller, E. W. and Miller, R. M. 1992. Water Quality and Availability: a Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO, Inc. Santa Barbara, California. p. 430.
71. Moore, M. V. and Folt, C. L. 1993. 'Zooplankton body size and community structure: effects of thermal and toxicant stress', Trends Ecol. Evol., 8, 178-183.
72. Morgan, K. O., Morgan, S., and Quitno, N. 1993. State Rankings 1993. Morgan Quitno Corporation, Lawrence, Kansas. p. 511.
73. Munson, R. K. and Gherini, S. A. 1991. 'Processes influencing surface water acidification', in Charles, D. F. (Ed.), Acid Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems: Regional Case Studies. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 9-34.
74. Murdoch, P. S. 1991. 'Chemical budgets and stream chemistry dynamics of a headwater stream in the Catskill Mountains of New York, October 1, 1983 through September 30, 1985', US Geological Survey Water Resources Investigation Report 88-4035. USGS, Albany, New York. p. 66.
75. Murdoch, P. S. and Burns, D. A. 1995. 'Effect of climate on nitrate concentrations in watersheds of the Catskill Mountains, New York', in Gvennfelt, P., Rodhe, H., Thörnelöf, E., and Wisniewski, J. (Eds), Acid Reign '95, Proceedings, Conference on Acid Deposition, Gotenborg, Sweden, 26-30 June, 1995. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, p. 357.
76. Murdoch, P. S. and Stoddard, J. L. 1992. 'The role of nitrate in the acidification of streams in the Catskill Mountains of New York', Wat. Resour. Res., 28, 2707-2720.
77. National Research Council, 1993. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. p. 477.
78. Officer, C. B., Biggs, R. B., Taft, J. L., Cronin, L. E., Tyler, M. A., and Boynton, W. R. 1984. 'Chesapeake Bay anoxia: origins, development, and significance', Science, 223, 22-27.
79. Oke, T. R. 1973. 'City size and the urban heat island', Atmos. Environ., 7, 769-779.
80. Oke, T. R. 1987. Boundary Layer Climates, 2nd edn. Methuen, London, p. 435.
81. Oke, T. R. 1993. 'Global change and urban climates', Proc. 13th Internat. Congress Biometeorol., 1, 123-134.
82. Ollinger, S. V., Aber, J. D., Lovett, G. M., Millham, S. E., Lathrop, R. G., and Ellis, J. M. 1993. 'A spatial model of atmospheric deposition for the forested northeastern United States', Ecol. Appl., 3, 459-472.
83. Papst, M. H. and Boyer, M. G. 1980. 'Effects of two organophosphorus insecticides on the chlorophyll a and pheopigment concentrations of standing ponds', Hydrobiologia, 69, 245-250.
84. Paulsen, S. G., Larsen, D. P., Kaufman, P., Whittier, T. R., Baker, J. R., Peck, D. V., McGue, J., Hughes, R. M., McMullen, D., Stevens, D., Stoddard, J. L., Lazorchak, J. M., Kinney, W., Selle, A. R., and Hjort, R. 1991. 'EMAP-surface waters monitoring and research strategy fiscal year 1991', EPA/600/3-91/022. US EPA, Corvallis, Oregon. p. 184.
85. Pennsylvania Environmental Resources Department, 1994. Water Quality Assessment, 305 (b) Report. Water Quality Management Bureau, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. p. 186.
86. Peterson, B. J. and Melillo, J. M. 1985. 'The potential storage of carbon caused by eutrophication of the biosphere', Tellus, 37B, 117-127.
87. Peterson, D., Cayan, D., DiLeo, J., Noble, M., and Dettinger, M. 1995. 'The role of climate in estuarine variability', Am. Sci., 83, 58-67.
88. Poff, N. L. 1992. 'Regional hydrologic response to climate change: an ecological perspective', in Firth, P. and Fisher, S. G. (Eds), Global Climate Change and Freshwater Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 88-115.
89. Postma, H. 1980. 'Sediment transport and sedimentation,' in Olausson, E. and Cato, I. (Eds), Chemistry and Biogeochemisty of Estuaries. Wiley, Chichester. pp. 153-187.
90. 2 climate on lightning-caused fires', J. Clim., 7, 1484-1494.
91. Rascher, C. M., Driscoll, C. T., and Peters, N. E. 1987. 'Concentration and flux of solutes from snow and forest floor during snowmelt in the west-central Adirondack region of New York', Biogeochemistry, 3, 209-224.
92. Rasmussen, J. B., Rowan, D. J., Lean, D. R. S., and Carey, J. H. 1990. 'Food chain structure in Ontario Lakes determines PCB levels in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and other pelagic fish', Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 47, 2030-2038.
93. Ringler, N. H. and Hall, J. D. 1975. 'Effects of logging on water temperature and dissolved oxygen in spawning beds', Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 1, 111-121.
94. Robinson, W. F. 1988. Mountain New England - Life Past and Present. Little, Brown and Co., Boston. p. 206.
95. Schaefer, D. A., Driscoll, C. T., van Dreason, R., and C. P. Yatsko. 1990. 'The episodic acidification of Adirondack lakes during snowmelt', Wat. Resour. Res., 26, 1639-1647.
96. Schindler, D. W. 1989. 'Biotic impoverishment at home and abroad', BioScience, 39, 426.
97. Schindler, D. W. and Bayley, S. E. 1993. 'The biosphere as an increasing sink for atmospheric carbon: estimates from increased nitrogen deposition'. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 7, 717-733.
98. Schindler, D. W., Beaty, K. G., Fee, E. J., Cruikshank, D. R., DeBruyn, E. R., Findlay, D. L., Linsey, G. A., Shearer, J. A., Stainton, M. P., and Turner, M. A. 1990. 'Effects of climatic warming on lakes of the central boreal forest', Science, 250, 967-970.
99. 2 as simulated by the OSU atmospheric GCM/Mixed-layer ocean model', J. Clim., 2, 459-495.
100. Schwarz, H. E. and Dillard, L. A. 1990. 'Urban water', in Waggoner, P. E. (Ed.), Climate Change and U.S. Water Resources. Wiley, New York. pp. 341-366.
101. Shuter, B. J. and Post, J. R. 1990. 'Climate, population viability, and the zoogeography of temperate fishes', Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 119, 314-336.
102. Smith, D. S. 1990. 'The Adirondack Park in the 21st Century', Technical Report No. 20. Forest Resources of the Adirondacks.
103. Sorensen, J. A., Glass, G. E., Schmidt, K. W., Huber, J. K., and Rapp, G. R., Jr. 1990. 'Airborne mercury deposition and watershed characteristics in relation to mercury concentrations in water sediments plankton and fish of eighty northern Minnesota lakes, USA', Environ. Sci. Technol., 24, 1716-1727.
104. Spry, D. J. and Wiener, J. G. 1991. 'Metal bioavailability and toxicity to fish in low alkalinity lakes: a critical review', Environ. Pollut., 71, 243-304.
105. Stemberger, R. S. and Lazorchak, J. M. 1994. 'Zooplankton assemblage responses to disturbance gradients', Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 51, 2435-2447.
106. Strayer, D. 1987. 'Ecology and zoogeography of the freshwater mollusks of the Hudson River basin', Malacol. Rev., 20, 1-68.
107. Sweeney, B. W., Jackson, J. K., Newbold, J. D., and Funk, D. H. 1992. Climate change and the life histories and biogeography of aquatic insects in eastern North America', in Firth, P. and Fisher, S. G. (Eds), Global Climate Change and Freshwater Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 143-176.
108. Thornthwaite, C. W. and Mather, J. R. 1955. 'The water balance', Publ. Climatol., 8, 1-86.
109. Tiner, R .W. 1984. Wetlands of the United Stales: Current Status and Recent Trends. US Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wetlands Inventory, Washington, D.C. GPO.
110. US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1993. 'Harmful non-indigenous species in the United States', OTA-F-565. US Governent Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
111. US DOA (Department of Agriculture), 1994. Summary Report, 1992 National Resources Inventory. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.
112. US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 1994. 'National water quality inventory: 1992 report to Congress', EPA 841-R-94-001 US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
113. Vannote, R. L. and Sweeney, B. W. 1980. 'Geographic analysis of thermal equilibria', Am. Nat., 5, 667-695.
114. Verry, E. S. 1986. 'Forest harvesting and water: the lake states experience', Wat. Resour. Bull., 22, 1039-1047.
115. Ward, A. K., Ward, G. M., Harlin, J. and Donahoe, R. 1990. 'Geological mediation of stream flow and sediment and solute loading to stream ecosystems due to climate change, in Firth, P. and Fisher, S. G. (Eds), Global Climate Change and Freshwater Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 116-142.
116. Whitney, G. G. 1994. From Coastal Wilderness to Fruited Plain: A History of Environmental Change in Temperate North America, 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. p. 451.
117. Wilkie, R. W. and Tager, J. 1991. Historical Atlas of Massachusetts. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA.
118. 2 climate sensitivity experiment with a global climate model including a simple ocean', J. Geophys. Res., 91, 13315-13343.
119. 2 in a midlatitude forest', Science, 260, 1314-1317.
120. Yeardley, R. B. and Lazorchak, J. M. 1994. 'Results of the 1993 EMAP-Surface waters Northeast Lakes Pilot: fish tissue contaminants', Abstract and poster, 1994. Annual Meeting, Society of Environmental Techology and Chemistry (SETAC).