Molecular detection of low-level disease in patients with cancer

Journal of Pathology

Volumn 190, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 6-14

  Burchill, Susan A ^a   Selby, Peter J ^a  

^a ST JAMES S UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cancer; Detection; Micrometastasis; Microsatellites; PCR; RT PCR; Staging; Turnout markers

Indexed keywords

TUMOR MARKER;

CANCER STAGING; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; METASTASIS; MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; SOLID TUMOR;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS; CHROMOSOME DISORDERS; CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS; DNA, NEOPLASM; FEMALE; GENETIC MARKERS; HUMANS; MALE; MICROSATELLITE REPEATS; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASM STAGING; NEOPLASMS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RNA, NEOPLASM; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 0033958797     PISSN: 00223417     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(200001)190:1<6::AID-PATH486>3.0.CO;2-M     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Molino A, Colombatti M, Bonetti F, et al. A comparative analysis of three different techniques for the detection of breast cancer cells in bone marrow. Cancer 1991; 67: 1033-1036.
2. Osborne MP, Wong GY, Asina S, Old LJ, Cote RJ, Rosen PP. Sensitivity of immunocytochemical detection of breast cancer cells in human bone marrow. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 2706-2709.
3. Mansi JL, Easton D, Berger U, et al. Bone marrow micrometastases in primary breast cancer: prognostic significance after 6 years' follow-up. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27: 1552-1555.
4. Cote RJ, Rosen PP, Lesser ML, Old LJ, Osborne MP. Prediction of early relapse in patients with operable breast cancer by detection of occult bone marrow micrometastases. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9: 1749-1756.
5. Diel IJ, Kaufmann M, Goerner R, Costa SD, Kaul S, Bastert G. Detection of tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with primary breast cancer: a prognostic factor for distant metastasis. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 1534-1539.
6. Schlimok G, Funke I, Pantel K, et al. Micrometastatic tumour cells in bone marrow of patients with gastric cancer: methodological aspects of detection and prognostic significance. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27: 1461-1465.
7. Jauch KW, Heiss MM, Gruetzner U, et al. Prognostic significance of bone marrow micrometastases in patients with gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 1810-1817.
8. Lindemann F, Schlimok G, Dirschedl P, Witte J. Riethmuller G. Prognostic significance of micrometastatic tumour cells in bone marrow of colorectal cancer patients. Lancet 1992; 340: 685-689.
9. Pantel K, Izbicki JR, Angstwurm M, et al. Immunocytological detection of bone marrow micrometastasis in operable non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 1027-1031.
10. Pantel K, Izbicki J, Passlick B, et al. Frequency and prognostic significance of isolated tumour cells in bone marrow of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer without overt metastases. Lancet 1996; 347: 649-653.
11. Delsol G, Gatter KC, Stein H, et al. Human lymphoid cells express epithelial membrane antigen. Implications for diagnosis of human neoplasma. Lancet 1983; 2: 1124-1129.
12. Heyderman E. Advances in pathology and immunocytochemistry. J R Soc Med 1985; 78: 9-18.
13. Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Burchell J, Moss F, Beverley P. Monoclonal antibodies to epithelial membrane antigen and human milk fat globule mucin define epitopes expressed on other molecules. Lancet 1985; 1: 458.
14. Salvadori B, Squicciarini P, Rovini D, et al. Use of monoclonal antibody MBrI to detect micrometastases in bone marrow specimens of breast cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 1990; 26: 865-867.
15. Kirk SJ, Cooper GG, Hoper M, Watt PC, Roy AD, Odling-Smee W. The prognostic significance of marrow micrometastases in women with early breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 1990; 16: 481-485.
16. Molino A, Pelosi G, Turazza M, et al. Bone marrow micrometastases in 109 breast cancer patients: correlations with clinical and pathological features and prognosis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997; 42: 23-30.
17. Porro G, Menard S, Tagliabue E, et al. Monoclonal antibody detection of carcinoma cells in bone marrow biopsy specimens from breast cancer patients. Cancer 1988; 61: 2407-2411.
18. Johnson P, Burchill S, Selby P. The molecular detection of tumour cells. Br J Cancer 1995; 72: 268-276.
19. Peter M, Magdelenat H, Michon J, et al. Sensitive detection of occult Ewing's cells by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Br J Cancer 1995; 72: 96-100.
20. Toretsky JA, Neckers L, Wexler LH. Detection of (11;22)(q24;q12) translocation-bearing cells in peripheral blood progenitor cells of patients with Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 385-386.
21. West DC, Grier HE, Swallow MM, Demetri GD, Granowetter L, Sklar J. Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 583-588.
22. Leon SA, Shapiro B, Sklaroff DM, Yaros MJ. Free DNA in the serum of cancer patients and the effect of therapy. Cancer Res 1977; 37: 646-650.
23. Fournie GJ, Courtin JP, Laval F, et al. Plasma DNA as a marker of cancerous cell death. Investigations in patients suffering from lung cancer and in nude mice bearing human tumours. Cancer Lett 1995; 91: 221-227.
24. Okada S, Yoshimori M, Kakizoe T. Pancreatic cancer: medical aspects. Pancreas 1998; 16: 349-353.
25. Jen J, Johnson C, Levin B. Molecular approaches for colorectal cancer screening. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 10: 213-217.
26. Mao L, Schoenberg MP, Scicchitano M, et al. Molecular detection of primary bladder cancer by microsatellite analysis. Science 1996; 271: 659-662.
27. Chen XQ, Stroun M, Magnenat JL, et al. Microsatellite alterations in plasma DNA of small cell lung cancer patients. Nature Med 1996; 2: 1033-1035.
28. Nawroz H, Koch W, Anker P, Stroun M, Sidransky D. Microsatellite alterations in serum DNA of head and neck cancer patients. Nature Med 1996; 2: 1035-1037.
29. Goessl C, Heicappell R, Munker R, et al. Microsatellite analysis of plasma DNA from patients with clear cell renal carcinoma. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 4728-4732.
30. Fujiwara Y, Chi DD, Wang H, et al. Plasma DNA microsatellites as tumor-specific markers and indicators of tumor progression in melanoma patients. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 1567-1571.
31. Smith B, Selby P, Southgate J, Pittman K, Bradley C, Blair G. Detection of melanoma cells in peripheral blood by means of reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction. Lancet 1991; 338: 1227-1229.
32. Verkaik NS, Schroder FH, Romijn JC. Clinical usefulness of RT-PCR detection of hematogenous prostate cancer spread. Urol Res 1997; 25: 373-384.
33. Fagnou C, Michon J, Peter M, et al. Presence of tumor cells in bone marrow but not in blood is associated with adverse prognosis in patients with Ewing's tumor. Societe Francaise d'Oncologie Pediatrique. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 1707-1711.
34. Pittman K, Burchill S, Smith B, et al. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for expression of tyrosinase to identify malignant melanoma cells in peripheral blood. Ann Oncol 1996; 7: 297-301.
35. Jung F, Buzaid A, Ross M, et al. Evaluation of tyrosinase mRNA as a tumour marker in the blood of melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 2826-2831.
36. Gläser R, Rass K, Seiter S, Hauschild A, Christophers E, Tilgen T. Detection of circulating melanoma cells by specific amplification of tyrosinase complementary DNA is not a reliable tumour marker in melanoma patients: a clinical two centre study. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 2818-2825.
37. Sardi I, Moretti S, Ponchietti R, Arrigucci S, Guazzelli R, Montali E. The role of the detection of hematogenous micrometastasis in prostate adenocarcinoma and malignant melanoma by RT-PCR. Int J Mol Med 1999; 3: 417-419.
38. Blaheta HJ, Schittek B, Breuninger H, et al. Lymph node micrometastases of cutaneous melanoma: increased sensitivity of molecular diagnosis in comparison to immunohistochemistry. Int J Cancer 1998; 79: 318-323.
39. Burchill SA, Bradbury FM, Lewis IJ. Early clinical evaluation of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for tyrosine hydroxylase. Eur J Cancer 1995; 31: 553-556.
40. Kuroda T, Saeki M, Nakano M, Mizutani S. Clinical application of minimal residual neuroblastomas cell detection by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. J Pediatr Surg 1997; 32: 69-72.
41. de la Taille AD, Olsson CA, Katz AE. Molecular staging of prostate cancer: dream or reality. Oncology 1999; 13: 187-194.
42. Wood D, Banerjee M. Presence of circulating prostate cells in the bone marrow of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy is predictive of disease-free survival. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 3451-3457.
43. Eschwege P, Dumas F, Blanchet P, et al. Haematogenous dissemination of prostatic epithelial cells during radical prostatectomy [see comments]. Lancet 1995; 346: 1528-1530.
44. Lambrechts AC, van't Veer LJ, Rodenhuis S. The detection of minimal numbers of contaminating epithelial tumor cells in blood or bone marrow: use, limitations and future of RNA-based methods. Ann Oncol 1998; 9: 1269-1276.
45. Soeth E, Vogel I, Roder C, et al. Comparative analysis of bone marrow and venous blood isolates from gastrointestinal cancer patients for the detection of disseminated tumor cells using reverse transcription PCR. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 3106-3110.
46. Schoenfeld A, Luqmani Y, Smith D, et al. Detection of breast cancer micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes by using polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 2986-2990.
47. Mori M, Mimori K, Inoue H, et al. Detection of cancer micrometastases in lymph nodes by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 3417-3420.
48. Gunn J, McCall J, Yun K, Wright P. Detection of micrometastases in colorectal cancer patients by K19 and K20 reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Lab Invest 1996; 75: 611-616.
49. Mori M, Mimori K, Ueo H, et al. Clinical significance of molecular detection of carcinoma cells in lymph nodes and peripheral blood by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in patients with gastrointestinal or breast carcinomas. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 128-132.
50. Makarovskiy AN, Ackerley W 3rd, Wojcik L et al. Application of immunomagnetic beads in combination with RT-PCR for the detection of circulating prostate cancer cells. J Clin Lab Anal 1997; 11: 346-350.
51. Luke S, Kaul K. Detection of breast cancer in blood using immunomagnetic bead selection and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Mol Diagn 1998; 3: 149-155.
52. Keilholz U, Willhauck M, Rimoldi D, et al. Reliability of RT-PCR based assays for detection of circulating tumour cells: a quality assurance initiative of the EORTC Melanoma Cooperative Group. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34: 750-753.
53. Johnson P, Swinbank K, MacLennan S, et al. Detection of the t(14:18) translocation by polymerase chain reaction: an international comparative study. Blood (submitted).
54. Sidransky D, Von Eschenbach A, Tsai YC, et al. Identification of p53 gene mutations in bladder cancers and urine samples. Science 1991; 252: 706-709.
55. Yoshimura I, Kudoh J, Saito S, Tazaki H, Shimizu N. p53 gene mutation in recurrent superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 1995; 153: 1711-1715.
56. Mashiyama S, Murakami Y, Yoshimoto T, Sekiya T, Hayashi K. Detection of p53 gene mutations in human brain tumors by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction products. Oncogene 1991; 6: 1313-1318.
57. Suzuki H, Komiya A, Aida S, Ito H, Yatani R, Shimazaki J. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA and p53 gene mutations in human prostate cancer. Prostate 1996; 28: 318-324.
58. Inoue S, Nakao A, Kasai Y, Harada A, Nonami T, Takagi H. Detection of hepatic micrometastasis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients by two-stage polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Jpn J Cancer Res 1995; 86: 626-630.1.
59. Uehara H, Nakaizumi A, Baba M, et al. Diagnosis of pancreatic cancer by K-ras point mutation and cytology of pancreatic juice. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 1616-1621.
60. Tada M, Omata M, Kawai S, et al. Detection of ras gene mutations in pancreatic juice and peripheral blood of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 2472-2474.
61. Hardingham JE, Kotasek D, Sage RE, Eaton MC, Pascoe VH, Dobrovic A. Detection of circulating tumor cells in colorectal cancere by immunobead-PCR is a sensitive prognostic marker for relapse of disease. Mol Med 1995; 1: 789-794.
62. Nollau P, Moser C, Wagener C. Isolation of DNA from stool and bodily fluids for PCR amplification. Biotechniques 1996; 20: 784-788.
63. Zucman J, Delattre O, Desmaze C, et al. Cloning and characterization of the Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral neuroepithelioma t(11;22) translocation breakpoints. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1992; 5: 271-277.
64. Delattre O, Zucman J, Melot T, et al. The Ewing family of tumors - a subgroup of small-round-cell tumors defined by specific chimeric transcripts. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 294-299.
65. Cleary ML, Sklar J. Nucleotide sequence of a t(14;18) chromosomal breakpoint in follicular lymphoma and demonstration of a breakpoint-cluster region near a transcriptionally active locus on chromosome 18. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 7439-7443.
66. Crescenzi M, Seto M, Herzig GP, Weiss PD, Griffith RC, Korsmeyer SJ. Thermostable DNA polymerase chain amplification of t(14;18) chromosome breakpoints and detection of minimal residual disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 4869-4873.
67. Foss AJ, Guille MJ, Occleston NL, Hykin PG, Hungerford JL, Lightman S. The detection of melanoma cells in peripheral blood by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactor. Br J Cancer 1995; 72: 155-159.
68. Brossart P, Schmier JW, Kruger S, et al. A polymerase chain reaction-based semiquantitative assessment of malignant melanoma cells in peripheral blood. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 4065-4068.
69. Battayani Z, Grob JJ, Xerri L, et al. Polymerase chain reaction detection of circulating melanocytes as a prognostic marker in patients with melanoma. Arch Dermatol 1995; 131: 443-447.
70. Hoon DS, Wang Y, Dale PS, et al. Detection of occult melanoma cells in blood with a multiple-marker polymerase chain reaction assay. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 2109-2116.
71. Curry B, Myers K, Hersey P. Polymerase chain reaction detection of melanoma cells in the circulation: relation to clinical stage, surgical treatment, and recurrence from melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 1760-1769.
72. Lyman GH, Reintgen DS. Polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry frequently detect occult melanoma cells in regional lymph nodes of melanoma patients. J Clin Pathol 1998; 51: 597-601.
73. Waldmann V, Deichmann M, Bock M, Jackel A, Naher H. The detection of tyrosinase-specific mRNA in bone marrow is not more sensitive than in blood for the demonstration of micrometastatic melanoma. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140: 1060-1064.
74. Shivers SC, Wang X, Li W, et al. Molecular staging of malignant melanoma: correlation with clinical outcome. J Am Med Assoc 1998; 280: 1410-1415.
75. Deguchi T, Doi T, Ehara H, et al. Detection of micrometastatic prostate cancer cells in lymph nodes by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 5350-5354.
76. Israeli RS, Miller WH Jr, Su SL, et al. Sensitive nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction detection of circulating prostatic tumor cells: comparison of prostate-specific membrane antigen and prostate-specific antigen-based assays. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 6306-6310.
77. Katz AE, Olsson CA, Raffo AJ, et al. Molecular staging of prostate cancer with the use of an enhanced reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. Urology 1994; 43: 765-775.
78. Seiden MV, Kantoff PW, Krithivas K, et al. Detection of circulating tumor cells in men with localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 2634-2639.
79. Wood DP Jr, Banks ER, Humphreys S, McRoberts JW, Rangnekar VM. Identification of bone marrow micrometastases in patients with prostate cancer. Cancer 1994; 74: 2533-2540.
80. Ghossein RA, Scher HI, Gerald WL, et al. Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with localized and metastatic prostatic carcinoma: clinical implications. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 1195-1200.
81. Olsson CA, de Vries GM, Raffo AJ, et al. Preoperative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for prostate specific antigen predicts treatment failure following radical prostatectomy. J Urol 1996; 155: 1557-1562.
82. Edelstein RA, Zietman AL, de las Morenas A, et al. Implications of prostate micrometastases in pelvic lymph nodes: an archival tissue study. Urology 1996; 47: 370-375.
83. Burchill SA, Bradbury MF, Pittman K, Southgate J, Smith B, Selby P. Detection of epithelial cancer cells in peripheral blood by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Br J Cancer 1995; 71: 278-281.
84. Soeth E, Roder C, Juhl H, Kruger U, Kremer B, Kalthoff H. The detection of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow from colorectal-cancer patients by a cytokeratin-20-specific nested reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction is related to the stage of disease. Int J Cancer 1996; 69: 278-282.
85. Funaki N, Tanaka J, Ohshio G, Maetani S, Imamura M. Cytokeratin 20 mRNA in peripheral venous blood of colorectal carcinoma patients. Br J Cancer 1998; 77: 1327-1332.
86. Wyld D, Selby P, Perren T, et al. Detection of colorectal cancer cells in peripheral blood by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for cytokeratin 20. Int J Cancer 1998; 79: 288-293.
87. Datta YH, Adams PT, Drobyski WR, Ethier SP, Terry VH, Roth MS. Sensitive detection of occult breast cancer by the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 475-482.
88. Kruger WH, Stockschlader M, Hennings S, et al. Detection of cancer cells in peripheral blood stem cells of women with breast cancer by RT-PCR and cell culture. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996; 18: S18-S20.
89. Kruger W, Krzizanowski C, Holweg M, et al. Reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction detection of cytokeratin-19 mRNA in bone marrow and blood of breast cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1996; 122; 679-686.
90. Fields KK, Elfenbein GJ, Trudeau WL, Perkins JB, Janssen WE, Moscinski LC. Clinical significance of bone marrow metastases as detected using the polymerase chain reaction in patients with breast cancer undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14. 1868-1876.
91. Noguchi S, Aihara T, Motomura K, Inaji H, Imaoka S, Koyama H. Detection of breast cancer micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes by means of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Comparison between MUC1 mRNA and keratin 19 mRNA amplification. Am J Pathol 1996; 148: 649-656.
92. Moscinski LC, Trudeau WL, Fields KK, Elfenbein GJ. High-sensitivity detection of minimal residual breast carcinoma using the polymerase chain reaction and primers for cytokeratin 19. Diagn Mol Pathol 1996; 5: 173-180.
93. Natio H, Kuzumaki N, Uchino J, et al. Detection of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and minimal neuroblastoma cells by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27: 762-765.
94. Burchill SA, Neal DE, Lunec J. Frequency of H-ras mutations in human bladder cancer detected by direct sequencing. Br J Urol 1994; 73: 516-521.
95. Miyajima Y, Horibe K, Fukuda M, et al. Sequential detection of tumor cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with stage IV neuroblastoma by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA. Cancer 1996; 77: 1214-1219.
96. Neumaier M, Gerhard M, Wagener C. Diagnosis of micrometastases by the amplification of tissue-specific genes. Gene 1995; 159: 43-47.
97. Jonas S, Windeatt S, O-Boateng A, Fordy C, Allen-Mersh TG. Identification of carcinoembryonic antigen-producing cells circulating in the blood of patients with colorectal carcinoma by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Gut 1996; 39: 717-721.
98. Gerhard M, Juhl H, Kalthoff H, Schreiber HW, Wagener C, Neumaier M. Specific detection of carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing tumor cells in bone marrow aspirates by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 725-729.
99. Mori M, Mimori K, Ueo H, et al. Molecular detection of circulating solid carcinoma cells in the peripheral blood: the concept of early systemic disease. Int J Cancer 1996; 68: 739-743.
100. Yokozaki H, Ito R, Nakayama H, Kuniyasu H, Taniyama K, Tahara E. Expression of CD44 abnormal transcripts in human gastric carcinomas. Cancer Lett 1994; 83: 229-234.
101. Rodriguez C, Monges G, Rouanet P, Dutrillaux B, Lefrancois D, Theillet C. CD44 expression patterns in breast and colon tumors: a PCR-based study of splice variants. Int J Cancer 1995; 64: 347-354.
102. Yoshida K, Sugino T, Bolodeoku J, et al. Detection of exfoliated carcinoma cells in colonie luminal washings by identification of deranged patterns of expression of the CD44 gene. J Clin Pathol 1996; 49: 300-305.
103. Gotley DC, Reeder JA, Fawcett J, et al. The deleted in colon cancer (DCC) gene is consistently expressed in colorectal cancers and metastases. Oncogene 1996; 13: 787-795.
104. Gotley DC, Fawcett J, Walsh MD, Reeder JA, Simmons DL, Antalis TM. Alternatively spliced variants of the cell adhesion molecule CD44 and tumour progression in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 1996; 74: 342-351.
105. Luppi M, Morselli M, Bandieri E, et al. Sensitive detection of circulating breast cancer cells by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of maspin gene. Ann Oncol 1996; 7: 619-624.
106. Randerson J, Cawkwell L, Jack A, et al. Microsatellite instability in follicle centre cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol 1996; 93: 160-162.