Human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance testing: State of the art in genotypic and phenotypic testing of antiretrovirals

Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 151-157

  Romanelli, Frank ^a   Pomeroy, Claire ^b  

^a University of Kentucky   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR; AMPRENAVIR; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; DELAVIRDINE; DIDANOSINE; EFAVIRENZ; FORTAVASE; INDINAVIR; LAMIVUDINE; LAMIVUDINE PLUS ZIDOVUDINE; NELFINAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; RITONAVIR; SAQUINAVIR; STAVUDINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZALCITABINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; DRUG EFFICACY; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; PHENOTYPE; REVIEW; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 0033955021     PISSN: 02770008     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1592/phco.20.3.151.34777     Document Type: Review

References (35)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National HIV prevalence surveys, 1997 summary. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998:1-25.
2. Anonymous. Update: trends in AIDS incidence - United States, 1996. MMWR 1997;46:861-7.
3. Kahn JO, Walker B. Acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1998;339:33-9.
4. Palella FJ, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1998;338:853-60.
5. Panel on Clinical Practice for Treatment of HIV Infection. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 1999. Available from: http://www.hivatis.org.
6. Carpenter CJ, Fischl MA, Hammer SM, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1998. JAMA 1998;280:78-86.
7. Anonymous. 1997 USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:923-46.
8. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Fed Register 1998;(June 17):1-50.
9. Walker B, Basgoz, N. Treat HIV-1 like other infections - treat it. JAMA 1998;280:91-2.
10. Mulder J, McKinney N, Christopherson C, et al. Rapid and simple PCR assay for quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma: application to acute retroviral infection. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:292-300.
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National HIV prevalence surveys, 1998 midyear summary. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998:1-37.
12. Hu DJ, Dondero TJ, Rayfield MA, et al. The emerging genetic diversity of HIV - the importance of global surveillance for diagnostics, research and prevention. JAMA 1996;275:210-16.
13. Tisdale M, Kemp SD, Parry NR, Lader BA. Rapid in vitro selection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistant to 3-thiacytadine inhibitors due to a mutation in the YMDD region of reverse transcriptase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:5653-6.
14. Wainberg S, Friedland G. Public health implications of antiretroviral therapy and HIV drug resistance. JAMA 1998;279:1977-83.
15. Hirsch MS, Conway B, D'aquila RT, et al. Antiretroviral drug resistance testing in adults with HIV infection. JAMA 1998;279:1984-1991.
16. Schurman R. Rapid changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA load and the appearance of drug resistant virus population in persons treated with lamivudine (3TC). J Infect Dis 1995;171:1411-19.
17. Condra JH, Holder DJ, Schleif WA, et al. Genetic correlates of in vivo viral resistance to indinavir, a human immunodeficiency type 1 protease inhibitor. J Virol 1996;70:8270-6.
18. Roos MT, Lange JM, De Goode RE, et al. Viral phenotype and immune response in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 1992;165:427-32.
19. Havlir DV, Richman DD. Viral dynamics of HIV: implications for drug development and therapeutic strategies. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:984-94.
20. Mayers D. Prevalence and incidence of resistance to zidovudine and other antiretroviral drugs. Am J Med 1997;102:70-5.
21. Paterson D, Swindells S, Mohr J, et al. How much adherence is enough? A prospective study of adherence to protease inhibitor therapy using MEMSCaps. [abstr]. Presented at the 6th Annual Retrovirus Conference, Chicago, February 1-4, 1999.
22. Mayers D. Rational approaches to resistance: nucleoside analogues. AIDS 1996;10(suppl):S9-13.
23. Boucher CAB, Cammack N, Schipper P, et al. High level resistance to enantiomeric 2-deoxy-3-thiacytadine in vitro is due to amino acid substitution in the catalytic site of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:2231-4.
24. Ives KJ, Jacobsen H, Galpin SA, et al. Emergence of resistant variants of HIV in vivo during monotherapy with the protease inhibitor saquinavir. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;39:771-9.
25. Moyle GJ. Current knowledge of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase mutations selected during nucleoside analogue therapy: the potential to use resistance data to guide clinical decisions. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 1997;6:943-8.
26. Race E, Dam E, Obry V, et al. Analysis of HIV cross-resistance to protease inhibitors using a rapid single-cycle recombinant virus assay for patients failing on combination therapies. AIDS 1999;13:2061-8.
27. Patick AK, Mo H, Markowitz M, et al. Antiviral and resistance studies of AG1343, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus protease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:292-7.
28. Boden D, Hurley A, Zhang L, et al. HIV-1 drug resistance in newly infected individuals. JAMA 1999;282:1135-41.
29. Little S, Daar ES, D'Aquila, et al. Reduced antiretroviral drug susceptibility among patients with primary HIV infection. JAMA 1999;282:1142-9.
30. Durant J, Clevenbergh P, Halfon P, et al. Drug-resistance genotyping in HIV-1 therapy: the VIRADAPT randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;353:2195-9.
31. Piketty C, Race E, Castiel P, et al. Efficacy of a five-drug combination including ritonavir, saquinavir and efavirenz in patients who failed on a conventional triple-drug regimen: phenotypic resistance to protease inhibitors predicts outcome of therapy. AIDS 1999;13:F71-7.
32. Baxter JD, Mayers DL, Wentworth DN, et al. A pilot study of the short-term effects of antiretroviral management based on plasma genotypic antiretroviral resistance testing (GART) in patients failing antiretroviral therapy [abstr]. Presented at the 6th Annual Retrovirus Conference, Chicago, February 1-4, 1999.
33. Ait-khaled M, Rakik A, Thomas D, et al. HIV-1 baseline genotype/phenotype and virological response following salvage therapy with abacavir, amprenavir, and efavirenz [abstr]. Presented at the 6th Annual Retrovirus Conference, Chicago, February 1-4, 1999.
34. Walmsley S, Walach C, Moses A, et al. Can baseline genotype predict response to salvage therapy with nelfinavir? [abstr]. Presented at the 6th Annual Retrovirus Conference, Chicago, February 1-4, 1999.
35. Gerberding JL. Management of occupational exposures to blood-borne viruses. N Engl J Med 1995;332:444-51.