Treatment and investigation of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies

Rheumatology

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 7-17

  Lundberg, I ^a   Chung, Y L ^a,b,c  

^a KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c IMPERIAL COLLEGE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AZATHIOPRINE; CHLORAMBUCIL; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; METHOTREXATE; MUSCLE ENZYME; PREDNISONE;

DERMATOMYOSITIS; DISEASE ACTIVITY; ECHOGRAPHY; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; INCLUSION BODY MYOSITIS; MUSCLE BIOPSY; MUSCLE FUNCTION; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; MYOPATHY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; POLYMYOSITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0033954375     PISSN: 14620324     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/39.1.7     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Dalakas MC. Polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and inclusion-body myositis. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1487-98.
2. Plotz PH, Dalakas M, Leff R, Love LA, Miller FW, Cronin ME. Current concepts in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: Polymyositis, dermatomyositis and related disorders. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111:143-57.
3. Plotz PH, Rider LG, Targoff IN, Raben N, O'Hanlon TP, Miller FW. Myositis: Immunologic contributions to understanding cause, pathogenesis and therapy. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:715-24.
4. Engel AG, Arahata K. Mononuclear cells in myopathies: Quantitation of functionally distinct subsets, recognition of antigen-specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity in some diseases, and implications for the pathogenesis of the different inflammatory myopathies. Hum Pathol 1986; 17:704-21.
5. Henriksson KG, Sandstedt P. Polymyositis-treatment and prognosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1982;65:280-300.
6. Thymms KE, Webb J. Dermatomyositis and other connective tissue diseases. A review of 105 cases. J Rheumatol 1985;12:1140-8.
7. Lundberg I, Nennesmo I, Hedfors E. A clinical, serological and histopathological study of 29 patients with myositis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1992;22:127-38.
8. Adams EM, Plotz PH. The treament of myositis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1995;21:179-97.
9. Clarke AE, Bloch DA, Medsger TA, Oddis CV. A longitudinal study of functional disability in a national cohort of patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:1218-24.
10. Dalakas MC. Current treatment of the inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1994;6:595-601.
11. Oddis CV. Therapy of inflammatory myopathy. Rheumatol Dis Clin North Am 1994;20:899-918.
12. Villalba L, Adams EM. Update on therapy for refractory dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1996;8:544-51.
13. Cherin P. Recognition and management of myositis. Drugs 1997;54:39-49.
14. Amato AA, Barohn RJ. Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Neurol Clin 1997:15:615-48.
15. Mastaglia FL, Phillips BA, Zilko P. Treatment of inflammatory myopathies. Muscle Nerve 1997;20:651-64.
16. Lundberg I, Ulfgren AK, Nyberg P, Andersson U, Klareskog L. Cytokine production in muscle tissue of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:865-74.
17. Lundberg I, Nyberg P. New developments in the role of cytokines and chemokines in inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1998;10:521-9.
18. Bunch TW, Worthington JW, Combs JJ, Ilstrup DM, Engel AG. Azathioprine with prednisone for polymyositis. Ann Intern Med 1980;92:365-9.
19. Kroll M, Otis J, Kagen L. Serum enzyme, myoglobin and muscle strength relationships in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 1986;13:349-55.
20. DeVere R, Bradley WG. Polymyositis: Its presentation, morbidity and mortality. Brain 1975;98:637-66.
21. Engel AG, Hohfeld R, Banker BQ. The polymyositis and dermatomyositis syndromes. In: Engel AG, Franzini-Armstrong C, eds. Myology, 2nd edn. New York: McGraw Hill, 1994:1325-83.
22. Lundberg I, Kratz A-K, Nennesmo I, Andersson U, Klareskog L. Effects of corticosteroid treatment on IL-1α and ILβ expression in muscle tissue in patients with inflammatory myopathies. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40:S180.
23. Newman ED, Kurland RJ. P-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35:199-203.
24. Park JH, Vital TL, Ryder NM, Hernanz-Schulman M, Partain CL, Price RR et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and P-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy provide unique quantitative data useful in the longitudinal management of patients with dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:736-46.
25. Chung YL, Smith EC, Williams SCR et al. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: A preliminary study. Eur J Med Res 1997;2:483-7.
26. Dalakas MC, Illa I, Dambrosia JM et al. A controlled trial of high-dose intravenous immune globulin infusions as treatment for dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1993-2000.
27. Vignos PJ, Bowling GF, Watkins MP. Polymyositis. Arch Intern Med 1964;114:263-77.
28. Rose AL, Walton JN. Polymyositis: A survey of 89 cases with particular reference to treatment and prognosis. Brain 1966;89:747-68.
29. Bohan A, Peter JB, Bowman RL, Pearson CM. A computer-assisted analysis of 153 patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Medicine 1977;86:255-86.
30. Joffe MM, Love LA, Leff RL et al. Drug therapy of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: Predictors of response to prednisone, azathioprine and methotrexate and a comparison of their efficacy. Am J Med 1993; 94:379-87.
31. Bunch TW. Prednisone and azathioprine for polymyositis. Arthritis Rheum 1981;24:45-8.
32. Hoffman GS, Franck WA, Raddatz DA, Stallones L. Presentation, treatment, and prognosis of idiopathic inflammatory muscle disease in a rural hospital. Am J Med 1983;75:433-8.
33. Henriksson KG, Lindvall B. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis 1990 - diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Prog Neurobiol 1990;35:181-93.
34. Mulder DW, Winkelman RK, Lambert EH, Diessner GR, Howard FM. Steroid therapy in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Ann Intern Med 1963;58:969-76.
35. Winkelman RK, Mulder DW, Lambert EH, Howard FM, Diessner GR. Course of dermatomyositis-polymyositis: Comparison of untreated and cortisone-treated patients. Mayo Clin Proc 1968;43:545-56.
36. Carpenter JR, Bunch TW, Engel AG, O'Brien PC. Survival in polymyositis: Corticosteroids and risk factors. J Rheumatol 1977;4:207-14.
37. Medsger TA, Robinson H, Masi AT. Factors affecting survivorship in polymyositis. Arthritis Rheum 1971;14:249-58.
38. O'Leary PA, Waisman M. Dermatomyositis: A study of forty cases. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1940;41:1001-19.
39. Sheard C. Dermatomyositis. Arch Intern Med 1951;88: 640-58.
40. Eaton LM. The perspective of neurology in regard to polymyositis. Neurology 1954;4:245-63.
41. Pearson CM. Patterns of polymyositis and their responses to treatment. Ann Intern Med 1963;59:827-38.
42. Miller FW, Leitman SF, Cronia ME. Controlled trial of plasma exchange and leucapheresis in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1380-4.
43. Villalba L, Hicks JE, Adams EM et al. Treatment of refractory myositis. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:392-9.
44. Malaviya AN, Many R, Schunong RS. Treatment of dermatomyositis with methotrexate. Lancet 1968;2: 485-8.
45. Metzger AL, Bohan A, Goldberg LS, Bluestone R, Pearson CM. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis: Combined methotrexate and corticosteroid therapy. Ann Intern Med 1974;81:182-9.
46. Bombardieri S, Hughes GRV, Neri R, Del Bravo P, Del Bono L. Cyclophosphamide in severe polymyositis. Lancet 1989;i:1138-9.
47. Cronin ME, Miller FW, Hicks JE, Dalakas M, Plotz PH. The failure of intravenous Cyclophosphamide therapy in refractory idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. J Rheumatol l989;16:1225-8.
48. Sinoway P, Collen J. Chlorambucil: An effective corticosteroid-sparing agent of patients with recalcitrant dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 1993;36:319-24.
49. Heckmatt J, Hasson N, Saunders C et al. Cyclosporin in juvenile dermatomyositis. Lancet 1989;1:1063-6.
50. Hamill G, Saunders C, Heckman J, Dubowitz V, Stanhope R. 'Catch-up' growth in steroid dependent dermatomyositis treated with cyclosporin-A. Eur J Mcd 1992;1:16-8.
51. Pistoia V, Buoncompagni A, Schribanis R et al. Cyclosporin A in the treatment of juvenile chronic arthritis and childhood polymyositis-dermatomyositis. Results of a preliminary study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1993;11:203-8.
52. Zeller V, Cohen P, Prieur AM, Guillevin L. Cyclosporin A therapy in refractory juvenile dermatomyositis. Experience and long-term follow-up of 6 cases. J Rheumatol 1996;23:1424-8.
53. Saadeh C, Bridges W, Burwick F. Dermatomyosilis: remission induced wilh combined oral cyclosporine and high-dose inlravenous immune globulin. South Med J 1995;88:866-70.
54. Gruhn WB, Diaz-Buxo JA. Cyclosporine treatment of steroid resistant interstitial pneumonitis associated with dermatomyositis/polymyositis. J Rheumatol 1987;14: 1045-7.
55. Tellus MM, Buchanan RRC. Effective treatment of anti Jo-1 antibody-positive polymyositis with Cyclosporin. Br J Rheumatol 1995;34:1187-8.
56. Dawson JK, Abernethy VE, Lynch MP. Effective treatment of anti Jo-1 antibody-positive polymyositis with cyclosporin. Br J Rheumatol 1997;36:144-5.
57. Maeda K, Kimura R, Komuta K, Igarashi T. Cyclosporin treatment for polymyositis/dermatomyositis: Is it possible to rescue the deteriorating cases with interstitial pneumonitis? Scand J Rheumatol 1997;26:24-9.
58. Grau JM, Herrero C, Casademont J, Fernandez-Sola J, Urbano-Marquez A. Cyclosporine A as first choice therapy for dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 1994;21: 381-2.
59. Cherin P, Piette JC, Wechsler B et al. Intravenous gamma globulin as first line therapy in polymyositis and dermato-myositis: An open study in 11 adult patients. J Rheumatol 1994;21:1092-7.
60. Mastaglia FL, Phillips BA, Zilko PJ. Immunoglobulin therapy in inflammatory myopathies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;65:107-10.
61. Chou SM. Myxovirus-like structures in a case of human chronic polymyositis. Science 1967;158:1453-5.
62. Carpenter S, Karpati G, Heller I, Eisen A. Inclusion body myositis: A distinct variety of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Neurology 1978;28:8-17.
63. Danon MJ, Reyes M, Perurena OH, Masdeu JC, Manaligod JR. Inclusion body myositis. A corticosteroid-resistant idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Arch Neurol 1982;39:760-4.
64. Calabrese LH, Mitsumoto H, Chou SM. Inclusion body myositis presenting as treatment-resistant polymyositis. Arthritis Rheum 1987;30:397-403.
65. Sayers ME, Chou SM, Calabrese LH. Inclusion body myositis: Analysis of 32 cases. J Rheumatol 1992;19: 1385-9.
66. Leff RL, Miller FW, Hicks J, Fraser DD, Plotz PH. The treatment of inclusion body myositis: A retrospective review and a randomized, prospective trial of immunosuppressive therapy. Medicine 1993;72:225-35.
67. Dalakas MC, Dambrosia J, Sekul E, Cupler E, Sivakumar K. Treatment of inclusion-body myositis with IVIg: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurology 1997;48:712-6.
68. Griggs RC, Askanas VA, DiMauro S et al. Inclusion body myositis and myopathies. Ann Neurol 1995;38:705-13.
69. Pruitt NJ, Showalter CJ, Engel AG. Sporadic inclusion body myositis: counts of different types of abnormal fibers. Ann Neurol 1996;39:139-43.
70. Barohn RJ, Amato AA, Sahenk Z, Kissel JT, Mendell JR. Inclusion body myositis: explanation for poor response to immunosuppressive therapy. Neurology 1995;45:1302-4.
71. Hicks JE, Miller F. Isometric exercise increases strength and does not produce sustained creatinine phosphokinase increases in a patient with polymyositis. J Rheumatol 1993;20:1399-401.
72. Alexanderson H, Stenström C, Lundberg I. Safety of a home exercise programme in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis: a pilot study. Rheumatology 1999;38:608-11.
73. Wiesinger GF, Quittan M, Aringer M et al. Improvement of physical fitness and muscle strength in polymyositis/ dermatomyositis patients by a training programme. Br J Rheumatol 1998;37:196-200.
74. Spector SA, Lemmer JT, Koffman BM et al. Safety and efficacy of strength training in patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis. Muscle Nerve 1997;20:1242-8.
75. Escalante A, Miller L, Beardmore TD. Resistive exercise in the rehabilitation of polymyositis/dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 1993;20:1340-4.
76. Alexanderson H, Stenström C, Lundberg I. Effect of exercise in patients with active polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:S293.
77. Hicks JE. Role of rehabilitation in the management of myopathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol l998;10:548-55.
78. Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (first two parts). N Engl J Med 1975;292:344-7.
79. Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (second two parts). N Engl J Med 1975;292:403-7.
80. TargolT IN, Miller FW, Medsger TA Jr. Oddis CV. Classification criteria for the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1997;9:527-35.
81. Mastaglia FL, Kakulas BA. A histological and histochemical study of skeletal muscle regeneration in polymyositis. J Neurol Sci 1970;10:471-87.
82. Sandstedt PE, Henriksson KG, Larsson LE. Quantitative electromyography in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Acta Neurol Scand 1982;65:110-21.
83. Mechler F. Changing electromyographic findings during the chronic course of polymyositis. J Neurol 1974; 23:237-42.
84. Oddis CV, Medsger TA. Relationship between serum creatine kinase level and corticosteroid therapy in polymyositis-dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 1988;5:807-11.
85. Heckmatt JZ, Dubowitz V. Ultrasound imaging and directed needle biopsy in the diagnosis of selective involvement in muscle disease. J Child Neurol 1987;2:205-13.
86. Lindequist S, Larsen C, Daa Schröder H. Ultrasound guided needle biopsy of skeletal muscle in neuromuscular disease. Acta Radiol 1990;31:411-3.
87. Fraser DD, Frank JA, Dalakas M, Miller FW, Hicks JE, Plotz P. Magnetic resonance imaging in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. J Rheumatol 1991;18:1693-700.
88. Reimers CD, Fleckenstein JL, Witt TN, Müller-Felber, Pongratz DE. Muscular ultrasound in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies of adults. J Neurol Sci 1993;1116:82-92.
89. Chapman S, Southwood TR, Fowler J, Ryder CA. Rapid changes in magnetic resonance imaging of muscle during the treatment of juvenile dermatomyositis. Br J Rheumatol 1994;33:184-6.
90. Collison CH, Sinai SH, Jorizzo JL, Walker FO, Monu JUV, Snyder J. Juvenile dermatomyositis and polymyositis: A follow-up study of long-term sequelae. South Med J 1988;91:17-22.
91. Löfberg M, Liewendahl K, Lamminen A. Korhola O, Somer H. Antimyosin scintigraphy compared with magnetic resonance imaging in inflammatory myopathies. Arch Neurol 1998;55:987-93.
92. von Kempis J, Kalden P, Gutfleisch J et al. Diagnosis of idiopathic myositis: value of 99 m technetium pyrophosphate muscle scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging in targeted muscle biopsy. Rheumatol Int 1998;17:207-13.
93. Rider LG. Assessment of disease activity and its sequelae in children and adults with myositis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1996;8:495-506.
94. Rider LG, Feldman BM, Perez MD et al. Development of validated disease activity and damage indices for juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: I. Physican, parent and patient global assessments. Juvenile Dermatomyositis Disease Activity Collaborative Study Group. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:1976-83.
95. Daniels L, Worthingham C. Muscle testing, 4th edn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1972.
96. Helewa A, Goldsmith CH, Smythe HA. The modified sphygmomanometer - An instrument to measure muscle strength: A validation study. J Chron Dis 1981;34: 353-61.
97. Stroll T, Brühlmann P, Stucki G, Seifert B, Michel BA. Muscle strength assessment in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: evaluation of the reliability and clinical use of a new, quantitative, easily applicable method. J Rheumatol 1995;22:473-7.
98. Csuka M, McCarty DJ. Simple method for measurement of lower extremity muscle strength. Am J Med 1985;78:77-81.
99. Josefson A, Romanus E, Carlsson J. A functional index in myositis. J Rheumatol 1996;23:1380-4.
100. Barwick DD, Walton JN. Polymyositis. Am J Med 1963;35:646-60.
101. Fudman EJ, Schnitzer TJ. Dermatomyositis without creatine kinase elevation. Am J Med 1986;80:329-32.
102. Friden J, Sfakianos PN, Hargens AR. Blood indices of muscle injury associated with eccentric muscle contraction. J Orthop Res 1989;7:142-5.
103. Noakes TD. Effect of exercise in serum enzymes activities in humans. Sports Med 1987;4:245-67.
104. Henriksson KG. 'Semi-open' muscle biopsy technique. Acta Neurol Scand 1979;59:317-23.
105. Lundberg IE, Dorph C, Nennesmo I. Percutaneous conchotome technique - A valuable and safe procedure for muscle biopsies. Arthritis Rheum 1998;1024:S203.
106. Haddad MG, West RL, Treadwell EL, Fraser DD. Diagnosis of inflammatory myopathy by percutaneous needle biopsy: demonstration of the focal nature of myositis. Am J Clin Pathol 1994;101:661-4.
107. Pitt AM, Fleckenstein JL, Greenlee RG Jr, Burns DK, Bryan WW, Haller R. MRI-guided biopsy in inflammatory myopathy: initial results. Magn Reson Imaging 1993;11:1093-9.
108. Schweitzer ME, Fort J. Cost-effectiveness of MR imaging in evaluating polymyositis. Am J Roentgenol 1995;165: 1469-71.
109. Stonecipher MR, Jorizzo JL, Monu J, Walker F, Sutej PD. Dermatomyositis with normal muscle enzymes concentration. A single-blind study of the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:1294-9.
110. Fraser DD, Frank JA, Dalakas M, Miller FW, Hicks JE, Plotz P. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrates muscle inflammation in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). Arthritis Rheum 1989;32:S125.
111. Fraser DD, Frank JA, Dalakas MC. Inflammatory myopathies: MR imaging and spectroscopy. Radiology 1991;179:341-4.
112. Hernandez RJ, Keim DR, Sullivan DB, Chenever TL, Martel W. Magnetic resonance imaging appearance of the muscles in childhood dermatomyositis, J Pediatr 1990;117:546-50.
113. Park JH, Vansant JP, Kumar NG et al. Dermatomyositis: correlative MR imaging and P-31 MR spectroscopy for quantitative characterization of inflammatory disease. Radiology 1990;177:473-9.
114. Hernandez RJ, Sullivan DB, Chenever TL, Keim DR. MR imaging in children with dermatomyositis: Musculoskeletal findings and correlation with clinical and laboratory findings. Am J Roentgenol 1993;161: 359-66.
115. Reimers CD, Schedel H, Fleckenstein JL et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of skeletal muscles in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies of adults. J Neurol 1994;241:306-14.
116. Kaufman LD, Gruber BL, Gerstman DP, Kaell AT. Preliminary observation on the role of magnetic resonance imaging for polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Ann Rheumatol Dis 1987;46:569-72.
117. Keim DR, Hernandez RJ, Sullivan DB. Serial magnetic resonance imaging in juvenile dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:1580-4.
118. Hernandez RJ, Keim DR, Chenevert TL, Sullivan DB, Aisen AM. Fat-suppressed MR imaging in myositis. Radiology 1992;182:217-9.
119. Stiglbauer R, Graninger W, Prayer L et al. Polymyositis: MRI-appearance at 1.5 T and correlation to clinical findings. Clin Radiol 1993;48:244-8.
120. Fujitake J, Ishikawa Y, Fujii H, Nishimura K, Hayakawa K, Tatsuoka Y. Magnetic resonance imaging of skeletal muscles of polymyositis. Muscle Nerve 1997;20:1463-6.
121. Fujino H, Kobayashi T, Goto I, Onitsjuka H. Magnetic resonance imaging of the muscles in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Muscle Nerve 1991:14:716-20.
122. King LE, Park JH, Adams L, Vital T, Olsen NJ. Evaluation of muscles in a patient with suspected amyopathic dermatomyositis by magnetic resonance imaging and phosphorus-31-spectroscopy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:137-8.
123. King LE Jr, Park JH, Adams LB, Olsen NJ. Phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy for quantitative evaluation of therapeutic regimens in dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:522-4.
124. Park JH, Olsen NJ, King L, Vital T, Buse R, Kari S et al. Use of magnetic resonance imaging and P-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy to detect and quantify muscle dysfunction in the amyopathic and myopathic variants of dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:68-77.
125. Kari S, Olsen NJ, Park JH. Evaluation of muscle diseases using artificial neural network analysis of 31P MR spectroscopy data. Magn Reson Med 1995;34:664-72.
126. Slopis JM, Jackson EF, Narayana PA, Paasozomenos SC, Butler MB. Proton magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopic studies of the pathogenesis and treatment of juvenile dermatomyositis. J Child Neurol 1993;8: 242-9.
127. Chung YL, Wassif WS, Bell D et al. Urinary assessment of disease activity in polymyositis by in vitro NMR. Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 1996;2:1091.
128. Olsen NJ, Park JH. Inflammatory myopathies: Issues in diagnosis and management. Arthritis Care Res 1997;10:200-7.
129. Oddis CV, Medsger TA. Inflammatory myopathies. Baillière's Clin Rheumatol 1995;9:497-514.
130. Cumings JN. Creatine and guanidoacetic acid metabolism in muscle disease. Brain 1953;126:299-310.
131. Maini RN, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR et al. Therapeutic efficacy of multiple intravenous infusions of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody combined with low-dose weekly methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:1552-63.