Business associations and the representation of business interests in post-war Lebanon: The case of the association of Lebanese industrialists

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 23-51

  Baroudi, Sami E ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPETITIVENESS; CORPORATE STRATEGY; INDUSTRIAL POLICY; STATE ROLE;

LEBANON;

EID: 0033869444     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00263200008701317     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. For works that provide a partial treatment of Lebanon's political economy just before and during the war years see in particular: Tabitha Petran, The Struggle Over Lebanon (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1987), esp. pp.79-88; Theodor Hanf, Coxistence in Wartime Lebanon: Decline of a State and Rise of a Nation (London: The Center for Lebanese Studies and I.E. Tauris, 1993), esp. pp.97-110, 122-35; William Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global extensions (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997), esp. pp.156-9, Nasser Saidi, Economic Consequences of the War in Lebanon (Oxford: The Center for Lebanese Studies -Papers on Lebanon 5, 1986); Salim Nasr, 'The Political Economy of the Lebanese Conflict', in Nadim Shehadi and Bridget Harney (eds.), Politics and the Economy in Lebanon (Oxford: The Center for Lebanese Studies, 1989), Iliya Harik, 'The Economic and Social Factors in the Lebanese Crisis', Journal of Arab Affairs (April 1982), pp.209-44, reprinted in Nicholas Hopkins and Saad Eddin Ibrahim (eds.), Arab Society (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1985), pp.412-31. None of these works has dealt with the issue of representation of business or labor interests, or with the relation between groups that represent those interests and the state. Elsewhere, I tackle the issue of labour demands and state-labour relations in post-war Lebanon. See Sami E. Baroudi, 'Economic Conflict in Postwar Lebanon: State-Labor Relations Between 1992 and 1997', The Middle East Journal, Vol.52, No.4 (Autumn 1998), pp.531-50.
2. For works that provide a partial treatment of Lebanon's political economy just before and during the war years see in particular: Tabitha Petran, The Struggle Over Lebanon (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1987), esp. pp.79-88; Theodor Hanf, Coxistence in Wartime Lebanon: Decline of a State and Rise of a Nation (London: The Center for Lebanese Studies and I.E. Tauris, 1993), esp. pp.97-110, 122-35; William Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global extensions (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997), esp. pp.156-9, Nasser Saidi, Economic Consequences of the War in Lebanon (Oxford: The Center for Lebanese Studies -Papers on Lebanon 5, 1986); Salim Nasr, 'The Political Economy of the Lebanese Conflict', in Nadim Shehadi and Bridget Harney (eds.), Politics and the Economy in Lebanon (Oxford: The Center for Lebanese Studies, 1989), Iliya Harik, 'The Economic and Social Factors in the Lebanese Crisis', Journal of Arab Affairs (April 1982), pp.209-44, reprinted in Nicholas Hopkins and Saad Eddin Ibrahim (eds.), Arab Society (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1985), pp.412-31. None of these works has dealt with the issue of representation of business or labor interests, or with the relation between groups that represent those interests and the state. Elsewhere, I tackle the issue of labour demands and state-labour relations in post-war Lebanon. See Sami E. Baroudi, 'Economic Conflict in Postwar Lebanon: State-Labor Relations Between 1992 and 1997', The Middle East Journal, Vol.52, No.4 (Autumn 1998), pp.531-50.
3. For works that provide a partial treatment of Lebanon's political economy just before and during the war years see in particular: Tabitha Petran, The Struggle Over Lebanon (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1987), esp. pp.79-88; Theodor Hanf, Coxistence in Wartime Lebanon: Decline of a State and Rise of a Nation (London: The Center for Lebanese Studies and I.E. Tauris, 1993), esp. pp.97-110, 122-35; William Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global extensions (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997), esp. pp.156-9, Nasser Saidi, Economic Consequences of the War in Lebanon (Oxford: The Center for Lebanese Studies -Papers on Lebanon 5, 1986); Salim Nasr, 'The Political Economy of the Lebanese Conflict', in Nadim Shehadi and Bridget Harney (eds.), Politics and the Economy in Lebanon (Oxford: The Center for Lebanese Studies, 1989), Iliya Harik, 'The Economic and Social Factors in the Lebanese Crisis', Journal of Arab Affairs (April 1982), pp.209-44, reprinted in Nicholas Hopkins and Saad Eddin Ibrahim (eds.), Arab Society (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1985), pp.412-31. None of these works has dealt with the issue of representation of business or labor interests, or with the relation between groups that represent those interests and the state. Elsewhere, I tackle the issue of labour demands and state-labour relations in post-war Lebanon. See Sami E. Baroudi, 'Economic Conflict in Postwar Lebanon: State-Labor Relations Between 1992 and 1997', The Middle East Journal, Vol.52, No.4 (Autumn 1998), pp.531-50.
4. For works that provide a partial treatment of Lebanon's political economy just before and during the war years see in particular: Tabitha Petran, The Struggle Over Lebanon (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1987), esp. pp.79-88; Theodor Hanf, Coxistence in Wartime Lebanon: Decline of a State and Rise of a Nation (London: The Center for Lebanese Studies and I.E. Tauris, 1993), esp. pp.97-110, 122-35; William Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global extensions (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997), esp. pp.156-9, Nasser Saidi, Economic Consequences of the War in Lebanon (Oxford: The Center for Lebanese Studies -Papers on Lebanon 5, 1986); Salim Nasr, 'The Political Economy of the Lebanese Conflict', in Nadim Shehadi and Bridget Harney (eds.), Politics and the Economy in Lebanon (Oxford: The Center for Lebanese Studies, 1989), Iliya Harik, 'The Economic and Social Factors in the Lebanese Crisis', Journal of Arab Affairs (April 1982), pp.209-44, reprinted in Nicholas Hopkins and Saad Eddin Ibrahim (eds.), Arab Society (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1985), pp.412-31. None of these works has dealt with the issue of representation of business or labor interests, or with the relation between groups that represent those interests and the state. Elsewhere, I tackle the issue of labour demands and state-labour relations in post-war Lebanon. See Sami E. Baroudi, 'Economic Conflict in Postwar Lebanon: State-Labor Relations Between 1992 and 1997', The Middle East Journal, Vol.52, No.4 (Autumn 1998), pp.531-50.
5. For works that provide a partial treatment of Lebanon's political economy just before and during the war years see in particular: Tabitha Petran, The Struggle Over Lebanon (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1987), esp. pp.79-88; Theodor Hanf, Coxistence in Wartime Lebanon: Decline of a State and Rise of a Nation (London: The Center for Lebanese Studies and I.E. Tauris, 1993), esp. pp.97-110, 122-35; William Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global extensions (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997), esp. pp.156-9, Nasser Saidi, Economic Consequences of the War in Lebanon (Oxford: The Center for Lebanese Studies -Papers on Lebanon 5, 1986); Salim Nasr, 'The Political Economy of the Lebanese Conflict', in Nadim Shehadi and Bridget Harney (eds.), Politics and the Economy in Lebanon (Oxford: The Center for Lebanese Studies, 1989), Iliya Harik, 'The Economic and Social Factors in the Lebanese Crisis', Journal of Arab Affairs (April 1982), pp.209-44, reprinted in Nicholas Hopkins and Saad Eddin Ibrahim (eds.), Arab Society (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1985), pp.412-31. None of these works has dealt with the issue of representation of business or labor interests, or with the relation between groups that represent those interests and the state. Elsewhere, I tackle the issue of labour demands and state-labour relations in post-war Lebanon. See Sami E. Baroudi, 'Economic Conflict in Postwar Lebanon: State-Labor Relations Between 1992 and 1997', The Middle East Journal, Vol.52, No.4 (Autumn 1998), pp.531-50.
6. For works that provide a partial treatment of Lebanon's political economy just before and during the war years see in particular: Tabitha Petran, The Struggle Over Lebanon (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1987), esp. pp.79-88; Theodor Hanf, Coxistence in Wartime Lebanon: Decline of a State and Rise of a Nation (London: The Center for Lebanese Studies and I.E. Tauris, 1993), esp. pp.97-110, 122-35; William Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global extensions (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997), esp. pp.156-9, Nasser Saidi, Economic Consequences of the War in Lebanon (Oxford: The Center for Lebanese Studies -Papers on Lebanon 5, 1986); Salim Nasr, 'The Political Economy of the Lebanese Conflict', in Nadim Shehadi and Bridget Harney (eds.), Politics and the Economy in Lebanon (Oxford: The Center for Lebanese Studies, 1989), Iliya Harik, 'The Economic and Social Factors in the Lebanese Crisis', Journal of Arab Affairs (April 1982), pp.209-44, reprinted in Nicholas Hopkins and Saad Eddin Ibrahim (eds.), Arab Society (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1985), pp.412-31. None of these works has dealt with the issue of representation of business or labor interests, or with the relation between groups that represent those interests and the state. Elsewhere, I tackle the issue of labour demands and state-labour relations in post-war Lebanon. See Sami E. Baroudi, 'Economic Conflict in Postwar Lebanon: State-Labor Relations Between 1992 and 1997', The Middle East Journal, Vol.52, No.4 (Autumn 1998), pp.531-50.
7. For works that provide a partial treatment of Lebanon's political economy just before and during the war years see in particular: Tabitha Petran, The Struggle Over Lebanon (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1987), esp. pp.79-88; Theodor Hanf, Coxistence in Wartime Lebanon: Decline of a State and Rise of a Nation (London: The Center for Lebanese Studies and I.E. Tauris, 1993), esp. pp.97-110, 122-35; William Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global extensions (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997), esp. pp.156-9, Nasser Saidi, Economic Consequences of the War in Lebanon (Oxford: The Center for Lebanese Studies -Papers on Lebanon 5, 1986); Salim Nasr, 'The Political Economy of the Lebanese Conflict', in Nadim Shehadi and Bridget Harney (eds.), Politics and the Economy in Lebanon (Oxford: The Center for Lebanese Studies, 1989), Iliya Harik, 'The Economic and Social Factors in the Lebanese Crisis', Journal of Arab Affairs (April 1982), pp.209-44, reprinted in Nicholas Hopkins and Saad Eddin Ibrahim (eds.), Arab Society (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1985), pp.412-31. None of these works has dealt with the issue of representation of business or labor interests, or with the relation between groups that represent those interests and the state. Elsewhere, I tackle the issue of labour demands and state-labour relations in post-war Lebanon. See Sami E. Baroudi, 'Economic Conflict in Postwar Lebanon: State-Labor Relations Between 1992 and 1997', The Middle East Journal, Vol.52, No.4 (Autumn 1998), pp.531-50.
8. For works that provide a partial treatment of Lebanon's political economy just before and during the war years see in particular: Tabitha Petran, The Struggle Over Lebanon (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1987), esp. pp.79-88; Theodor Hanf, Coxistence in Wartime Lebanon: Decline of a State and Rise of a Nation (London: The Center for Lebanese Studies and I.E. Tauris, 1993), esp. pp.97-110, 122-35; William Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global extensions (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997), esp. pp.156-9, Nasser Saidi, Economic Consequences of the War in Lebanon (Oxford: The Center for Lebanese Studies -Papers on Lebanon 5, 1986); Salim Nasr, 'The Political Economy of the Lebanese Conflict', in Nadim Shehadi and Bridget Harney (eds.), Politics and the Economy in Lebanon (Oxford: The Center for Lebanese Studies, 1989), Iliya Harik, 'The Economic and Social Factors in the Lebanese Crisis', Journal of Arab Affairs (April 1982), pp.209-44, reprinted in Nicholas Hopkins and Saad Eddin Ibrahim (eds.), Arab Society (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1985), pp.412-31. None of these works has dealt with the issue of representation of business or labor interests, or with the relation between groups that represent those interests and the state. Elsewhere, I tackle the issue of labour demands and state-labour relations in post-war Lebanon. See Sami E. Baroudi, 'Economic Conflict in Postwar Lebanon: State-Labor Relations Between 1992 and 1997', The Middle East Journal, Vol.52, No.4 (Autumn 1998), pp.531-50.
9. A few examples of how the issue of business association has been treated in the literature should suffice here. Eva Bellin provides a detailed treatment of the relations between the state and industrialists in Tunisia until the late 1980s, but devotes no attention to the role of formal associations of private industrialists. Eva Bellin, 'Tunisian Industrialists and the State', in I. William Zartman, Tunisia: The Political Economy of Reform (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1991), pp.45-66. In his article on the political economy of Jordan since the Gulf War, Riad al-Khouri devotes a mere paragraph to discuss business lobbying. Riad al-Khouri, 'The Political Economy of Jordan: Democratization and the Gulf Crisis', in Dan Tschirgi (ed.), The Arab World Today (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p.65. Bahout provides a more detailed treatment of business entrepreneurs in Syria since Syria's economic opening (Infitah), but does not deal specifically with business associations. Joseph Bahout, 'The Syrian Business Community, its Politics and Prospects', in Eberhard Kienle, Contemporary Syria: Liberalization between Cold War and Cold Peace (London: British Academic Press, 1994), pp.72-80. Recent books on the political economy of Egypt, notably Iliya Harik, Economic Policy Reform in Egypt (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997), and Yahya Sadowski, Political Vegetable: Businessman and Bureaucrat in the Development of Egyptian Agriculture (Washington, D.C.: The Brooking Institution, 1991), provide no treatment of the activities of business associations. Despite its otherwise comprehensive coverage of the political economies of the Middle East, Alan Richards and John Waterbury, A Political Economy of the Middle East (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996 and 1990) pays no attention to the role of business associations either.
10. A few examples of how the issue of business association has been treated in the literature should suffice here. Eva Bellin provides a detailed treatment of the relations between the state and industrialists in Tunisia until the late 1980s, but devotes no attention to the role of formal associations of private industrialists. Eva Bellin, 'Tunisian Industrialists and the State', in I. William Zartman, Tunisia: The Political Economy of Reform (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1991), pp.45-66. In his article on the political economy of Jordan since the Gulf War, Riad al-Khouri devotes a mere paragraph to discuss business lobbying. Riad al-Khouri, 'The Political Economy of Jordan: Democratization and the Gulf Crisis', in Dan Tschirgi (ed.), The Arab World Today (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p.65. Bahout provides a more detailed treatment of business entrepreneurs in Syria since Syria's economic opening (Infitah), but does not deal specifically with business associations. Joseph Bahout, 'The Syrian Business Community, its Politics and Prospects', in Eberhard Kienle, Contemporary Syria: Liberalization between Cold War and Cold Peace (London: British Academic Press, 1994), pp.72-80. Recent books on the political economy of Egypt, notably Iliya Harik, Economic Policy Reform in Egypt (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997), and Yahya Sadowski, Political Vegetable: Businessman and Bureaucrat in the Development of Egyptian Agriculture (Washington, D.C.: The Brooking Institution, 1991), provide no treatment of the activities of business associations. Despite its otherwise comprehensive coverage of the political economies of the Middle East, Alan Richards and John Waterbury, A Political Economy of the Middle East (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996 and 1990) pays no attention to the role of business associations either.
11. A few examples of how the issue of business association has been treated in the literature should suffice here. Eva Bellin provides a detailed treatment of the relations between the state and industrialists in Tunisia until the late 1980s, but devotes no attention to the role of formal associations of private industrialists. Eva Bellin, 'Tunisian Industrialists and the State', in I. William Zartman, Tunisia: The Political Economy of Reform (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1991), pp.45-66. In his article on the political economy of Jordan since the Gulf War, Riad al-Khouri devotes a mere paragraph to discuss business lobbying. Riad al-Khouri, 'The Political Economy of Jordan: Democratization and the Gulf Crisis', in Dan Tschirgi (ed.), The Arab World Today (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p.65. Bahout provides a more detailed treatment of business entrepreneurs in Syria since Syria's economic opening (Infitah), but does not deal specifically with business associations. Joseph Bahout, 'The Syrian Business Community, its Politics and Prospects', in Eberhard Kienle, Contemporary Syria: Liberalization between Cold War and Cold Peace (London: British Academic Press, 1994), pp.72-80. Recent books on the political economy of Egypt, notably Iliya Harik, Economic Policy Reform in Egypt (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997), and Yahya Sadowski, Political Vegetable: Businessman and Bureaucrat in the Development of Egyptian Agriculture (Washington, D.C.: The Brooking Institution, 1991), provide no treatment of the activities of business associations. Despite its otherwise comprehensive coverage of the political economies of the Middle East, Alan Richards and John Waterbury, A Political Economy of the Middle East (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996 and 1990) pays no attention to the role of business associations either.
12. A few examples of how the issue of business association has been treated in the literature should suffice here. Eva Bellin provides a detailed treatment of the relations between the state and industrialists in Tunisia until the late 1980s, but devotes no attention to the role of formal associations of private industrialists. Eva Bellin, 'Tunisian Industrialists and the State', in I. William Zartman, Tunisia: The Political Economy of Reform (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1991), pp.45-66. In his article on the political economy of Jordan since the Gulf War, Riad al-Khouri devotes a mere paragraph to discuss business lobbying. Riad al-Khouri, 'The Political Economy of Jordan: Democratization and the Gulf Crisis', in Dan Tschirgi (ed.), The Arab World Today (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p.65. Bahout provides a more detailed treatment of business entrepreneurs in Syria since Syria's economic opening (Infitah), but does not deal specifically with business associations. Joseph Bahout, 'The Syrian Business Community, its Politics and Prospects', in Eberhard Kienle, Contemporary Syria: Liberalization between Cold War and Cold Peace (London: British Academic Press, 1994), pp.72-80. Recent books on the political economy of Egypt, notably Iliya Harik, Economic Policy Reform in Egypt (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997), and Yahya Sadowski, Political Vegetable: Businessman and Bureaucrat in the Development of Egyptian Agriculture (Washington, D.C.: The Brooking Institution, 1991), provide no treatment of the activities of business associations. Despite its otherwise comprehensive coverage of the political economies of the Middle East, Alan Richards and John Waterbury, A Political Economy of the Middle East (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996 and 1990) pays no attention to the role of business associations either.
13. A few examples of how the issue of business association has been treated in the literature should suffice here. Eva Bellin provides a detailed treatment of the relations between the state and industrialists in Tunisia until the late 1980s, but devotes no attention to the role of formal associations of private industrialists. Eva Bellin, 'Tunisian Industrialists and the State', in I. William Zartman, Tunisia: The Political Economy of Reform (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1991), pp.45-66. In his article on the political economy of Jordan since the Gulf War, Riad al-Khouri devotes a mere paragraph to discuss business lobbying. Riad al-Khouri, 'The Political Economy of Jordan: Democratization and the Gulf Crisis', in Dan Tschirgi (ed.), The Arab World Today (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p.65. Bahout provides a more detailed treatment of business entrepreneurs in Syria since Syria's economic opening (Infitah), but does not deal specifically with business associations. Joseph Bahout, 'The Syrian Business Community, its Politics and Prospects', in Eberhard Kienle, Contemporary Syria: Liberalization between Cold War and Cold Peace (London: British Academic Press, 1994), pp.72-80. Recent books on the political economy of Egypt, notably Iliya Harik, Economic Policy Reform in Egypt (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997), and Yahya Sadowski, Political Vegetable: Businessman and Bureaucrat in the Development of Egyptian Agriculture (Washington, D.C.: The Brooking Institution, 1991), provide no treatment of the activities of business associations. Despite its otherwise comprehensive coverage of the political economies of the Middle East, Alan Richards and John Waterbury, A Political Economy of the Middle East (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996 and 1990) pays no attention to the role of business associations either.
14. A few examples of how the issue of business association has been treated in the literature should suffice here. Eva Bellin provides a detailed treatment of the relations between the state and industrialists in Tunisia until the late 1980s, but devotes no attention to the role of formal associations of private industrialists. Eva Bellin, 'Tunisian Industrialists and the State', in I. William Zartman, Tunisia: The Political Economy of Reform (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1991), pp.45-66. In his article on the political economy of Jordan since the Gulf War, Riad al-Khouri devotes a mere paragraph to discuss business lobbying. Riad al-Khouri, 'The Political Economy of Jordan: Democratization and the Gulf Crisis', in Dan Tschirgi (ed.), The Arab World Today (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p.65. Bahout provides a more detailed treatment of business entrepreneurs in Syria since Syria's economic opening (Infitah), but does not deal specifically with business associations. Joseph Bahout, 'The Syrian Business Community, its Politics and Prospects', in Eberhard Kienle, Contemporary Syria: Liberalization between Cold War and Cold Peace (London: British Academic Press, 1994), pp.72-80. Recent books on the political economy of Egypt, notably Iliya Harik, Economic Policy Reform in Egypt (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997), and Yahya Sadowski, Political Vegetable: Businessman and Bureaucrat in the Development of Egyptian Agriculture (Washington, D.C.: The Brooking Institution, 1991), provide no treatment of the activities of business associations. Despite its otherwise comprehensive coverage of the political economies of the Middle East, Alan Richards and John Waterbury, A Political Economy of the Middle East (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996 and 1990) pays no attention to the role of business associations either.
15. Denis J. Sullivan, Private Voluntary Organizations in Egypt: Islamic Development, Private Initiative, and State Control (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1994), pp.107-11. For a good article on the changing relations between business associations and the state in the Third World see John Lucas, 'The Politics of Business Associations in the Developing World', The Journal of Developing Areas, Vol. 32, No.1 (Fall 1997), pp.71-96.
16. Denis J. Sullivan, Private Voluntary Organizations in Egypt: Islamic Development, Private Initiative, and State Control (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1994), pp.107-11. For a good article on the changing relations between business associations and the state in the Third World see John Lucas, 'The Politics of Business Associations in the Developing World', The Journal of Developing Areas, Vol. 32, No.1 (Fall 1997), pp.71-96.
17. The Association of Beirut merchants was established before independence in the 1920s. ALI was formed in 1943, and the four Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture (for Beirut and Mount Lebanon, the Biqa', North Lebanon, and South Lebanon) were reorganized and received official recognition in the 1950s, the Association of Lebanese Banks was formed in 1959.
18. Association of Lebanese Industrialists, 'The Association of Lebanese Industrialists: What it is. What it does?' (Beirut, unpublished ALI document), p.1.
19. See Carolyn Gates, The Historical Role of Political Economy in the Development of Modern Lebanon (Oxford: Center for Lebanese Studies - Papers on Lebanon, 10, 1989), esp. pp.10-11.
20. According to IRFED (the French Organization for development and planning) which in 1960 and 1961, at the request of President Chehab, conducted a comprehensive study of economic and social conditions in Lebanon, in 1918 there were 279 light industries divided as follows: 194 food processing, 12 beverages, 6 clothing items and shoes, 7 furniture, 19 printing, 10 leather, 3 chemicals, 6 mining, 5 equipment, 7 miscellaneous. IRFED, Besoin et Possibilités de développement au Liban, Vol.I., p.168.
21. According to one report, allied forces in Lebanon spent more than LP606 million between 1940 and 1944. 'Ali Hamadeh and 'Issam 'Azoury, 'Tarikh al-Sina 'at Wa Mustaqbaliha' (History of Industry and its Future), Al-Nahar, Appendix on Industry, 16 Sept. 1993, p.1.
22. Established by Ministerial Decree No.2351, 10 Dec. 1971. See Al-Safir, Special Issue on Lebanese Industry, 30 Oct. 1996, p.8.
23. Jean Paul Bertran, Aida Bojikanian, Nadine Pikodo, Al-Sina'at al-Lubnania Wa-Aswaq Al-Khalij Al-'Arabi, translated from French to Arabic by George Abi-Saleh (Beirut: Centre D'Etudes Et De Recherches Sur Le Moyen-Orient Contemporain, 1980), p.3.
24. Andre Chaib, 'Analysis of Lebanon's Merchandise Exports', Middle East Journal, Vol.43, No.4 (Autumn 1980), pp.446-7.
25. Iliya Harik, 'Economic and Social Factors in the Lebanese Crisis', p.416.
26. Figures from the Beirut Chamber of Commerce and Industry, quoted in Boutros Labaki, Al-Nata'ij al-Iqtisadiyya Lil-Hurub al-Lubnaniyya (Economic Consequences of the Lebanese wars), Al-Hayat, 24 April 1991, p.7.
27. Elie Yashouwi, Al-Qita 'Al-Sian'i fi Lubnan: al-Waqi'wa al-Siyasaat al-Mustaqbaliyya (The Industrial Sector in Lebanon: Reality and Future Policies) (Beirut: Al-Markaz al-Lubnani li Dirasaat, 1996), pp.47 and 49.
28. Ibid.
29. Figures from the Ministry of Industry and Petroleum, quoted in 'Abdo Yabroudi, Waq' al-Iqtisad Fi Lubnan (The Facts about the Lebanese Economy) (Beirut: Manshurat Mu'ssat al-Dirasat al-Istratijiiyaah Min Ajl al-Salam, n.d.), p.44.
30. See Boutros Labaki, Al-Nata'ij al-Iqtisadiyya Lil-Hurub al-Lubnaniyya, p.7.
31. Salim Nasr, 'The Political Economy of the Lebanese Conflict', pp.43-44; Iliya Harik, 'The Economic and Social Factors in the Lebanese Crisis', pp.415-17; and Theodor Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon: Decline of a State and Rise of a Nation, pp.125-6.
32. Salim Nasr, 'The Political Economy of the Lebanese Conflict', pp.43-44; Iliya Harik, 'The Economic and Social Factors in the Lebanese Crisis', pp.415-17; and Theodor Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon: Decline of a State and Rise of a Nation, pp.125-6.
33. Salim Nasr, 'The Political Economy of the Lebanese Conflict', pp.43-44; Iliya Harik, 'The Economic and Social Factors in the Lebanese Crisis', pp.415-17; and Theodor Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon: Decline of a State and Rise of a Nation, pp.125-6.
34. See Salim Nasr, 'The Political Economy of the Lebanese Conflict, p.44; William Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars and Global Extensions, p.157.
35. See Salim Nasr, 'The Political Economy of the Lebanese Conflict, p.44; William Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars and Global Extensions, p.157.
36. Al-Hayat (London), 20 Dec. 1989, p.8.
37. Interview with Daoud Abou-Jaoudeh, former member of ALI's Board of Directors, Al-Nahar, Appendix on Industry, 12 April 1988, p.5
38. Al-Safir, Appendix on Industry, 21 July 1993, p.14.
39. Al-Diyar, Appendix on Industry, 3 Sept. 1993, p.1.
40. Interview with Daouod Abou-Jaoudeh, former member of ALI's Board of Directors, Al-Nahar, Appendix on Industry, 12 April 1988, and p.5.
41. Abdo Yabroudi, Waqi' al-Iqtisad fi Lubnan, pp.56-7.
42. Boutros Labaki, Al-Nata'ij al-Iqtisadiyya lil-Hurub al-Lubnaniyya, p.7. Because the IMF figure of 50,000 was derived from a very partial survey of industrial establishments it probably underestimated the number of industrial workers in 1985, but not by much.
43. UNIDO, Guidelines for an Industrial Strategy in Lebanon (Project DU/LEB/92/001-Substantive Report, Prepared for the Government of Lebanon by Austin E. Cambon, Consultant to UNIDO on behalf of the United Nations Development Office for Project Support, 1993), p.7.
44. See Al-Safir, 22 Dec. 1995, p.7.
45. See press remarks of former Minister of Industry and Petroleum, Chahé Barsomian, Al-Nahar, 20 Jan. 1996, p.6.
46. Michael Young, 'Stability and the Poor', The Lebanon Report, No.2 (Summer 1996), p.34.
47. For ALI's positive response to the establishment of the MOI see Al-Nahar, 9 Nov. 1996, p.8.
48. Interview with Minister of Industry, Nadeem Salem, Al-Sina 'at wa al-Iqtisad (Industry and Economy) (Beirut), No. 41, Dec. 1997, pp.10-12.
49. Ibid.
50. See ECO News (Beirut), 7 Aug. 1995, Al-Nahar, 14 Dec. 1994, pp.8-9.
51. See ECO News (Beirut), 7 Aug. 1995, Al-Nahar, 14 Dec. 1994, pp.8-9.
52. Banque du Liban, Al-Taqrir al-Sanawi li 'Am 1995 (Annual Report for 1995) (Beirut: Banque Du Liban, 1996), p.115.
53. UNIDO, Guidelines for an Industrial Strategy in Lebanon , pp.21-2.
54. Ibid., p.4.
55. Jam'iyyat al-Sina'iyyin al-lubnaniyyin, Al-Qanun Al-Asasi al-mu 'adal bi-tarikh 16 Nissan 1947, 17 Shbat 1950, 31 Ayar 1955 (Basic Bylaws as amended on 16 April 1947, 7 Feb. 1950, and 31 MAY 1955) (Beirut: Jam'iyyat al-Sina'iyyin al-lubnaniyyin), p.1. This unpublished document was provided to the author courtesy of ALI.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p.6.
58. Interview with Hatem Hatem, former member of ALI's Board of Directors, Al-Nahar, Appendix on Industry, 12 April 1988, p.4.
59. Ibid.
60. Al-Diyar, 5 March 1992, p.9.
61. Interview with Hatem Hatem (member of ALI Board of Diectors 1988-1992), Al-Nahar, Appendix on Industry, 28 July 1994, p.8.
62. See Al-Nahar, Appendix on Industry, 12 April 1988, p.1.
63. Ibid.
64. Al-Safir, 18 Nov. 1991, p.4.
65. Ibid.
66. Al-Nahar, 27 Feb. 1992, p.5.
67. The six were Jack Sarraf, Hassan 'Alam Al-Dine, Ahmad Kabbara, Rachid Beydoun, Fouad Hodroj, and Garbis Marcarian. Al-Nahar, 11 March 1992, p.5.
68. Al-Iqtisad wa al-A'mal, April 1994, pp.12-15.
69. There are conflicting stories about how the Shii block of about 90 industrialists voted. Virtually, all the Shii industrialists crossed the name of the powerful Sunni Vice-President, Najib Khatib. Many, however, voted for Mr Abi-Saleh. One Shi'i industrialist noted 'we helped defeat Khatib, but not Dr Abi-Saleh'. Interview with author on 19 Aug. 1997.
70. Author's interview with a Board member 1988 held in Beirut on 19 Aug. 1997.
71. Al-Diyar, 5 March 1992, p.10
72. President Sarraf, first vice-president 'Alam Al-Dine, general secretary Beydoun and secretary for foreign relations Kabbara (newly created post) were all members of the 1988 Board.
73. Al-Nahar, 9 March 1994, p.5.
74. Ibid., see also Al-Iqtisad wa al-A'mal (Econmy and Business) (Beirut), April 1994. pp.12-15.
75. Ibid., see also Al-Iqtisad wa al-A'mal (Econmy and Business) (Beirut), April 1994. pp.12-15.
76. Ibid.
77. Under article 7 of the 1943 Bylaws (as amended until 1955) only half the members of the Board of Directors had to be class A industrialists. Jam'iyyat al-Sina'iyyin al-lubnaniyyin, Al-Qanun Al-Asasi al-mu'adal bi-tarikh 16 Nissan 1947, 17 Shbat 1955, 31 Ayar 1955, p.7.
78. Author's interview with a Board member 1988 held in Beirut on 19 Aug. 1997.
79. Al-Nahar, 9 April 1994, p.5; Al-Mal wa al-'Alam (Money and the World) (Beirut). April 1994, p.15
80. Al-Nahar, 9 April 1994, p.5; Al-Mal wa al-'Alam (Money and the World) (Beirut). April 1994, p.15
81. Al-Nahar, 21 June 1994, p.6.
82. Al-Nahar, 2 June 1996, p.6.
83. Al-Nahar, 12 July 1995, p.7.
84. Al-Diyar, 9 March 1998, p.6.
85. Salem was hoping that a friend of his (a fellow Catholic) would be included in Sarraf's list. The remarks of Salem were carried on the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International -LBCI - (Beirut) 8.00 p.m. nightly news (8 March 1998), and were reported in all the newspapers the next day. In justifying his position, Minister Salem said, 'I am not sectarian, but the sectarian make-up of the country forces me to be so'. He went on to note 'Many officials have backed members of their sects and we (read Catholics) cannot accept this undermining of our rights' (al-hadr li-huquqina). He concluded by posing the following question: 'what would have happened had the Druze been excluded?' (the translation is mine from Al-Diyar, 9 March 1998, p.6).
86. 1994 Bylaws, article 33, p.19.
87. Article 30 of the 1994 Bylaws, pp.16-18. The text of A-Nitham al-Asaasi lijam'iyat al-Sina'iyyin al-Lubnaiyyin, as approved on 8 March 1994 (hereafter 1994 Bylaws) were provided to the author courtesy of ALI.
88. Article 17 of the 1994 Bylaws, p.13.
89. See Al-Nahar of 4 March 1994 and 9 April 1994.
90. Author's interview with Abi Saleh, 17 July 1997 (Jounieh, Lebanon).
91. The four were Hishatn Baba (Sunni), Joseph Hajj (Maronite), Muhammad Na'il (Sunni), and Ra'if Qassem (Sunni).
92. Author's interview with a board member of ALI on 19 Aug. 1997, Beirut.
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid.
95. Author's interview with a board member of ALI on 21 Aug. 1997, Beirut.
96. 1994 Bylaws, p.3.
97. One Board member suggested a plan to merge the Chambers of Industry (currently part of the Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture), the ALI, and the Export Promotion Council in one body that focuses on the problems of industry and export promotion. He wanted the state to support this body actively with funds and personnel, but to keep its management under the control of private entrepreneurs. Author's interview with Board member Nazareth Sabonjian on 21 Aug. 1997.
98. For example, Rachid Beydoun used to be the chairman of the Association of Southern Suburb Industrialists until 1992. Marco Ayoub is the Chairman of the Association of Bourj Hammoud (in North Maten) Industrialists. Sarraf used to be the Chairman of the Association of Chemical Industries until 1992.
99. Al-Sina'a Wa Al-iqtisad (Industry and Economy), No. 33, Sept. 1996, pp.130-77.
100. Jean Paul Kandlaft, Chairman of ALI's Finance Committee, quoted in Al-Nahar, 11 July 1996, p.10.
101. See, for example, the study presented by ALI to Parliament on the subject, quoted in Al-Diyar, 16 May 1995, p.7 and the memo to the Minister of Industry and other government officials presented on 25 Nov. 1996. Al-Nahar, 25 Nov. 1996, p.5.
102. See, for example, the study presented by ALI to Parliament on the subject, quoted in Al-Diyar, 16 May 1995, p.7 and the memo to the Minister of Industry and other government officials presented on 25 Nov. 1996. Al-Nahar, 25 Nov. 1996, p.5.
103. Al-Nahar, 7 Feb. 1997, p.5
104. Al-Sina'a wa al-Iqtisad, No.37 (April-May 1997), p.8.
105. For the Recommendations of the July economic enclave see Al-Nahar, 24 July 1997, p.24. This promise was first made at the 13-14 June 1997 workshop on 'Industry in Lebanon: Present Reality and Future Strategy' held in association with ALI and representatives of other business groups.
106. Al-Nahar, 25 Nov. 1996, p.6.
107. UNIDO, 'Final Mission Report: Assistance to the Lebanese Small and Medium Enterprises', presented on behalf of UNIDO to the Lebanese Government by Dr Willy Holleweg der Wegnman, April 1997 (unpublished report provided courtesy of ALI).
108. In 1996, the tariff rates ranged between 2 per cent (for some basic foodstuffs and raw materials) and 35 per cent (undated ALI position paper, entitled 'Customs Policy' submitted to the Prime Minister in 1996).
109. For example, between early 1996 and early 1997, the tariff on ready made clothing items was first raised from 20 per cent to 30 per cent then brought back again to 20 per cent. See Al-Diyar, 18 Jan. 1997, p.18 ; and Al-Nahar 28 Jan. 1997, p.8, and Al-Nahar 30 Jan. 1997, p.8.
110. For example, between early 1996 and early 1997, the tariff on ready made clothing items was first raised from 20 per cent to 30 per cent then brought back again to 20 per cent. See Al-Diyar, 18 Jan. 1997, p.18 ; and Al-Nahar 28 Jan. 1997, p.8, and Al-Nahar 30 Jan. 1997, p.8.
111. For example, between early 1996 and early 1997, the tariff on ready made clothing items was first raised from 20 per cent to 30 per cent then brought back again to 20 per cent. See Al-Diyar, 18 Jan. 1997, p.18 ; and Al-Nahar 28 Jan. 1997, p.8, and Al-Nahar 30 Jan. 1997, p.8.
112. Jack Sarraf interviews with Al-Safir, Industry Appendix, 11 Oct. 1993; Al-Sharq (Beirut) 22 Aug. 1995, p.4; and Al-Nahar, 20 May 1996, p.5.
113. Jack Sarraf interviews with Al-Safir, Industry Appendix, 11 Oct. 1993; Al-Sharq (Beirut) 22 Aug. 1995, p.4; and Al-Nahar, 20 May 1996, p.5.
114. Jack Sarraf interviews with Al-Safir, Industry Appendix, 11 Oct. 1993; Al-Sharq (Beirut) 22 Aug. 1995, p.4; and Al-Nahar, 20 May 1996, p.5.
115. Using LL1650 = US$1 for 1993.
116. For coverage of the 1996 meetings of the 'price index committee' see Al-Safir, 30 March 1996, p.6, and Al-Safir, 30 March 1996, p.8. For the position of the 'Economic Associations' see Al-Nahar, 2 April 1996, p.10.
117. For coverage of the 1996 meetings of the 'price index committee' see Al-Safir, 30 March 1996, p.6, and Al-Safir, 30 March 1996, p.8. For the position of the 'Economic Associations' see Al-Nahar, 2 April 1996, p.10.
118. For coverage of the 1996 meetings of the 'price index committee' see Al-Safir, 30 March 1996, p.6, and Al-Safir, 30 March 1996, p.8. For the position of the 'Economic Associations' see Al-Nahar, 2 April 1996, p.10.
119. Press release following the 23 May 1996 meeting of ALI's Board of Directors, quoted in Al-Nahar, 24 May 1996, p.10.
120. See Al-Nahar, 25 Oct. 1996, p.12.
121. ECO News (Beirut), 2 Sept. 1996, p.2.
122. UNIDO, Country Support Strategy, Lebanon (Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Arab Countries Bureau, Country Programs and Funds Mobilization Division, 1997), p.17.
123. Ibid.
124. Author's interview with Sarraf on 16 Sept. 1997 at Sarraf's office, Beirut.
125. Daily Star (Beirut), 4 Dec. 1996, p.1.
126. After a visit to the Industrial Research Institution in May 1997, the Minister of Economy and Trade said that it was important to reactivate the Institution and LIBNOR. He noted, though, that there were no allocations in the 1997 budget for doing so, promising to allocate some funds in 1998. An-Nahar, 24 May 1997, p.10.
127. Author's interview with Saad ed-Dine 'Oueini, 15 July 1997, ALI's headquarters, Beirut.
128. Ibid.
129. For a summary of the debate over the customs dollar between industrialists and merchants see Al-Iqtisad wa al-A'mal (Economy and Business) (Beirut), June 1993, pp.ii-vii.
130. See Al-Nahar, 23 Jan. 1997, p.8.
131. Interview with Jack Sarraf, Al-Sharq (Beirut), 22 Aug. 1995, pp.3-4; Al-Nahar, 25 Jan. 1997, p.8; Al-Nahar, 28 Jan. 1997, p.8; Al-Nahar, 30 Jan. 1997, p.8; ECO News (Beirut), 23 Dec. 1996, p.5; Al-Nahar. See also Association of Lebanese Industrialists, Al-Siyyasat ul-Jumrukiyyah (Customs Policy) Unpublished report written most probably in the Spring-Summer of 1997 and provided to author courtesy of ALI; and Tawsiyyat warshat al-'Amal Hawla al-Sina'at fi Lubnan: Waqi ' wa-Istratijiyat lil-Hadir wa al-ustaqbal (Recommendations of the Workshop on Industry in Lebanon' Reality and Present and Future Strategy) (Beirut, 13-14 June 1997) . The workshop was called for by Ali and held under the auspices of former Minister of Industry, Nadim Salem. The recommendations were provided to author courtesy of ALI.
132. Interview with Jack Sarraf, Al-Sharq (Beirut), 22 Aug. 1995, pp.3-4; Al-Nahar, 25 Jan. 1997, p.8; Al-Nahar, 28 Jan. 1997, p.8; Al-Nahar, 30 Jan. 1997, p.8; ECO News (Beirut), 23 Dec. 1996, p.5; Al-Nahar. See also Association of Lebanese Industrialists, Al-Siyyasat ul-Jumrukiyyah (Customs Policy) Unpublished report written most probably in the Spring-Summer of 1997 and provided to author courtesy of ALI; and Tawsiyyat warshat al-'Amal Hawla al-Sina'at fi Lubnan: Waqi ' wa-Istratijiyat lil-Hadir wa al-ustaqbal (Recommendations of the Workshop on Industry in Lebanon' Reality and Present and Future Strategy) (Beirut, 13-14 June 1997) . The workshop was called for by Ali and held under the auspices of former Minister of Industry, Nadim Salem. The recommendations were provided to author courtesy of ALI.
133. Interview with Jack Sarraf, Al-Sharq (Beirut), 22 Aug. 1995, pp.3-4; Al-Nahar, 25 Jan. 1997, p.8; Al-Nahar, 28 Jan. 1997, p.8; Al-Nahar, 30 Jan. 1997, p.8; ECO News (Beirut), 23 Dec. 1996, p.5; Al-Nahar. See also Association of Lebanese Industrialists, Al-Siyyasat ul-Jumrukiyyah (Customs Policy) Unpublished report written most probably in the Spring-Summer of 1997 and provided to author courtesy of ALI; and Tawsiyyat warshat al-'Amal Hawla al-Sina'at fi Lubnan: Waqi ' wa-Istratijiyat lil-Hadir wa al-ustaqbal (Recommendations of the Workshop on Industry in Lebanon' Reality and Present and Future Strategy) (Beirut, 13-14 June 1997) . The workshop was called for by Ali and held under the auspices of former Minister of Industry, Nadim Salem. The recommendations were provided to author courtesy of ALI.
134. Interview with Jack Sarraf, Al-Sharq (Beirut), 22 Aug. 1995, pp.3-4; Al-Nahar, 25 Jan. 1997, p.8; Al-Nahar, 28 Jan. 1997, p.8; Al-Nahar, 30 Jan. 1997, p.8; ECO News (Beirut), 23 Dec. 1996, p.5; Al-Nahar. See also Association of Lebanese Industrialists, Al-Siyyasat ul-Jumrukiyyah (Customs Policy) Unpublished report written most probably in the Spring-Summer of 1997 and provided to author courtesy of ALI; and Tawsiyyat warshat al-'Amal Hawla al-Sina'at fi Lubnan: Waqi ' wa-Istratijiyat lil-Hadir wa al-ustaqbal (Recommendations of the Workshop on Industry in Lebanon' Reality and Present and Future Strategy) (Beirut, 13-14 June 1997) . The workshop was called for by Ali and held under the auspices of former Minister of Industry, Nadim Salem. The recommendations were provided to author courtesy of ALI.
135. Interview with Jack Sarraf, Al-Sharq (Beirut), 22 Aug. 1995, pp.3-4; Al-Nahar, 25 Jan. 1997, p.8; Al-Nahar, 28 Jan. 1997, p.8; Al-Nahar, 30 Jan. 1997, p.8; ECO News (Beirut), 23 Dec. 1996, p.5; Al-Nahar. See also Association of Lebanese Industrialists, Al-Siyyasat ul-Jumrukiyyah (Customs Policy) Unpublished report written most probably in the Spring-Summer of 1997 and provided to author courtesy of ALI; and Tawsiyyat warshat al-'Amal Hawla al-Sina'at fi Lubnan: Waqi ' wa-Istratijiyat lil-Hadir wa al-ustaqbal (Recommendations of the Workshop on Industry in Lebanon' Reality and Present and Future Strategy) (Beirut, 13-14 June 1997) . The workshop was called for by Ali and held under the auspices of former Minister of Industry, Nadim Salem. The recommendations were provided to author courtesy of ALI.
136. Interview with Jack Sarraf, Al-Sharq (Beirut), 22 Aug. 1995, pp.3-4; Al-Nahar, 25 Jan. 1997, p.8; Al-Nahar, 28 Jan. 1997, p.8; Al-Nahar, 30 Jan. 1997, p.8; ECO News (Beirut), 23 Dec. 1996, p.5; Al-Nahar. See also Association of Lebanese Industrialists, Al-Siyyasat ul-Jumrukiyyah (Customs Policy) Unpublished report written most probably in the Spring-Summer of 1997 and provided to author courtesy of ALI; and Tawsiyyat warshat al-'Amal Hawla al-Sina'at fi Lubnan: Waqi ' wa-Istratijiyat lil-Hadir wa al-ustaqbal (Recommendations of the Workshop on Industry in Lebanon' Reality and Present and Future Strategy) (Beirut, 13-14 June 1997) . The workshop was called for by Ali and held under the auspices of former Minister of Industry, Nadim Salem. The recommendations were provided to author courtesy of ALI.
137. Interview with Jack Sarraf, Al-Sharq (Beirut), 22 Aug. 1995, pp.3-4; Al-Nahar, 25 Jan. 1997, p.8; Al-Nahar, 28 Jan. 1997, p.8; Al-Nahar, 30 Jan. 1997, p.8; ECO News (Beirut), 23 Dec. 1996, p.5; Al-Nahar. See also Association of Lebanese Industrialists, Al-Siyyasat ul-Jumrukiyyah (Customs Policy) Unpublished report written most probably in the Spring-Summer of 1997 and provided to author courtesy of ALI; and Tawsiyyat warshat al-'Amal Hawla al-Sina'at fi Lubnan: Waqi ' wa-Istratijiyat lil-Hadir wa al-ustaqbal (Recommendations of the Workshop on Industry in Lebanon' Reality and Present and Future Strategy) (Beirut, 13-14 June 1997) . The workshop was called for by Ali and held under the auspices of former Minister of Industry, Nadim Salem. The recommendations were provided to author courtesy of ALI.
138. Interview with Jack Sarraf, Al-Sharq (Beirut), 22 Aug. 1995, pp.3-4; Al-Nahar, 25 Jan. 1997, p.8; Al-Nahar, 28 Jan. 1997, p.8; Al-Nahar, 30 Jan. 1997, p.8; ECO News (Beirut), 23 Dec. 1996, p.5; Al-Nahar. See also Association of Lebanese Industrialists, Al-Siyyasat ul-Jumrukiyyah (Customs Policy) Unpublished report written most probably in the Spring-Summer of 1997 and provided to author courtesy of ALI; and Tawsiyyat warshat al-'Amal Hawla al-Sina'at fi Lubnan: Waqi ' wa-Istratijiyat lil-Hadir wa al-ustaqbal (Recommendations of the Workshop on Industry in Lebanon' Reality and Present and Future Strategy) (Beirut, 13-14 June 1997) . The workshop was called for by Ali and held under the auspices of former Minister of Industry, Nadim Salem. The recommendations were provided to author courtesy of ALI.
139. Elsewhere I deal with state-labour relations since 1992. Sami Baroudi, 'Economic Conflict in Postwar Lebanon: State-Labor Relations Between 1992 and 1997', esp. pp.538-44.
140. Ibid., pp.542-3.
141. For the circumstances surrounding Abu Rizk's reelection, see Al-Safir, 29 July 1998, p.6; Al-Safir, 31 July 1998, pp.1, 21.
142. For the circumstances surrounding Abu Rizk's reelection, see Al-Safir, 29 July 1998, p.6; Al-Safir, 31 July 1998, pp.1, 21.
143. See Volker Perthes, 'Myths and Money: Four years of Hariri and Lebanon's Preparation for a new Middle East', Middle East Report, Vol.27, No.2 (Spring 1997), p.16.
144. Hariri declined to form a new cabinet following disagreement with newly sworn-in President Emile Lahoud. Hariri alleged that several deputies have violated the Constitution by delegating to the President the right to name a Prime Minister. Hariri further claimed that Lahoud also violated the Constitution by permitting the deputies to do so, a claim rejected by constitutional scholars (such as former deputy Dr Hassan Rifa'i) and most Lebanese politicians. For remarks of Dr Rifa'i see Al-Nahar, 1 Dec. 1997, p.2. For the circumstances surrounding Hariri's departure and the formation of a new cabinet by Dr Hoss see Al-Nahar, 28 Nov. 1998, pp.2-3, 5; Al-Nahar, 30 Nov. 1998, pp.1-2, 20; Al-Nahar, 1 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 7 Al-Nahar, 2 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 20; Al-Nahar, 3 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 20; Al-Nahar, 4 Dec. 1998, pp.1 and 5; and Al-Nahar, 5 Dec. 1998, pp.1-6.
145. Hariri declined to form a new cabinet following disagreement with newly sworn-in President Emile Lahoud. Hariri alleged that several deputies have violated the Constitution by delegating to the President the right to name a Prime Minister. Hariri further claimed that Lahoud also violated the Constitution by permitting the deputies to do so, a claim rejected by constitutional scholars (such as former deputy Dr Hassan Rifa'i) and most Lebanese politicians. For remarks of Dr Rifa'i see Al-Nahar, 1 Dec. 1997, p.2. For the circumstances surrounding Hariri's departure and the formation of a new cabinet by Dr Hoss see Al-Nahar, 28 Nov. 1998, pp.2-3, 5; Al-Nahar, 30 Nov. 1998, pp.1-2, 20; Al-Nahar, 1 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 7 Al-Nahar, 2 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 20; Al-Nahar, 3 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 20; Al-Nahar, 4 Dec. 1998, pp.1 and 5; and Al-Nahar, 5 Dec. 1998, pp.1-6.
146. Hariri declined to form a new cabinet following disagreement with newly sworn-in President Emile Lahoud. Hariri alleged that several deputies have violated the Constitution by delegating to the President the right to name a Prime Minister. Hariri further claimed that Lahoud also violated the Constitution by permitting the deputies to do so, a claim rejected by constitutional scholars (such as former deputy Dr Hassan Rifa'i) and most Lebanese politicians. For remarks of Dr Rifa'i see Al-Nahar, 1 Dec. 1997, p.2. For the circumstances surrounding Hariri's departure and the formation of a new cabinet by Dr Hoss see Al-Nahar, 28 Nov. 1998, pp.2-3, 5; Al-Nahar, 30 Nov. 1998, pp.1-2, 20; Al-Nahar, 1 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 7 Al-Nahar, 2 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 20; Al-Nahar, 3 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 20; Al-Nahar, 4 Dec. 1998, pp.1 and 5; and Al-Nahar, 5 Dec. 1998, pp.1-6.
147. Hariri declined to form a new cabinet following disagreement with newly sworn-in President Emile Lahoud. Hariri alleged that several deputies have violated the Constitution by delegating to the President the right to name a Prime Minister. Hariri further claimed that Lahoud also violated the Constitution by permitting the deputies to do so, a claim rejected by constitutional scholars (such as former deputy Dr Hassan Rifa'i) and most Lebanese politicians. For remarks of Dr Rifa'i see Al-Nahar, 1 Dec. 1997, p.2. For the circumstances surrounding Hariri's departure and the formation of a new cabinet by Dr Hoss see Al-Nahar, 28 Nov. 1998, pp.2-3, 5; Al-Nahar, 30 Nov. 1998, pp.1-2, 20; Al-Nahar, 1 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 7 Al-Nahar, 2 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 20; Al-Nahar, 3 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 20; Al-Nahar, 4 Dec. 1998, pp.1 and 5; and Al-Nahar, 5 Dec. 1998, pp.1-6.
148. Hariri declined to form a new cabinet following disagreement with newly sworn-in President Emile Lahoud. Hariri alleged that several deputies have violated the Constitution by delegating to the President the right to name a Prime Minister. Hariri further claimed that Lahoud also violated the Constitution by permitting the deputies to do so, a claim rejected by constitutional scholars (such as former deputy Dr Hassan Rifa'i) and most Lebanese politicians. For remarks of Dr Rifa'i see Al-Nahar, 1 Dec. 1997, p.2. For the circumstances surrounding Hariri's departure and the formation of a new cabinet by Dr Hoss see Al-Nahar, 28 Nov. 1998, pp.2-3, 5; Al-Nahar, 30 Nov. 1998, pp.1-2, 20; Al-Nahar, 1 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 7 Al-Nahar, 2 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 20; Al-Nahar, 3 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 20; Al-Nahar, 4 Dec. 1998, pp.1 and 5; and Al-Nahar, 5 Dec. 1998, pp.1-6.
149. Hariri declined to form a new cabinet following disagreement with newly sworn-in President Emile Lahoud. Hariri alleged that several deputies have violated the Constitution by delegating to the President the right to name a Prime Minister. Hariri further claimed that Lahoud also violated the Constitution by permitting the deputies to do so, a claim rejected by constitutional scholars (such as former deputy Dr Hassan Rifa'i) and most Lebanese politicians. For remarks of Dr Rifa'i see Al-Nahar, 1 Dec. 1997, p.2. For the circumstances surrounding Hariri's departure and the formation of a new cabinet by Dr Hoss see Al-Nahar, 28 Nov. 1998, pp.2-3, 5; Al-Nahar, 30 Nov. 1998, pp.1-2, 20; Al-Nahar, 1 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 7 Al-Nahar, 2 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 20; Al-Nahar, 3 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 20; Al-Nahar, 4 Dec. 1998, pp.1 and 5; and Al-Nahar, 5 Dec. 1998, pp.1-6.
150. Hariri declined to form a new cabinet following disagreement with newly sworn-in President Emile Lahoud. Hariri alleged that several deputies have violated the Constitution by delegating to the President the right to name a Prime Minister. Hariri further claimed that Lahoud also violated the Constitution by permitting the deputies to do so, a claim rejected by constitutional scholars (such as former deputy Dr Hassan Rifa'i) and most Lebanese politicians. For remarks of Dr Rifa'i see Al-Nahar, 1 Dec. 1997, p.2. For the circumstances surrounding Hariri's departure and the formation of a new cabinet by Dr Hoss see Al-Nahar, 28 Nov. 1998, pp.2-3, 5; Al-Nahar, 30 Nov. 1998, pp.1-2, 20; Al-Nahar, 1 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 7 Al-Nahar, 2 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 20; Al-Nahar, 3 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 20; Al-Nahar, 4 Dec. 1998, pp.1 and 5; and Al-Nahar, 5 Dec. 1998, pp.1-6.
151. Hariri declined to form a new cabinet following disagreement with newly sworn-in President Emile Lahoud. Hariri alleged that several deputies have violated the Constitution by delegating to the President the right to name a Prime Minister. Hariri further claimed that Lahoud also violated the Constitution by permitting the deputies to do so, a claim rejected by constitutional scholars (such as former deputy Dr Hassan Rifa'i) and most Lebanese politicians. For remarks of Dr Rifa'i see Al-Nahar, 1 Dec. 1997, p.2. For the circumstances surrounding Hariri's departure and the formation of a new cabinet by Dr Hoss see Al-Nahar, 28 Nov. 1998, pp.2-3, 5; Al-Nahar, 30 Nov. 1998, pp.1-2, 20; Al-Nahar, 1 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 7 Al-Nahar, 2 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 20; Al-Nahar, 3 Dec. 1998, pp.1-3, 20; Al-Nahar, 4 Dec. 1998, pp.1 and 5; and Al-Nahar, 5 Dec. 1998, pp.1-6.
152. In a televised interview, Hoss said that his government would not depart from the general economic framework laid by its predecessors, although it would give greater attention to lowering the budget deficit. Hoss appeared live on 'Magie Farah' a weekly programme on Murr Television (Beirut), 24 Jan. 1999, 9.30 p.m.-12.00 a.m. Hoss made similar remarks at a meeting with members of the Saudi Chamber of Commerce, Murr Television, Nighly News, 8 Feb. 1999, 8.00 p.m.