Arealization of the neocortex in mammals: Genetic and epigenetic contributions to the phenotype

Brain, Behavior and Evolution

Volumn 55, Issue 6, 2000, Pages 322-335

  Krubitzer, Leah ^a   Huffman, Kelly J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cerebral cortex; Development; Evolution; Plasticity

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIOR; BRAIN CORTEX; COGNITION; CONFERENCE PAPER; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EVOLUTION; GENOTYPE; LANGUAGE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; NEOCORTEX; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; PERCEPTION; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; TOPOGRAPHY;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 0033814115     PISSN: 00068977     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000006667     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (105)

1. Aicher, S., O. Kurucz, D. Reis, and T. Milner (1995) Nucleus tractus solitarius efferent terminals synapse on neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Brain Res., 693: 51-63.
2. Barbe, M.F., and P. Levitt (1995) Age-dependent specification of the corticocortical connections of cerebral grafts. J. Neurosci., 15: 1819-1834.
3. Bishop, K., G. Goudreau, and D.D.M. O'Leary (2000) Emx2 and Pax6 regulate area identity in the mammalian neocortex. Science, 288: 344-349.
4. Bronchti, G., Z. Molnár, E. Welker, A. Croquelois, and L. Krubitzer (1999) Auditory and somatosensory activity in the 'visual' cortex of the anophtalmic mutant mouse. IBRO Meeting, Jerusalem, Israel.
5. Calford, M.B., and R. Tweedale (1990) The capacity for reorganization in adult somatosensory cortex. In Information Processing in Mammalian Auditory and Tactile Systems (ed. by M. Rowe and L. Aitkin), Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 221-236.
6. Carvell, G.E., and D.J. Simons (1986) Somatotopic organization of the second somatosensory area (SII) in the cerebral cortex of the mouse. Somatosens. Res., 3: 213-237.
7. Catalano, S.M., and C.J. Shatz (1998) Activity-dependent cortical target selection by thalamic axons. Science, 281: 559-562.
8. Chang, F.-L.F., J.G. Steedman, and R.D. Lund (1986) The lamination and connectivity of embryonic cerebral cortex transplanted into newborn rat cortex. J. Comp. Neurol., 244: 401-411.
9. Cherniak, C. (1994) Component placement optimization in the brain. J. Neurosci., 14: 2418-2427.
10. Cohen, L., P. Celnik, A. Pascual-Leone, B. Corwell, L. Faiz, J. Dambrosia, M. Honda, N. Sadato, C. Gerloff, D. Catala, and M. Hallet (1997) Functional relevance of cross-modal plasticity in blind humans. Nature, 389: 180-183.
11. Cohen-Tannoudji, M., C. Babinet, and M. Wassef (1994) Early determination of a mouse somatosensory cortex marker. Nature, 31: 460-463.
12. Cooper, H.M., M. Herbin, and E. Nevo (1993) Visual system of a naturally micropthalmic mammal: the blind mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi. J. Comp. Neurol., 328: 313-350.
13. Crowley, G.V., and L.S. Hall (1994) Histological observations of the wing of the grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Aust. J. Zool., 42: 215-231.
14. Cusick, C.G., J.T. Wall, D.J. Felleman, and J.H. Kaas (1989) Somatotopic organization of the lateral sulcus of owl monkeys: area 3b, S-II, and a ventral somatosensory area. J. Comp. Neurol., 282: 169-190.
15. Darian-Smith, C., and C.D. Gilbert (1995) Topographic reorganization in the striate cortex of the adult cat and monkey is cortically mediated. J. Neurosci., 15: 1631-1647.
16. Deacon, T.W. (1989) Rethinking mammalian brain evolution. Amer. Zool., 30: 629-705.
17. DeHay, C., G. Horsburgh, M. Berland, H. Killackey, and H. Kennedy (1991) The effects of bilateral enucleation in the primate fetus on the parcellation of visual cortex. Dev. Brain Res., 62: 137-141.
18. DeHay, C., P. Giroud, M. Berland, I. Smart, and H. Kennedy (1993) Modulation of the cell cycle contributes to the parcellation of the primate visual cortex. Nature, 366: 6454.
19. DeHay, C., P. Giroud, M. Berland, H. Killackey, and H. Kennedy (1996) Contribution of thalamic input to the specification of cytoarchitectonic cortical fields in the primate: effects of bilateral enucleation in the fetal monkey on the boundaries, dimensions and gyrification of striate and extrastriate cortex. J. Comp. Neurol., 367: 70-89.
20. Donoghue, J.P. (1995) Plasticity of adult sensorimotor representations. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 5: 749-754.
21. Donoghue, J.P., S. Suner, and J.N. Sanes (1990) Dynamic organization of primary motor cortex output to target muscles in adult rats. II. Rapid reorganization following motor nerve lesions. Exp. Brain Res., 79; 492-503.
22. Elbert, T., C. Pantev, C. Wienbruch, B. Rockstroh, and E. Taub (1995) Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players. Science, 270: 305-307.
23. Fjällbrant, T., P. Manger, and J. Pettigrew (1998) Some related aspects of platypus electroreception: temporal integration behaviour, electroreceptive thresholds and directionality of the bill acting as an antenna. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 353: 1211-1219.
24. Florence, S.L., and J.H. Kaas (1995) Large-scale reorganization at multiple levels of the somatosensory pathway follows therapeutic amputation of the hand in monkeys. J. Neurosci., 15: 8083-8095.
25. Gilbert, C.D. (1998) Adult cortical dynamics. Physiol. Rev., 78: 467-485.
26. Goodman, C., and M. Tessier-Lavigne (1997) Molecular mechanisms of axon guidance and target recognition. In Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Neural Development (ed. by W. Cowan, T. Jessell, and S. Zipursky), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 108-178.
27. Gould, H.J.I., C.G. Cusick, T.P. Pons, and J.H. Kaas (1986) The relationship of corpus callosum connections to electrical stimulation maps of motor, supplementary motor, and the frontal eye fields in owl monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol., 247: 297-325.
28. Henson, M., and O. Henson (1991) Specialization for sharp tuning in the mustached bat: the tectorial membrane and spiral limbus. Hearing Res., 56: 122-132.
29. Huffman, K.J., Z. Molnar, A. Van Dellen, D. Kahn, C. Blakemore, and L. Krubitzer (1999) Formation of cortical fields on a reduced cortical sheet. J. Neurosci, 19: 9939-9952.
30. Iwamura, Y., and M. Tanaka (1996) Representation of reaching and grasping in the monkey post-central gyrus. Neurosci. Letters, 214: 147-150.
31. Iwamura, Y., A. Iriki, and M. Tanaka (1994) Bilateral hand representation in the postcentral somatosensory cortex. Nature, 369: 554-556.
32. Kaas, J.H. (1991) Plasticity of sensory and motor maps in adult mammals. Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 14: 137-167.
33. Kaas, J.H. (1997) Topographic maps are fundamental to sensory processing. Brain Res. Bull., 44: 107-112.
34. Kaas, J. (2000a) The reorganization of sensory and motor maps after injury in adult mammals. In The New Cognitive Neurosciences (ed. by M. Gazzaniga), MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 223-236.
35. Kaas, J. (2000b) Organizing principles of sensory representations. In Evolutionary Developmental Biology of the Cerebral Cortex (ed. by G. Bock and G. Cardew), Wiley, Chichester, pp. 206-220.
36. Kaas, J.H., W.D. Hall, and I.T. Diamond (1972) Visual cortex of the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis): Architectonic subdivisions and connections from the visual thalamus. J. Comp. Neurol., 145: 273-306.
37. Kaas, J.H., L.A. Krubitzer, Y.M. Chino, A.L. Langston, E.H. Polley, and N. Blair (1990) Reorganization of retinotopic cortical maps in adult mammals after lesions of the retina. Science, 248: 229-231.
38. Kaas, J.H., L.A. Krubitzer, and K.L. Johanson (1989) Cortical connections of areas 17 (V-I) and 18 (V-II) of squirrels. J. Comp. Neurol., 281: 426-446.
39. Kaas, J.H., R.J. Nelson, M. Sur, R.W. Dykes, and M.M. Merzenich (1984) The somatotopic organization of the ventroposterior thalamus of the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus. J. Comp. Neurol., 226: 111-140.
40. Katz, L., and C. Shatz (1996) Synaptic activity and the construction of cortical circuits. Science, 247: 1133-1138.
41. Killackey, H.P. (1990) Neocortical expansion: an attempt toward relating phylogeny and ontogeny. J. Cog. Neurosci., 2: 1-17.
42. Kornack, D.R., and P. Rakic (1998) Changes in cell-cycle kinetics during the development and evolution of primate neocortex. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 95: 1242-1246.
43. Kössel, M., and M. Vater (1985) The cochlear frequency map of the mustache bat, Pteronotus parnellii. J. Comp. Physiol. A, 157: 687-697.
44. Krubitzer, L. (1995) The organization of neocortex in mammals: are species differences really so different? TINS, 18: 408-417.
45. Krubitzer, L. (1998) What can monotremes tell us about brain evolution? Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. (Lond) B., 353: 1127-1146.
46. Krubitzer, L. (2000) How does evolution build a complex brain? In Evolutionary Developmental Biology of the Cerebral Cortex (ed. by G. Bock and G. Cardew), Wiley, Chichester, pp. 206-226.
47. Krubitzer, L.A., and M.B. Calford (1992) Five topographically organized fields in the somatosensory cortex of the flying fox: microelectrode maps, myeloarchitecture, and cortical modules. J. Comp. Neurol., 317: 1-30.
48. Krubitzer, L., J. Clarey, R. Tweedale, and M. Calford (1998) Interhemispheric connections of somatosensory cortex in the flying fox. J. Comp. Neurol., 402: 538-559.
49. Krubitzer, L., J. Clarey, R. Tweedale, G. Elston, and M. Calford (1995b) A redefinition of somatosensory areas in the lateral sulcus of macaque monkeys. J. Neurosci., 15: 3821-3839.
50. Krubitzer, L., P. Manger, J. Pettigrew, and M. Calford (1995a) The organization of somatosensory cortex in monotremes: in search of the prototypical plan. J. Comp. Neurol, 351: 261-306.
51. Krubitzer, L.A., M.A. Sesma, and J.H. Kaas (1986) Microelectrode maps, myeloarchitecture, and cortical connections of three somatotopically organized representations of the body surface in the parietal cortex of squirrels. J. Comp. Neurol., 250: 403-430.
52. Kuida, K., T.F. Haydar, C.-Y. Kuan, Y. Gu, C. Taya, H.S. Karasuyama M. S.S., P. Rakic, and R.A. Flavell (1998) Reduced apoptosis and cytochrome c-mediated activation in mice lacking caspase 9. Cell, 94: 325-337.
53. Lotto, R.B., and D.J. Price (1994) Evidence that molecules influencing growth and termination in the developing geniculocortical pathway are conserved between divergent mammalian species. Dev. Brain Res., 81: 17-25.
54. Lotto, R.B., and D. J. Price (1995) The stimulation of thalamic neurite outgrowth by cortex-derived growth factors in vitro: the influence of cortical age and activity. Eur. J. Neurosci., 7: 318-328.
55. Luethke, L.E., L.A. Krubitzer, and J.H. Kaas (1988) Cortical connections of electrophysiologically and architectonically defined subdivisions of auditory cortex in squirrels. J. Comp. Neurol., 268: 181-203.
56. Manger, P., M. Sum, M. Szymanski, S. Ridgway, and L. Krubitzer (1998) Modular subdivisions of dolphin insular cortex: Does evolutionary history repeat itself? J. Cogn. Neurosci., 10: 153-156.
57. McAllister, A., L. Katz, and D. Lo (1999) Neurotrophins and synaptic plasticity. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 22: 295-318.
58. Merzenich, M.M., J.H. Kaas, and G.L. Roth (1976) Auditory cortex in the grey squirrel: Tonotopic organization and architectonic fields. J. Comp. Neurol., 166: 387-402.
59. Merzenich, M.M., J.H. Kaas, M. Sur, and C.-S. Lin (1978) Double representation of the body surface within cytoarchitectonic areas 3b and 1 in 'SI' in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). J. Comp. Neurol., 181: 41-74.
60. Merzenich, M.M., J.H. Kaas, J. Wall, R.J. Nelson, M. Sur, and D. Felleman (1983) Topographic reorganization of somatosensory cortical areas 3b and 1 in adult monkeys following restricted deafferentation. Neuroscience, 8: 33-55.
61. Merzenich, M.M., R.J. Nelson, M.P. Stryker, M.S. Cynader, A. Schoppmann, and J.M. Zook (1984) Somatosensory cortical map changes following digit amputation in adult monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol., 224: 591-605.
62. Miyashita-Lin, E.M., R. Hevner, K.M. Wassarman, S. Martinez, and J. Rubenstein (1999) Neocortical regionalization in the absence of thalamic innervation. Science, 285: 906-909.
63. Molnár, Z., and C. Blakemore (1991) Lack of regional specificity for connections formed between thalamus and cortex in coculture. Nature, 351: 475-477.
64. Morrison, S., J. Callaway, T. Milner, and D. Reis (1991) Rostral ventrolateral medulla: a source of the glutamatergic innervation of the sympathetic intermediolateral nucleus. Brain Res., 562: 126-135.
65. Nakagawa, Y., J.E. Johnson, and D.D.M. O'Leary (1999) Graded and areal expression patterns of regulatory genes and cadherins in embryonic neocortex independent of thalamocortical input. J. Neurosci., 19: 10877-10885.
66. Nelson, R.J., M. Sur, and J.H. Kaas (1979) The organization of the second somatosensory area (SmII) of the grey squirrel. J. Comp. Neurol., 184: 473-490.
67. Nelson, R.J., M. Sur, D.J. Felleman, and J.H. Kaas (1980) Representations of the body surface in postcentral parietal cortex of Macaca fascicularis. J. Comp. Neurol., 192: 611-643.
68. Nudo, R.J., G.W. Milliken, W.M. Jenkins, and M.M. Merzenich (1996) Use-dependent alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys. J. Neurosci., 16: 785-807.
69. O'Leary, D.D.M. (1989) Do cortical areas emerge from a protocortex? TINS, 12: 401-406.
70. O'Leary, D.D.M., and B.B. Stanfield (1989) Selective elimination of axons extended by developing cortical neurons is dependant on regional locale: experiments utilizing fetal cortical transplants. J. Neurosci., 9: 2230-2246.
71. O'Leary, D.D.M., B.L. Schlaggar, and R. Tuttle (1994) Specification of neocortical areas and thalamocortical connections. Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 17: 419-439.
72. Pascual-Leone, A., and F. Torres (1993) Plasticity of the sensorimotor cortex representation of the reading finger in Braille readers. Brain, 116: 39-52.
73. Pobirsky, N., Z. Molnar, C. Blakemore, and L. Krubitzer (1998) The organization of somatosensory cortex in the west european hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). Soc. Neurosci. Abs., 24: 1125.
74. Polleux, F., C. DeHay, and H. Kennedy (1997a) The timetable of laminar neurogenesis contributes to the specification of cortical areas in mouse neocortex. J. Comp. Neurol., 385: 95-116.
75. Polleux, F., C. DeHay, B. Moraillon, and H. Kennedy (1997b) Regulation of neuroblast cell-cycle kinetics plays a crucial role in the generation of unique features of neocortical areas. J. Neurosci., 17: 7763-7783.
76. Rajan, R., D.R.F. Irvine, L.Z. Wise, and P. Heil (1993) Effect of unilateral partial cochlear lesions in adult cats on the representation of lesioned and unlesioned cochleas in primary auditory cortex. J. Comp. Neurol., 338: 17-49.
77. Rakic, P. (1988) Specification of cerebral cortical areas. Science, 241: 170-176.
78. Rakic, P. (1995) A small step for the cell, a giant leap for mankind: a hypothesis of neocortical expansion during evolution. TINS, 18: 383-388.
79. Recanzone, G.H., M.M. Merzenich, W.M. Jenkins, K.A. Grajski, and H.R. Dinse (1992a) Topographic reorganization of the hand representation in cortical area 3b of owl monkeys trained in a frequency discrimination task. J. Neurophys., 67: 1031-1056.
80. Recanzone, G.H., M.M. Merzenich, and C.E. Schriener (1992b) Changes in the distributed temporal response properties of SI cortical neurons reflect improvements in performance on a temporally based tactile discrimination task. J. Neurophys., 67: 1071-1091.
81. Recanzone, G.H., M.M. Merzenich, and W.M. Jenkins (1992c) Frequency discrimination training engaging a restricted skin surface results in an emergence of a cutaneous response zone in cortical area 3a. J. Neurophys., 67: 1057-1070.
82. Recanzone, G. (2000) Cerebral cortical plasticity: perception and skill acquisition. In The New Cognitive Neurosciences (ed. by M. Gazzaniga), MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 237-247.
83. Ringo, J.L., R.W. Doty, S. Demeter, and P.Y. Simard (1994) Time is of the essence: a conjecture that hemispheric specialization arises from interhemispheric conduction delay. Cerebral Cortex, 4: 331-343.
84. Roe, A.W., S.L. Pallas, J.O. Hahm, and M. Sur (1990) A map of visual space induced in primary auditory cortex. Science, 250: 818-820.
85. Ross, C., D. Ruggiero, D. Park, T. Joh, A. Svecl, J. Fernandez-Pardal, J. Saavedra, and D. Reis (1984) Tonic vasomotor control by the rostral ventrolateral medulla: effect of electrical or chemical stimulation of the area containing C1 adrenaline neurons on arterial pressure, heart rate, and plasma catecholamines and vasopressin. J. Neurosci., 4: 474-494.
86. Sadato, N., A. Pascual-Leone, J. Grafman, V. Ibanez, M.-P. Deiber, and M. Hallett (1996) Activation of the primary visual cortex by Braille reading in blind subjects. Nature, 380: 526-528.
87. Sanes, J.N., and J.P. Donoghue (1997) Static and dynamic organization of motor cortex. Adv. Neurol., 73: 277-296.
88. Scheich, H., G. Langner, C. Tidemann, R.B. Coles, and A. Guppy (1986) Electroreception and electrolocation in platypus. Nature, 319: 401-402.
89. Schlagger, B.L., and D.D.M. O'Leary (1991) Potential of visual cortex to develop an array of functional units unique to somatosensory cortex. Science, 252: 1556-1560.
90. Slutsky, D.A., P.R. Manger, and L. Krubitzer (2000) Multiple somatosensory areas in the anterior parietal cortex of the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyii). J. Comp. Neurol., 416: 521-539.
91. Somogyi, P., J. Minson, D. Morilak, I. Llewellyn-Smith, J. McIlhinney, and J. Chalmers (1989) Evidence for an excitatory amino acid pathway in the brainstem and for its involvement in cardiovascular control. Brain Res., 496: 401-407.
92. Sperry, R.W. (1963) Chemoaffinity in the orderly growth of nerve fiber patterns and connections. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 50: 703-710.
93. Stanfield, B.B., and D.D.M. O'Leary (1985) Fetal occipital cortical neurons tranplanted to the rostral cortex can extend and maintain a pyramidal tract axons. Nature, 313: 135-137.
94. Stiebler, I., R. Neulist, I. Fichtel, and G. Ehret (1997) The auditory cortex of the house mouse: left-right differences, tonotopic organization and quantitative analysis of frequency representation. J. Comp. Physiol., 181: 559-571.
95. Suga, N. (1982) Functional organization of the auditory cortex, representation beyond tonotopy in the bat. In Cortical Sensory Organization, Volume 3, Multiple Auditory Areas (ed. by C. N. Woolsey), Humana Press, Clifton, pp. 157-218.
96. Sur, M., R.J. Nelson, and J.H. Kaas (1978) The representation of the body surface in somatosensory area I of the grey squirrel. J. Comp. Neurol., 179: 425-450.
97. Taoka, M., T. Toda, and Y. Iwamura (1998) Representation of the midline trunk, bilateral arms, and shoulders in the monkey postcentral somatosensory cortex. Exp. Brain. Res., 123: 315-322.
98. Vater, M., A. Feng, and M. Betz (1985) An HRP-study of the frequency-place map of the horseshoe bat cochlea: morphological correlates of the sharp tuning to a narrow frequency band. J. Comp. Physiol., 157: 671-686.
99. Vater, M., and W. Siefer (1995) The cochlea of Tadarida brasiliensis: specialized functional organization in a generalized bat. Hearing Res., 91: 178-195.
100. Wagor, E., N.J. Mangini, and A.L. Pearlman (1980) Retinotopic organization of striate and extrastriate visual cortex in the mouse. J. Comp. Neurol., 193: 187-202.
101. Wall, J.T., J.H. Kaas, M. Sur, R.J. Nelson, D.J. Felleman, and M.M. Merzenich (1986) Functional reorganization in somatosensory cortical areas 3b and 1 of adult monkeys after median nerve repair: possible relationships to sensory recovery in humans. J. Neurosci., 6: 218-233.
102. Welker, E., and H. Van der Loos (1986) Is areal extent in sensory cerebral cortex determined by peripheral innervation density? Exp. Brain Res., 63: 650-654.
103. Woolsey, T.A. (1967) Somatosensory, auditory and visual cortical areas of the mouse. Johns Hopkins Med. J., 121: 91-112.
104. Woolsey, T.A., and H. Van der Loos (1970) The structural organization of layer IV in the somatosensory region (SI) of the mouse cerebral cortex: the description of a cortical field composed of discrete cytoarchitectonic units. Brain Res., 17: 205-242.
105. Xu, Y., M. Baldassare, P. Fisher, G. Rathbun, E. Oltz, G. Yancopoulos, T. Jessell, and F. Alt (1993) LH-2/homeodomain gene expressed in developing lymphocytes and neural cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90: 227-231.