Beyond democratic elections: Indonesia embarks on a protracted transition

Democratization

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 153-180

  Malley, Michael ^a  

^a OHIO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTHORITARIANISM; DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION; ELECTION; POLITICAL REFORM;

INDONESIA;

EID: 0033731531     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510340008403676     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), p.65.
2. Todd Eisenstadt, 'Eddies in the Third Wave? Protracted Transitions and Theories of Democratization', see first article in this collection.
3. Compare, for instance, Benedict Anderson, 'Last Days of Indonesia's Suharto?', Southeast Asia Chronicle (July-Aug. 1978), pp.2-17 and R. William Liddle, 'Indonesia in 1987: The New Order at the Height of Its Power', Asian Survey, Vol.28, No.2 (Feb. 1987), pp. 180-91.
4. Compare, for instance, Benedict Anderson, 'Last Days of Indonesia's Suharto?', Southeast Asia Chronicle (July-Aug. 1978), pp.2-17 and R. William Liddle, 'Indonesia in 1987: The New Order at the Height of Its Power', Asian Survey, Vol.28, No.2 (Feb. 1987), pp. 180-91.
5. Ulf Sundhaussen, The Road to Power: Indonesian Military Politics 1945-1967 (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1982); Herbert Feith, The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1962).
6. Ulf Sundhaussen, The Road to Power: Indonesian Military Politics 1945-1967 (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1982); Herbert Feith, The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1962).
7. Daniel S. Lev, The Transition to Guided Democracy: Indonesian politics, 1957-1959 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project, 1966).
8. On the abortive conspiracy, and conflicting interpretations, see Harold Crouch, The Army and Politics in Indonesia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988). The fullest consideration of the killings can be found in Robert C. Cribb (ed.), The Indonesian Killings of 1965-1966: Studies from Java and Bali (Clayton, Victoria: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University).
9. On the abortive conspiracy, and conflicting interpretations, see Harold Crouch, The Army and Politics in Indonesia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988). The fullest consideration of the killings can be found in Robert C. Cribb (ed.), The Indonesian Killings of 1965-1966: Studies from Java and Bali (Clayton, Victoria: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University).
10. Legally, Golkar was not a political party. Its name means 'functional groups', such as farmers, women, youth, lawyers, and so forth. Together with political parties, it was referred to as a 'social-political organization', and at election time as an 'election-participant organization'.
11. The PNI won 6.9 per cent in 1971 compared to 22.3 per cent in 1955. In contrast to the 20.9 per cent Masjumi won in 1955, its successor obtained just 5.4 per cent. On the election, see Donald Hindley, 'Indonesia 1971: Pantjasila Democracy and the Second Parliamentary Elections', Asian Survey, Vol.12, No.1 (Jan. 1972), pp.56-68.
12. William Ascher, 'From Oil to Timber: The Political Economy of Off-Budget Development Financing in Indonesia', Indonesia, No.65 (April 1998), pp.37-61.
13. Donald K. Emmerson, 'The Bureaucracy in Political Context: Weakness in Strength', in Karl D. Jackson and Lucian W. Pye (eds.), Political Power and Communications in Indonesia (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978); Dwight Y. King, 'Indonesia's New Order as a Bureaucratic Polity, a Neopatrimonial Regime or a Bureaucratic Authoritarian Regime: What Difference Does It Make?', in Audrey Kahin and Benedict Anderson (eds.), Interpreting Indonesian Politics: Thirteen Contributions to the Debate (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project, 1982).
14. Donald K. Emmerson, 'The Bureaucracy in Political Context: Weakness in Strength', in Karl D. Jackson and Lucian W. Pye (eds.), Political Power and Communications in Indonesia (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978); Dwight Y. King, 'Indonesia's New Order as a Bureaucratic Polity, a Neopatrimonial Regime or a Bureaucratic Authoritarian Regime: What Difference Does It Make?', in Audrey Kahin and Benedict Anderson (eds.), Interpreting Indonesian Politics: Thirteen Contributions to the Debate (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project, 1982).
15. William Liddle, 'Indonesia in 1987: The New Order at the Height of Its Power', Asian Survey, Vol.28, No.2 (Feb. 1987), pp.180-91.
16. The best account of this period can be found in Adam Schwarz, A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s (St. Leonard's: Allen and Unwin, 1994), but see also R. William Liddle, 'Indonesia's Threefold Crisis', Journal of Democracy, Vol.3 No.4 (1992), pp.60-74; R. William Liddle, 'Indonesia: Suharto's Tightening Grip', Journal of Democracy, Vol.7, No.4 (1996), pp.58-72.
17. The best account of this period can be found in Adam Schwarz, A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s (St. Leonard's: Allen and Unwin, 1994), but see also R. William Liddle, 'Indonesia's Threefold Crisis', Journal of Democracy, Vol.3 No.4 (1992), pp.60-74; R. William Liddle, 'Indonesia: Suharto's Tightening Grip', Journal of Democracy, Vol.7, No.4 (1996), pp.58-72.
18. The best account of this period can be found in Adam Schwarz, A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s (St. Leonard's: Allen and Unwin, 1994), but see also R. William Liddle, 'Indonesia's Threefold Crisis', Journal of Democracy, Vol.3 No.4 (1992), pp.60-74; R. William Liddle, 'Indonesia: Suharto's Tightening Grip', Journal of Democracy, Vol.7, No.4 (1996), pp.58-72.
19. Jacques Bertrand, 'Business as Usual in Suharto's Indonesia', Asian Survey, Vol.37, No.5 (May 1997), pp.441-52.
20. Ryaas M. Rasyid, 'State Formation, Party System, and the Prospect for Democracy in Indonesia: The Case of Golongan Karya (1967-1993)', unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Hawaii, 1994.
21. Ed. Aspinall, 'The Broadening Base of Political Opposition in Indonesia', in Garry Rodan (ed.), Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia (London: Routledge, 1996); Philip J. Eldridge, Non-Government Organizations and Democratic Participation in Indonesia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
22. Ed. Aspinall, 'The Broadening Base of Political Opposition in Indonesia', in Garry Rodan (ed.), Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia (London: Routledge, 1996); Philip J. Eldridge, Non-Government Organizations and Democratic Participation in Indonesia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
23. For a particularly strong defence of the view that Suharto succeeded in maintaining control over the armed forces, see Salim Said, 'Suharto's Armed Forces: Building a Power Base in New Order Indonesia, 1965-1998', Asian Survey, Vol.38, No.6 (June 1998), pp.535-52.
24. Harold Crouch, 'Indonesia: An Uncertain Outlook', in Southeast Asian Affairs (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1994), pp.121-45.
25. Ryaas M. Rasyid, 'Indonesia: Preparing for Post-Suharto Rule and Its Impact on the Democratization Process', in Southeast Asian Affairs 1995 (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1995), pp.149-63.
26. On labour, see Vedi R. Hadiz, Workers and the State in New Order Indonesia (New York: Routledge, 1997) and Douglas Kammen, 'A Time to Strike: Industrial Strikes and Changing Class Relations in New Order Indonesia', unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University, 1997.
27. On labour, see Vedi R. Hadiz, Workers and the State in New Order Indonesia (New York: Routledge, 1997) and Douglas Kammen, 'A Time to Strike: Industrial Strikes and Changing Class Relations in New Order Indonesia', unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University, 1997.
28. Naturally, little has been published on more recent events of this period, but see Donald K. Emmerson, 'Part IV: The Fall of Suharto and After', in Donald K. Emmerson (ed.), Indonesia Beyond Suharto: Polity, Economy, Society, Transition (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1999); R. William Liddle, 'Indonesia's Democratic Opening', Government and Opposition, Vol.34, No.1 (1999), pp.94-116; and Rizal Sukma, 'Indonesia: A Year of Politics and Sadness', Southeast Asian Affairs 1998 (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1998), pp.105-23.
29. Naturally, little has been published on more recent events of this period, but see Donald K. Emmerson, 'Part IV: The Fall of Suharto and After', in Donald K. Emmerson (ed.), Indonesia Beyond Suharto: Polity, Economy, Society, Transition (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1999); R. William Liddle, 'Indonesia's Democratic Opening', Government and Opposition, Vol.34, No.1 (1999), pp.94-116; and Rizal Sukma, 'Indonesia: A Year of Politics and Sadness', Southeast Asian Affairs 1998 (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1998), pp.105-23.
30. Naturally, little has been published on more recent events of this period, but see Donald K. Emmerson, 'Part IV: The Fall of Suharto and After', in Donald K. Emmerson (ed.), Indonesia Beyond Suharto: Polity, Economy, Society, Transition (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1999); R. William Liddle, 'Indonesia's Democratic Opening', Government and Opposition, Vol.34, No.1 (1999), pp.94-116; and Rizal Sukma, 'Indonesia: A Year of Politics and Sadness', Southeast Asian Affairs 1998 (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1998), pp.105-23.
31. The best study of the new electoral laws can be found in National Democratic Institute, The New Legal Framework for Elections in Indonesia: A Report of an NDI Assessment Team (Washington, DC: National Democratic Institute, 1999).