Indonesia's democratic opening

Government and Opposition

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 94-116

  Liddle, R William ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 85010126343     PISSN: 0017257X     EISSN: 14777053     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.1999.tb00473.x     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. A colourful Habibie biography, written by an assistant, is A. Makmur Makka, BJH: Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, His Life and Career, 3rd ed., Jakarta, Cidesindo, 1996.
2. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Twentieth Century, Norman, Oklahoma and London, University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
3. For example, R. William Liddle, ‘Indonesia: Suharto's Tightening Grip’, Journal of Democracy, 7:4 (October 1966), pp. 58–72.
4. The classic list of variables is in Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 1971.
5. A contemporary version is Larry Diamond, Juan Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset, Democracy in Developing Countries, Boulder, Colorado, Lynne Rienner, 1989.
6. For an extended discussion, see R. William Liddle, ‘Coercion, Cooptation, and the Management of Ethnic Relations in Indonesia’, in Michael E. Brown and Sumit Ganguly (eds), Government Policies and Ethnic Relations in Asia and the Pacific, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1997, pp. 273–320.
7. Indonesia's Muslim population (86 per cent of the total) can be divided into three groups: abangan, traditionalist and modernist. Abangan is a Javanese term, applied to Muslims whose religious beliefs and practices are more animist and Hindu than Islamic. Traditionalists are pious Muslims who adhere to the Syafi'i school of jurisprudence in Sunni Islam. Modernists are pious Muslims who reject the jurisprudential schools and their reliance on the authority of religious teachers/scholars, the ulama. Instead, modernists emphasize the believer's right to interpret the Qur'an directly. These distinctions were first made by Clifford Geertz in The Religion of Java, Glencoe, The Free Press, 1960. In recent decades there has been a general tendency for abangan to become pious Muslims. The boundaries between modernist and traditionalist have also become blurred, largely under the influence of modern Western-style schooling. None the less, the categories remain politically significant. There is also a growing number of secular Muslims who do not affiliate with any religiously-based political organizations.
8. Soemarsaid Moertono, State and Statecraft in Old Java, Ithaca, New York, Cornell Modern Indonesia Project, 1968.
9. Salim Said, ‘Suharto's Armed Forces: Building a Power Base in New Order Indonesia, 1966–1998’, Asian Survey, 38: 6 (June 1998), pp. 535–552.
10. Robert Cribb (ed.), The Indonesian Killings 1965–1966, Clayton, Victoria, Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, 1990.
11. Soebijono, A. S. S. Tambunan, Hidayat Mukmin and Roekmini Koesoemo Astoeti, Dwifungsi ABRI, Yogyakarta, Gakjah Mada University Press, 1997.
12. ‘Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945’, in Padmo Wahjono, S. H., Negara Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, Rajawali, 1982, p. 145 (my translation).
13. This argument is examined more fully in R. William Liddle, ‘A Useful Fiction: Democratic Legitimation in New Order Indonesia’, in Robert Taylor (ed), The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 34–60.
14. The phrasing is taken from the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution. See Padmo Wahjono, The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia, p. 144 (my translation).
15. ‘Laporan Stenografi Amanat Presiden Soeharto pada Malam Raman Tamah Dengan Pengurus KNPI 19 July 1982’, Jakarta, 1982, typescript. This is an unofficial transcription of an extemporaneous speech in which President Suharto explained at length to young Golkar leaders the deep historical roots of New Order values.
16. The best account of the formation of ICMI is M. Syafi'i Anwar, ‘Islam, Negara, dan Formasi Sosial dalam Orde Baru’, Ulumul Qur'an, 3: 3 (1992), Supplement, pp. 1–28.
17. A close account of corruption in the 1992 election is ‘White Book’ on the 1992 General Election in Indonesia, translated with an Introduction by Dwight Y. King, Ithaca, Cornell Mordern Indonesia Project, 1994.
18. Padmo Wahjono, ‘White Book’ on the 1992 General Election in Indonesia.
19. Hal Hill, The Indonesian Economy Since 1966, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 15–17.
20. Hill, The Indonesian Economy Since 1966, p. 193.
21. Salim Said, The Indonesian Economy Since 1966.
22. Asia Watch, ‘East Timor: The November 12 Massacre and its Aftermath’, Indonesia Issues, Nos 17–18 (December 1991).
23. Confidential telephone interview, Jakarta, 16 May 1998.
24. Confidential interview, Jakarta, August 1998.
25. Interviews with national Golkar leaders Akbar Tandjung, Theo Sambuaga and Tuswandi, Jakarta, 22–24 August 1998.
26. R. William Liddle, ‘Habibie Under Siege? Elections Will Be the Real Test’, The Asian Wall Street Journal, 23 September 1998, p. 10.
27. The original research was reported in R. William Liddle, ‘Evolution from Above: National Leadership and Local Development in Indonesia’, Journal of Asian Studies, 32:2 (February 1973), pp. 287–309.
28. Kompas, Jakarta, 21 July 1998, p. 1. Kompasis the main Jakarta daily newspaper.
29. See for example the cover story on the armed forces and the dual function in Forum Keadilan, Jakarta, 19 October 1998, pp. 10–19. Forum Keadilan is a Jakarta newsweekly.