Indonesia: Suharto's tightening grip

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 1996, Pages

  Liddle, R William ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1842588489     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.1996.0068     Document Type: Article

References (16)

1. R. William Liddle, "Indonesia's Threefold Crisis," Journal of Democracy 3 (October 1992): 61, 74.
2. Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 19.
3. See, for example, "Current Data on the Indonesian Military Elite, January 1, 1992-April 3, 1993," Indonesia 55 (April 1993): 177-98; and "Current Data on the Indonesian Military Elite, September 1, 1993-August 31, 1994," Indonesia 58 (October 1994): 83-102.
4. See, for example, "Current Data on the Indonesian Military Elite, January 1, 1992-April 3, 1993," Indonesia 55 (April 1993): 177-98; and "Current Data on the Indonesian Military Elite, September 1, 1993-August 31, 1994," Indonesia 58 (October 1994): 83-102.
5. "Bintang-bintang ABRI Zaman Baru" (New era armed forces stars), Gatra (Jakarta), 25 November 1995, 21-30.
6. Dankwart A. Rustow, "Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model," Comparative Politics 2 (April 1970): 352.
7. Traditionalist Muslims are those who adhere to the Syafi'i mazhab (school) of legal interpretation. This is one of four major traditions in Sunni Islam worldwide, but is the only one in Indonesia. Members of the NU and other traditionalists call themselves ahlus sunnah wal jama'ah, meaning "those who observe the community's traditional law." Modernists or reformists reject the mazhab tradition and its reliance on the authority of the ulema (religious scholars). Instead, modernist Muslims emphasize ijtihad, the believer's right to interpret the Koran directly. Although the traditionalist-modernist split has been narrowing, largely under the influence of economic modernization and universal Western-style schooling, it remains politically significant.
8. Robert Cribb, ed., The Indonesian Killings of 1965-1966: Studies from Java and Bali (Clayton, Victoria: Monash University Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, 1991).
9. For a full analysis of ICMI, see R. William Liddle, "The Islamic Turn in Indonesia: A Political Explanation," Journal of Asian Studies 55 (August 1996).
10. Rustow, "Transitions to Democracy," 355.
11. "Di Kampus Justru Menurun" (On the campuses it is declining), Forum Keadilan, 20 February 1996, 20.
12. Anne Booth, "Can Indonesia Survive as a Unitary State?" Indonesia Circle 58 (June 1992): 32-47.
13. See Hal Hill, ed., Indonesia's New Order (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994), 57-58, 80-84.
14. Author's interview with Muchtar Pakpahan, Jakarta, June 1995.
15. For accounts of these incidents, see Human Rights Watch/Asia, The Limits of Openness (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994).
16. Gavin W. Jones, "Labor Force and Education," in Hill, ed., Indonesia's New Order, 145.