Sjogren's syndrome: Autoantibodies to cellular antigens: Clinical and molecular aspects

International Archives of Allergy and Immunology

Volumn 123, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 46-57

  Mavragani, Clio P ^a   Tzioufas, Athanasios G ^a   Moutsopoulos, Haralampos M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Anti La SSB; Anti Ro SSA; Antinuclear antibodies; Extractable nuclear antigen; Sjogren's syndrome

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; AUTOANTIGEN; CELL ANTIGEN; EPITOPE; LA SSB ANTIBODY; PROTEIN LA 48KD; PROTEIN LA SSB; PROTEIN RO 52KD; PROTEIN RO 60KD; PROTEIN RO SSA; PROTEIN SUBUNIT; RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN; RO SSA ANTIBODY; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; CELL NUCLEUS ANTIGEN; NUCLEAR PROTEIN; SMALL CYTOPLASMIC RNA; SS A ANTIGEN; SS B ANTIGEN; SS-A ANTIGEN; SS-B ANTIGEN; SSA2 PROTEIN, HUMAN;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANALYTIC METHOD; ANTIBODY DETECTION; ANTIBODY SPECIFICITY; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE DURATION; DNA BINDING; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; LYMPHOCYTIC INFILTRATION; MINOR SALIVA GLAND; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; ONSET AGE; PAROTITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN QUATERNARY STRUCTURE; REVIEW; SJOEGREN SYNDROME; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; TRANSLATION REGULATION; ANIMAL; BLOOD; CHEMISTRY; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR GENETICS;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, NUCLEAR; AUTOANTIBODIES; AUTOANTIGENS; HUMANS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NUCLEAR PROTEINS; RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS; RNA, SMALL CYTOPLASMIC; SJOGREN'S SYNDROME;

EID: 0033624657     PISSN: 10182438     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000024423     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Moutsopoulos HM: Sjögren's synrome: Autoimmune epithelitis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1994;72:162-165.
2. Polychronis M, Tapinos N, Theocharis S, Economou A, Kittas C, Moutsopoulos HM: Modes of epithelial cell death in Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 1998;114:485-490.
3. Tzioufas AG, Moutsopoulos HM: Sjögren's syndrome; in Belch JJF, Zurier R (eds): Textbook of Connective Tissue Diseases. London, Chapman & Hall, 1995, pp 103-130.
4. Harley J: Autoantibodies in Sjögren's syndrome; in Talal N, Moutsopoulos HM, Kassan S (eds): Sjögren's Clinical and Immunological Aspects. Berlin, Springer, 1987.
5. Von Muhlen CA, Tan EM: Autoantibodies in the diagnosis of systemic rheumatic diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1995;24:323-358.
6. Haneji N, Nakamura T, Takio K, Yanagi K, Higashiyama H, Saito I, Noji S, Sugino H, Hayashi Y: Identification of alpha-fodrin as a candidate autoantigen in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Science 1997;276:604-607.
7. Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Moutsopoulos HM, et al: Preliminary criteria for the classification of Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1993;36: 340-347.
8. Hendrick JP, Wolin SL, Rinke J, Lerner MR, Steitz JA: Ro small cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins are a subclass of La ribonucleoproteins: Further characterization of the Ro and La small ribonucleoproteins from uninfected mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol 1981;1:1118-1149.
9. Chan EK, Buyon JP: The SSA/Ro antigen; in Van Venrooij W, Maini RN (eds): Manual of Biological Markers of Disease, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994, B4.1, pp 1-18.
10. Van Venrooij WJ, Slobbe RL, Pruijn GJ: Structure and function of La and Ro RNPs. Mol Biol Rep 1993;18:113-119.
11. Frank MB, Itoh K, Fujisaku A, Ponlarotti P, Mattei MG, Neas BR: The mapping of the human 52-kD Ro/SSA autoantigen gene to human chromosome 11, and its polymorphisms. Am J Hum Genet 1993;52:183-191.
12. Chan EK, Di Donato F, Hamel JC, Tseng CE, Buyon JP: 52-kD SS-A/Ro: Genomic structure and identification of an alternatively spliced transcript encoding a novel leucine zipper-minus autoantigen expressed in fetal and adult heart. J Exp Med 1995;182:983-992.
13. Frank MB, Mattei MG: Mapping of the human 60,000 M(r) Ro/SSA locus: The genes for three Ro/SSA autoantigens are located on separate chromosomes. Immunogenetics 1994;39:428-431.
14. Chambers JC, Kenan D, Martin BJ, Keene JD: Genomic structure and amino acid sequence domains of the human La autoantigen. J Biol Chem 1988;263:18043-18051.
15. Scofield RH, Dickey WD, Jackson KW, James JA, Harley JB: A common autoepitope near the carboxyl terminus of the 60-kD Ro ribonucleoprotein: Sequence similarity with a viral protein. J Clin Immunol 1991;11:378-388.
16. Barakat S, Meyer O, Torterotot F, Youinou P, Briand JP, Kahn MF, Muller S: IgG antibodies from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus recognize different epitopes in 60-kD SSA/Ro protein. Clin Exp Immunol 1992;89:38-45.
17. Wahren M, Rudén U, Andersson B, Ringertz NR, Pettersson I: Identification of antigenic regions of the human Ro60kDa protein using recombinant antigen and synthetic peptides. J Autoimmun 1992;5:319-332.
18. Routsias JG, Tzioufas AG, Sakarellos-Daitsiotis M, Sakarellos C, Moutsopoulos HM: Epitope mapping of the Ro/SSA60kD autoantigen reveals disease-specific antibody-binding profiles. Eur J Clin Invest 1996;26:514-521.
19. Routsias JG, Sakarellos-Daitsiotis M, Tsikaris V, Sakarellos C, Moutsopoulos HM, Tzioufas AG: Structural, molecular and immunological properties of linear B-cell epitopes of Ro60kD autoantigen. Scand J Immunol 1998;47:280-287.
20. Boire G, Lopez-Longo F, Lapointe S, Menard HA: Sera from patients with autoimmune disease recognize conformational determinants on the 60-kD Ro/SSA protein. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:722-730.
21. Scofield RH, Zhang FC, Kurien BT, Harley JB: Anti-Ro fine specificity defined by multiple antigenic peptides identifies components of tertiary epitopes. Clin Exp Immunol 1997;109: 480-487.
22. Huang SC, Scofield RH, Kurien BT, Harley JB: Human anti-Ro autoantobodies bind multiple conformational epitopes of 60-kD Ro autoantigen. J Clin Immunol 1997;17:212-219.
23. Scofield RH, Henry WE, Kurien BT, James JA, Harley JB: Immunization with short peptides from the sequence of the systemic lupus erythematosus-associated 60-kDa Ro autoantigen results in anti-Ro ribonucleoprotein autoimmunity. J Immunol 1996;156:4059-4066.
24. Dorner T, Feist E, Wagenmann A, Kato Y, Yamamoto K, Nishioka K, Burmester GR, Hiepe F: Anti-52kDa Ro (SSA) autoantibodies in different autoimmune diseases preferentially recognize epitopes on the central region of the antigen. J Rheumatol 1996;23:462-468.
25. Ricchiuti V, Briand JP, Meyer O, Isenberg DA, Pruijn G, Muller S: Epitope mapping with synthetic peptides of 52-kD SSA/Ro protein reveals heterogeneous antibody profiles in human autoimmune sera. Clin Exp Immunol 1994;95:397-407.
26. Bozic B, Pruijn GJ, Rozman B, van Venrooij WJ: Sera from patients with rheumatic diseases recognize different epitope regions on the 52-kD Ro/SS-A protein. Clin Exp Immunol 1993; 94:227-235.
27. Frank MB, Itoh K, McCubbin V: Epitope mapping of the 52-kD Ro/SSA autoantigen. Clin Exp Immunol 1994;95:390-396.
28. Kato T, Sasakawa H, Suzuki S, Shirako M, Tashiro F, Nishioka K, Yamamoto K: Autoepitopes of the 52-kD SS-A/Ro molecule. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:990-998.
29. Chan EK, Francocur AM, Tan EM: Epitopes, structural domains, and asymmetry of amino acid residues in SS-B/La nuclear protein. J Immunol 1986;136:3744-3749.
30. Sturgess AD, Peterson MG, McNeilage LJ, Whittingham S, Coppel RL: Characteristics and epitope mapping of a cloned human autoantigen La. J Immunol 1988;140:3212-3218.
31. St Clair EW, Pisetsky DS, Reich CF, Keene JD: Analysis of autoantibody binding to different regions of the human La antigen expressed in recombinant fusion proteins. J Immunol 1988; 141:4173-4180.
32. Tzioufas AG, Yiannaki E, Sakarellos-Daitsiotis M, Routsias JG, Sakarellos C, Moutsopoulos HM: Fine specificity of autoantibodies to La/SSB: Epitope mapping, and characterization. Clin Exp Immunol 1997;108:191-198.
33. Granger D, Tremblay A, Boulanger C, Chabot B, Menard HA, Boire G: Autoantigenic epitopes on hY5 Ro RNA are distinct from regions bound by the 60-kD Ro and La proteins. J Immunol 1996;157:2193-2200.
34. Pruijn GJ, Simons FH, van Venrooij WJ: Intracellular localization and nucleocytoplasmic transport of Ro RNP components. Eur J Cell Biol 1997;74:123-132.
35. Habets WJ, den Brok JH, Boerbooms AM, van de Putte LB, van Venrooij W: Characterization of the SS-B (La) antigen in adenovirus-infected and uninfected HeLa cells. EMBO J 1983;2: 1625-1631.
36. Bachmann M, Falke D, Schroder HC, Muller WE: Intracellular distribution of the La antigen in CV-1 cells after herpes simplex virus type 1 infection compared with the localization of U small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. J Gen Virol 1989;70:881-891.
37. Bachmann M, Pfeifer K, Schroder HC, Muller WE: The La antigen shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in CV-1 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 1989;85:103-114.
38. Gottlieb E, Steitz JA: Function of the mammalian La protein: Evidence for its action in transcription termination by RNA polymerase III. EMBO J 1989;8:851-861.
39. Maraia R: Transcription termination factor La is also an initiation factor for RNA polymerase III. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:3383-3387.
40. Bachmann M, Deister H, Pautz A, Laubinger J, Schmitz M, Falke D, Podlech J, Grolz D: The human autoantigen La/SS-B accelerates herpes simples virus type 1 replication in transfected mouse 3T3 cells. Clin Exp Immunol 1998;112: 482-489.
41. O'Brien CA, Wolin SL: A possible role for the 60-kD Ro autoantigen in a discard pathway for defective 5S rRNA precursors. Gene Dev 1994; 8:2891-2903.
42. Ramakrishnan S, Sharma HW, Farris AD, Kaufman KM, Harley JB, Collins K, Pruijn GJ, van Venrooij WJ, Martin ML, Narayanan R: Characterization of human telomerase complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:10075-10079.
43. Pellizzoni L, Lotti F, Rutjes SA, PierandreiAmaldi P: Involvement of the Xenopus laevis Ro60 autoantigen in the alternative interaction of La and CNBP proteins with the 5′UTR of L4 ribosomal protein mRNA. J Mol Biol 1998; 281:593-608.
44. Frank MB, McCubin VR, Heldermon C: Expression and DNA binding of the human 52 kD Ro/SSA autoantigen. Biochem J 1995, 305: 359-362.
45. Meilof JF, Bantjes I, De Jong J, Van Dam AP, Smeenk RJT: The detection of anti-Ro (SSA) and anti-La (SSB) antibodies: A comparison of counter immunoelectrophoresis with immunoblot, ELISA and RNA-precipitation assays. J Immunol Methods 1990;133:215-226.
46. Manoussakis MN, Kistis KG, Liu X, Aidinis V, Guialis A, Moutsopoulos HM: Detection of anti-Ro (SSA) antibodies in autoimmune diseases: Comparison of five methods. Br J Rheumatol 1993;32:449-455.
47. Kecth CL, McCluskey, Gordon TP: SSB (La) autoantibodies; in Peter JB, Shoefeld Y (eds): Autoantibodies. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science BV, 1996, pp 789-797.
48. McCauliffe DP, Wang L, Satoh M, Reeves WH, Small D: Recombinant 52kDa Ro (SSA) ELISA detects autoantibodies in Sjögren's syndrome sera that go undetected by conventional serological assays. J Rheumatol 1997;24:860-866.
49. Yiannaki EE, Tzioufas AG, Bachmann M; Hantoumi J, Tsikaris V, Sakarellos-Daitsiotis M, Sakarellos C, Moutsopoulos HM: The value of synthetic linear epitope analogues of La/SSB for the detection of autoantibodies to La/SSB: Specificity, sensitivity and comparison of methods. Clin Exp Immunol 1998;112:152-158.
50. Tan EM: Antinuclear antibodies: Diagnostic markers for autoimmune diseases and probes for cell biology. Adv Immunol 1989;44:93-151.
51. Tzioufas AG, Moutsopoulos HM: Clinical Significance of Antibodies to Ro/SSA and La/SSB. Autoantibody Manual. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996, vol C4.1, pp 1-14.
52. Venalbes PJ, Shattles W, Pease CT, Ellis JE, Charles PJ, Maini RN: Anti-La (SS-B): A diagnostic criterion for Sjögren's syndrome? Clin Exp Rheumatol 1989;7:181-184.
53. Sontheimer RD, McCauliffe DP: Pathogenesis of anti-Ro/SS-A autoantibody-associated cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Dermatol Clin 1990;8:751-758.
54. Manoussakis MN, Tzioufas AG, Pange PJ, Moutsopoulos HM: Serological profiles in subgroups of patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 1986;61:89-92.
55. Molina R, Provost TT, Alexander EL: Peripheral inflammatory vascular disease in Sjögren's syndrome: Association with nervous system complications. Arthritis Rheum 1985;28: 1341-1347.
56. Buyon JP: Neonatal lupus: Bedside to bench and back. Scand J Rheumatol 1996;25:271-276.
57. Mavragani CP, Dafni UG, Tzioufas AG, Moutsopoulos HM: Pregnancy outcome and anti-Ro/SSA in autoimmune diseases: A retrospective cohort study. Br J Rheumatol 1998; 37:740-745.
58. Andonopoulos AP, Skopouli FN, Dimou GS, Drosos AA, Moutsopoulos HM: Sjögren's syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1990;17:201-204.
59. Sontheimer RD, Maddison PJ, Reichlin M, Jordon RE, Stastny P, Gilliam JN: Serologic and HLA associations in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, a clinical subset of lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 1982;97:664-671.
60. Catoggio LJ, Skinner RP, Smith G, Maddison PJ: Systemic lupus erythematosus in the elderly: Clinical and scerological characteristics. J Rheumatol 1984;11:175-181.
61. Provost TT, Arnett FC, Reichlin M: Homozygous C2 deficiency, lupus erythematosus, and anti-Ro (SSA) antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 1983;26:1279-1282.
62. Simmons-O'Brien E, Chen S, Watson R, Antoni C, Petri M, Hochberg M, Stevens MB, Provost TT: One hundred anti-Ro (SS-A) antibody positive patients: A 10-year follow-up. Medicine (Baltimore) 1995;74:109-130.
63. Moutsopoulos HM, Giotaki H, Maddison PJ, Mavridis AC, Drosos AA, Skopouli FN: Antibodies to cellular antigens in Greek patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases: Anti-Ro (SSA) antibody, a possible marker of penicillamine-D intolerance. Ann Rheum Dis 1984; 43:285-287.
64. Harley JB, Alexander EL, Bias WB, Fox OF, Provost TT, Reichlin M, Yamagata H, Arnett FC: Anti-Ro (SS-A) and anti-La (SS-B) in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1986;29:196-206.
65. Wilson RW, Provost TT, Bias WB, Alexander EL, Edlow DW, Hochberg MC, Stevens MB, Arnett FC: Sjögren's syndrome: Influence of multiple HLA-D region alloantigens on clinical and serologic expression. Arthritis Rheum 1984;27:1245-1253.
66. Hamilton RG, Harley JB, Bias WB, Roebber M, Reichlin M, Hochberg MC, Arnett FC: Two Ro (SS-A) autoantibody responses in systemic lupus erythematosus: Correlation of HLA-DR/ DQ specificities with quantitative expression of Ro (SS-A) autoantibody. Arthritis Rheum 1988;31:496-505.
67. Harley JB, Reichlin M, Arnett FC, Alexander EL, Bias WB, Provost TT: Gene interaction at HLA-DQ enhances autoantibody production in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Science 1986; 232:1145-1147.
68. Fujisaku A, Frank MB, Neas B, Reichlin M, Harley JB: HLA-DQ gene complementation and other histocompatibility relationships in man with the anti-Ro/SSA autoantibody response of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1990;86:606-611.
69. Reveille JD, Macleod MJ, Whittington K, Arnett FC: Specific amino acid residues in the second hypervariable region of HLA-DQA1 and DQB1 chain genes promote the Ro(SS-A)/La (SS-B) autoantibody responses. J Immunol 1991;146:3871-3876.
70. Roitberg-Tambur A, Friedmann A, Safirman C, Markitziu A, Ben-Chetrit E, Rubinow A, Moutsopoulos HM, Stavropoulos E, Skopouli FN, Margalit H, et al: Molecular analysis of HLA class II genes in primary Sjögren's syndrome: A study of Israeli Jewish and Greek non-Jewish patients. Hum Immunol 1993;36: 235-242.
71. Miyagawa S, Shinohara K, Nakajima M, Kidoguchi K, Fujita T, Fukumoto T, Yoshioka A, Dohi K, Shirai T: Polymorphisms of HLA class II genes and autoimmune responses to Ro/SS-A-La/SS-B among Japanese subjects. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:927-934.
72. Rischmueller M, Lester S, Chen Z, Champion G, Van Den Berg R, Beer R, Coates T, McCluskey J, Gordon T: HLA class II phenotype controls diversification of the autoantibody response in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). Clin Exp Immunol 1998;111:365-371.
73. Scofield RH, Dickey WD, Hardgrave KL, Neas BR, Horowitz RM, McArthur RA, Fujisaku A, Frank MB, Harley J: Immunogenetics of epitopes of the carboxyl terminus of the human 60-kD Ro autoantigen (published erratum appears in Clin Exp Immunol 1995;100:377). Clin Exp Immunol 1995;99:256-261.
74. Miyagawa S, Shinohara K, Kidoguchi K, Fujita T, Fukumoto T, Yamashina Y, Hashimoto K, Yoshioka A, Sakurai S, Nishihara O, Shirai T: Neonatal lupus erythematosus: HLA-DR and -DQ distributions are different among the groups of anti-Ro/SSA-positive mothers with different neonatal outcomes. J Invest Dermatol 1997;108:881-885.
75. Horsfall AC, Rose LM, Maini RN: Autoantibody synthesis in salivary glands of Sjögren's syndrome patients. J Autoimmun 1989;2:559-568.
76. Bennion SD, Ferris C, Lieu TS, Reimer CB, Lee LA: IgG subclasses in the serum and skin in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and neonatal lupus erythematosus. J Invest Dermatol 1990;95:643-646.
77. Wahren M, Tengner P, Gunnarsson I, Lundberg I, Hedfors E, Ringertz NR, Pettersson I: Ro/SS-A and La/SS-B antibody level variation in patients with Sjögren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmune 1998;11:29-38.
78. Blann AD, Wainwright AC, Emery P: Damage to the endothelium in Sjögren's syndrome: Lack of correlation with antinuclear antibody titre and presence of antibodies to SSA or SSB autoantigens. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51:389-390.
79. Yannopoulos DI, Roncin S, Lamour A, Pennee YL, Moutsopoulos HM, Youinou P: Conjunctival epithelial cells from patients with Sjögren's syndrome inappropriately express major histocompatibility compex molecules, La(SSB) antigen, and heat-shock proteins. J Clin Immunol 1992;12:259-265.
80. Golan TD, Elkon KB, Gharavi AE, Krueger JG: Enhanced membrane-binding of autoantibodies to cultured keratinocytes of systemic lupus erythematosus patients after ultraviolet B/ultraviolet A irradiation. J Clin Invest 1992; 90:1067-1074.
81. LeFeber WP, Norris DA, Ryan SR, Huff JC, Lee LA, Kubo M, Boyce ST, Kotzin BL, Weston WL: Ultraviolet light induces binding of antibodies to selected nuclear antigens on cultured human keratinocytes. J Clin Invest 1984; 74:1545-1551.
82. Dorner T, Hucko M, Mayet WJ, Trefzer U, Burmester GR, Hiepe F: Enhanced membrane expression of the 52 kDa Ro (SS-A) and La (SS-B) antigens by human keratinocytes induced by TNF alpha. Ann Rheum Dis 1995;54:904-909.
83. Baboonian C, Venables PJ, Booth J Williams DG, Roffe LM, Maini RN: Virus infection induces redistribution and membrane localization of the nuclear antigen La (SS-B): A possible mechanism for autoimmunity. Clin Exp Immunol 1989;78:454-459.
84. Casciola-Rosen LA, Anhalt G, Rosen A: Autoantigens targeted in systemic lupus erythematosus are clustered in two populations of surface structures on apoptotic keratinocytes. J Exp Med 1994;179:1317-1330.
85. Scofield RH, Harley JB: Autoantigenicity of Ro/SSA antigen is related to a nucleocapsid protein of vesicular stomatitis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:3343-3347.
86. Routsias JG, Detsikas A, Sakarellos-Daitsiotis M, Tzioufas AG, Sakarellos C, Moutsopoulos HM: Antibodies to EYRKK vesicular stomatitis virus associated peptide account only for a minority of anti Ro60kD antibodies. Clin Exp Immunol 1994;98:414-418.
87. Kohsaka H, Yamamoto K, Fujii H, Miura H, Miyasaka N, Nishioka K, Miyamoto T: Fine cpitope mapping of the human SS-B/La protein: Identification of a distinct autoepitope homologous to a viral gag polyprotein. J Clin Invest 1990;85:1566-1574.
88. Topfer F, Gordon T, McCluskey J: Intra- and intermolecular spreading of autoimmunity involving the nuclear self-antigens La (SS-B) and Ro (SS-A). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92: 875-879.
89. Scofield RH, Zhang F, Kurien BT, Anderson CJ, Reichlin M, Harley JB, Stafford HA: Development of the anti-Ro autoantibody response in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:1664-1668.
90. Frank MB, McArthur R, Harley JB, Fujisaku A: Anti-Ro (SSA) autoantibodies are associated with T cell receptor beta genes in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. J Clin Invest 1990;85:33-39.
91. Lanzavecchia A: Antigen-specific interaction between T and B cells. Nature 1985;314:537-539.
92. Horsfall AC, Venables PJ, Taylor PV, Maini RN: Ro and La antigens and maternal anti-La idiotype on the surface of myocardial fibres in congenital heart block. J Autoimmune 1991;4: 165-176.
93. Alexander E, Buyon JP, Provost TT, Guarnieri T: Anti-Ro/SS-A antibodies in the pathophysiology of congenital heart block in neonatal lupus syndrome, an experimental model: In vitro electrophysiologic and immunocytochemical studies. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35: 176-189.
94. Garcia S, Nascimento JH, Bonfa E, Levy R, Oliveira SF, Tavares AV, de Cavalho AC: Cellular mechanism of the conduct ion abnormalities induced by serum from anti-Ro/SSA-positive patients in rabbit hearts. J Clin Invest 1994;93:718-724.
95. Boutjdir M, Chen L, Zhang ZH, Tseng CE, DiDonato F, Rashbaum W, Morris A, el-Sherif N, Buyon JP: Arrhythmogenicity of IgG and anti-52-kD SSA/Ro affinity-purified antibodies from mothers of children with congenital heart block. Circ Res 1997;80:354-362.
96. Maddison PJ, Lee L, Reiehlein M, Sinclair A, Wasson C, Schemmer G, Reichlein M: Anti-p57: A novel association with neonatal lupus. Clin Exp Immunol 1995;99:42-48.
97. Moutsopoulos HM: Sjögren's syndrome therapy: Future directions. J Rheumatol 1997; 24(suppl 50):33-34.